EFFECTS OF WATERING FREQUENCY AND SOIL TYPES ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING PERFORMANCE OF LESPEDEZA CYRTOBOTRYA AND DIANTHUS BARBATUS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29121/ijoest.v4.i5.2020.115Keywords:
Leaf Mold Soil, Merchantable Soil, Seedling Establishment, Survival Rate, Water Regimes, Water StressAbstract
This study was carried out to determine the effect of various watering regimes in different soils on seed germination and seedling establishment for two species (Dianthus Barbatus and Lespedeza cyrtobotrya) The ratio of water used for watering was 16ml water/100g soil. Three watering frequencies (i.e. once daily; once every 2 days; once every 3 days) were applied for two soil types (Leaf mold soil and merchantable soil) for a period of 150 days. The differences in seed germination, seedling survival and seedling growth were monitored in all experimental units. A more regular watering frequency increases soil moisture, and vice versa. The results showed that watering frequency had significant effects on seed germination (p=0.008), number of plant leaves (p=0.05), with visible but statistically insignificant effects on mean plant height (p=0.19) and seedling survival (p=0.3) for two plant species. The total height of plant species also varied greatly within treatments. Positive correlations were recorded between germination rate with leaf number (r=0.79, p=0.0001); plant height with survival rate (r=0.65, p=0.001); plant height with leaf number (r=0.77, p=0.0001); survival rate with leaf number (r=0.66, p=0.0001) etc. Seed germination and aboveground heights of D. barbatus and L. cyrtobotrya decreased at the more regular watering frequency of once daily in both soils. On leaf mold soil, the total height and mean height of L. cyrtobotrya decreased with increased water stress at once every 3 days watering frequency. Also, the total height of D. barbatus decreased with increased water stress at once every 3 days watering frequency on this soil, even though its mean height did not decrease. In contrast on merchantable soil, the total height and mean height of L. cyrtobotrya increased with increased water stress at once every 3 days watering frequency, indicating that this plant is more resistant to stress on this soil. Whereas, the total height and mean height of D. barbatus decreased with increased water stress on this soil. On leaf mold soil, once every 2 days watering was the most suitable watering frequency for both species in terms of achieving best seed germination and seedling establishment. In contrast on merchantable soil, once every 3 days watering frequency was most suitable for L. cyrtobotrya, whereas both once every 2 days and once every 3 days watering frequencies were suitable for D. barbatus on this soil. The results suggest that using the required watering frequency and soil type is imperative to ensure sustainability in plant production and seedling establishment.
Downloads
References
Andres, P. and Jorba, M. 2000. Mitigation strategies in some motorway embankments (Catalonia Spain). Restoration Ecology 8:268–275.
Anjum, F., Yaseen, M., Rasool, E., Wahid, A. and Anjum, S. 2003. Water stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). I. Effect on morphological characters. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 40: 43-44.
Bentsik, L., and Koornneef, M. 2008. Seed dormancy and germination. Arabidopsis Book 6, e0119. doi: 10.1199/tab.0119.
Carmona, R. and Murdoch, A.J. 1995. Interactions of temperature and dormancy – relieving compounds on the germination of weed seeds. Seed Science Research 5: 227–236
Constable, G.R. and Hern, A.B. 1978. Agronomic and Physiological Responses of Soybean and Sorghum Crops to Water Deficits. I. Growth, Development and Yield. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 5: 159-167.
Dasberg, S. and Mendel, K. 1971. The Effect of Soil Water and Aeration on Seed Germination. Journal of Experimental Botany 22 (4): 992-998. doi: 10.1093/jxb/22.4.992
Edward, M., Chikumbutso, M., Dackious, K., Hannah, B. and Gift, K. 2013. Effect of Seed Size and Pretreatment Methods on Germination of Albizia lebbeck, Article ID 969026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/969026.
GAN, Y. 1996. Evaluation of select nonlinear regression models in quantifying seedling emergence rate of spring wheat. Crop Science 36:165-168.
Geraldine, L.D. and Lisa A.D. 1999. Water potential and ionic effects on germination and seedling growth of two cold desert shrubs. American Journal of Botany 86(8): 1146-1153.
