THE VOICE OF THE MARGINALIZED: ANALYZING CASTE AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN MULK RAJ ANAND'S UNTOUCHABLE

Abstract [English]

Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable is a seminal work that foregrounds the lived experiences of marginalized communities subjected to the oppressive caste system in colonial India. This study explores how Anand’s narrative gives voice to the voiceless, centering on Bakha, a young sweeper boy, whose daily encounters reveal the systemic and dehumanizing effects of caste-based discrimination. By condensing the novel’s events into a single day, Anand intensifies the emotional and psychological impact of untouchability, exposing how social stratification permeates even the most mundane aspects of life.
The analysis highlights Anand’s use of narrative techniques such as stream of consciousness and free indirect discourse to immerse readers in Bakha’s inner world, thus challenging prevailing stereotypes and fostering empathy. The study also examines the symbolic significance of cleanliness and impurity, showing how these notions underpin caste hierarchies and social exclusion. Furthermore, it situates the novel within its historical and political context, reflecting Anand’s critique of both indigenous traditions and colonial modernity. By contrasting Bakha’s aspirations with his harsh reality, Anand critiques the legitimization of inequality through religious and social dogma. The study also discusses Anand’s engagement with reformist ideas, including Gandhian philosophy and technological innovation, presenting multiple, though unresolved, paths toward emancipation. Ultimately, Untouchable is positioned as a radical literary intervention that dismantles entrenched social orders and advocates for human dignity. This study argues that Anand’s work remains profoundly relevant today, as caste and social stratification continue to shape access to resources and opportunities in India and beyond. Through its empathetic portrayal of marginalization and incisive social critique, Untouchable challenges readers to confront injustice and envision a more equitable society.