EFFECT OF ONLINE LEARNING AND RECREATIONAL SCREEN TIME ON SCHOOL-GOING CHILDREN’S VISION DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A REVIEW

Authors

  • Meenakumari Angom Department of Mass Communication, Manipur University, India
  • Angom Sarjubala Devi Department of Mass Communication, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, Manipur-795003

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i2.2024.933

Keywords:

Digital Eye Syndrome, Incidence, Mobile Phones, Myopia

Abstract [English]

Mankind has faced a tremendous impact of the Covid-19 pandemic which has left us shattered, with many of us lost our near and dear ones. Among the numerous impacts felt, effect on vision of numerous school going children due to online classes and leisure screen time was an important one. In the present review it observed that usage of mobile phones was maximum with 44.57% followed by computers 26.85%, tablets 24.44% and televisions 4.14% during the pandemic. They spend 4.9hrd-1 during Covid-19 while it was 2.05hrd-1 before Covid-19, leading to increase incidence of Myopia in the age group of 6 -12 years and development of Computer Vision Syndrome in the >12 years old age group.

References

Aldukhayal, A., Baqar, S. M., Almeathem, F. K. et al. (2022). Digital eye strain caused by online education among children in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Cureus. 14: https://doi.org/ 10.7759/cureus.23813. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.23813

Battabliola, E. T., Mangiantini, P., DAndrea, M. et al. (2022). Effect of COVID- 19 lockdown on refractive errors in Italian children aged 12-15 years: a multi-center retrospective study. European Journal of Ophthalmology. https://doi.org /10.1177/11206721221106135.

Beyoglu, A. & Beyoglu, M. M. (2021). The effect of online education during the pandemic on ocular surface symptoms. Journal of Surgery and Medicine. 5:928-931. DOI: https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.989477

Blehm, C., Vishnu, S., Khattak, A., Mitra, S. & Yee, R. W. (2005). Computer Vision Syndrome: A Review. Survey Ophthalmology. 50:253-262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.02.008

Chang, P., Zhang, B., Lin, L. et al. (2022). Comparison of myopic progression before, during and after COVID-19 lockdown. Ophthalmology. 128:1655-1657. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.03.029

Dong, C., Cao, S. & Li, H. (2020). Young children’s online learning during Covid-19 pandemic: Chinese parents’ beliefs and attitudes. Children and Youth Services Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. childyouth.2020.105440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105440

Ekemiri, K., Ezinne, N., Kamalodeen, K. et al. (2022). Online e-learning during the COVID-19 lockdown in Trinidad and Tobago: prevalence and associated factors with ocular complaints among schoolchildren aged 11-19 years. PeerJ. https://doi.org /10:10.7717/peerj.13334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13334

Gupta, R., Chauhan, L. & Varshney, A. (2022). Impact of e-schooling on digital eye strain in coronavirus disease era: a survey of 654 students. Journal of Current Ophthalmology. 33:158-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/joco.joco_89_20

Kaur, K. & Gurnani, B. (2021). Impact of covid-19 on children- a pediatric ophthalmologist’s perspective. Delhi Journal of Ophthalmology. 31:120.

Long, J., Cheung, R., Duong, S. et al. (2017). Viewing distance and eyestrain symptoms with prolonged viewing of smartphones. Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 100:133-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12453

Ma, M., Xiong, S., Zhao, S. et al. (2021a). Home quarantine accelerated the progression of Myopia in children aged 7 to 12 years in China. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. https://doi.org/ 62.10.1167/iovs.62.10.37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.62.10.37

Ma, D., Wei, S., Li, S. M. et al. (2021). The impact of study-at-home during the COVID-19 pandemic on myopia progression in Chinese children. Frontiers in Public Health. 9:720514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.720514

Mohan, A., Sen, P., Shah, C. et al. (2021). Prevalence and risk factor assessment of digital eye strain among children using online e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: digital eye strain among kids (DESK study-1). Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 69: 140-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_2535_20

Mohan, A., Sen, P., Peeush, P. et al. (2022). Impact of online classes and home confinement on myopia progression in children during COVID-19 pandemic: digital eye strain among kids (DESK study 4). Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 70:241-245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1721_21

Moon, J. H., Lee, M. Y. & Moon, N. J. (2014). Association between video display terminal use and dry eye disease in school children. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 51:87-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20140128-01

Morgan, I. G., Ohno-Matsui, K. & Saw, S. M. (2012). Myopia. Lancet. 379:1739-1748. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60272-4

Neena, R., Gayathri, M. S., Prakash, N. & Giridhar, A. (2021). Impact of online class on eye health of children and young adults in the setting of Covid-19 pandemic: A survey based analysis. Journal of Ophthalmology and Vision Care. https://doi.org /1:05.2021/1.1014.

Pietrobelli, A., Pecoraro, L., Ferruzzi, A. et al. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on lifestyle behavior in children with obesity living in Verona, Italy: A longitudinal study. Obesity (Silver Spring). https://doi.org /10.1002/oby.22861. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22861

Rifai, N. A. K., Sukarih, I., Afina, R.. & Indrasari, E. R. (2021). The effect of online learning during the covid-19 pandemic on eye health problems of elementary school-aged children. Advances in Social Science Education and Humanities Research. (SORes 2021). Atlantis Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220407.056

Sarkar, S., Mukhopadhyay, S. & Sil, A. (2020). The effect of the e-learning teaching model on ocular health during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional questionnaire based study on school children. International Journal of Scientific Research. https://doi.org /10.21275/SR21524163412.

Trott, M., Driscoll, R., Iraldo, E. & Pardhan, S. (2022). Changes and correlates of screen time in adults and children during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. E clinical Medicine. https://doi.org /48.10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101452

UNESCO (2020). Education: from disruption to recovery 2020. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/education response.

Wang, J., Li, Y., David, C. M., Wei, N. et al. (2021a). Progression of myopia in school-aged children after covid-19 home confinement. JAMA Ophthalmology. 139: 293-300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.6239

Wang, W., Zhu, L., Zheng, S. et al. (2021b). Survey on the progression of myopia in children and adolescents in Chongquing during COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health. 9:646770. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.646770

WHO. (2024). https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/deaths

Xiong, S., Sankaridurg, P., Naduvilath, T. et al. (2017). Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Acta Ophthalmology. 95:551-566. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.13403

Yum, H. R., Park, S. H. & Shin, S. Y. (2021). Influence of coronavirus disease 2019 on myopic progression in children treated with low-concentration atropine. Plosone. https://doi.org /19:e0257480.10.1371/j.pone.0257480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257480

Zhang, X., Cheung, S. S. L., Chan, H. N. et al. (2021). Myopia incidence and lifestyle changes among schoo children during the covid-19 pandemic: a population- based prospective study. British Journal of Ophthalmology. https://doi.org /10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319307

Downloads

Published

2024-02-29

How to Cite

Angom, M., & Angom Sarjubala Devi. (2024). EFFECT OF ONLINE LEARNING AND RECREATIONAL SCREEN TIME ON SCHOOL-GOING CHILDREN’S VISION DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A REVIEW. ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts, 5(2), 243–250. https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i2.2024.933