Huan, M., Xuehong, W., Shouzheng, T., Xianguo, L., Mingxu, H., Yu, A. and Zhongsheng, Z. 2016. Seed germination environments of Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis in wetland restoration. Ecological Engineering. Article in press
Jaleel, C.A., Manivannan, P., Lakshmanan, G.M.A., Gomathinayagam, M. and Panneerselvam, R. 2008. Alterations in morphological parameters and photosynthetic pigment responses of Catharanthus roseus under soil water deficits. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 61: 298-303.
Karssen, C.M., Hilhorst, H.W.M. 1992. Effect of chemical environment on seed germination. pp 327–348 in Fenner, M. (Ed.) Seeds. The ecology of regeneration in plant communities. Wallingford, UK, CAB International.
Lutfor, R.S.M. and Mesbah, U.A.S. M. 2000. Ecological Adaptation of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to Water Stress. II. Grain Yield, Harvest Index, Flowering and Maturity Studies. Legume Research 23 (1): 1-8.
Majnoun, H.N., Siddique, K.H.M., Palta, J.A. and Berger, J. 2009. Effect of Soil Moisture Content on Seedling Emergence and Early Growth of Some Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes. Journal of Agricultural Science Technology 11: 401-411
Mannan, M.A., Halder, E., Karim, M.A. and Ahmed, J.U. 2016. Alleviation of Adverse Effect of Drought Stress on Soybean (Glycine max. L.) by Using Poultry Litter Biochar. Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 19(2): 61-69.
Meyer, B.S., and Donald, B.A. 1952. Plant physiology. 2nd ed. New York: D. Van Mostrand Company, Inc. 784 pp.
Momen, N.N., Carlson, R.E., Shaw, R.H. and Arjmend, O. 1979. Moisture Stress Effects on Yield Components of Two Soybean Cultivars. Agronomy Journal 71: 86-90.
Morad, S., 2013. Effect of water and temperature on seed germination and emergence as a seed hydrothermal time model. International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research 12: 1686-1691.
Nielsen, D.C. and Nelson, N.O. 1998. Black bean sensitivity to water stress at various growth stage. Crop Science 38: 422-427.
Nonogaki, H., Bassel, G.W., and Bewley, J.D. 2010. Germination – still a mystery. Plant Science 179: 574–581. doi: 10.4161/psb.25504.
Shao, H.B., Chu, L.Y., Jaleel, C.A. and Zhao, C.X. 2008. Water deficit stressinduced anatomical changes in higher plants. Comptes Rendus Biologies 331: 215-225.
Shenkut, A.A. and Brick, M.A. 2003. Traits components in common bean associated Alleviation of Adverse Effect of Drought Stress on Soybean (Glycine max. L.) By Using Poultry Litter Biochar with dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) productivity under diverse soil moisture environments. Euphytica 133: 339-347.
Stiles, I.E. 1948. Relation of water to the germination of corn and cotton seeds. Plant Physiology 23: 201-222.
Todd-Bockarie, A.H. and Duryea, M.L. 1993. Seed pretreatment methods to improve germination of the multipurpose West African forest species Dialium guineense. Forest Ecology and Management 57:257-273
Tylor, A.G., Motes, J.E. and Kirkham, M.B. 1982. Germination and Seedling Growth Characteristics of Three Tomato Species Affected by Water Deficits. Horticulture Journal 107: 282-285.
Werker, E., 1980. Seed dormancy as explained by the anatomy of embryo envelopes. Israel Journal of Botany 29: 22-44.
Wojtyla, Ł., Lechowska, K., Kubala, S. and Garnczarska, M. 2016. Different Modes of Hydrogen Peroxide Action During Seed Germination. Frontiers in Plant Science 7:66. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00066
Yu, T., Bo, G., Daowei, Z., Junbao, Y., Guangdi, L. and Yujie, L. 2014. Responses of Seed Germination, Seedling Growth, and Seed Yield Traits to Seed Pretreatment in Maize (Zea mays L.). The Scientific World Journal, ID 834630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/834630
Zammith, L.R., Scarano, F.R. 2006. Restoration of a restinga sandy coastal plain in Brazil: survival and growth of planted woody species. Restoration Ecology 14: 87-94.
Zhong, Q.C., Liang, H.W. and Ting, T.L. 2009. Revegetation of steep rocky slopes: Planting climbing vegetation species in artificially drilled holes. Ecological Engineering 35: 1079-1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.03.021
Zhu, Y.Y., Feng, L.K., En, T.W., Ge, H.W. and Wen, X.C. 2002. Characterization of rhizobia that nodulate legume species of the genus Lespedeza and description of Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52: 2219-2230.
