A LITERATURE REVIEW ON MATERNAL MIGRATION: CASES OF CHINA, SRI LANKA, GUATEMALA, PHILIPPINES, AND POLAND

Jeany Rose Teguihanon; Ginbert Permejo Cuaton

doi:10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i3.2019.939

Authors

Jeany Rose Teguihanon UNFPA, Manila, Philippines
Ginbert Permejo Cuaton Social Science Unit, Leyte Normal University, Philippines

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i3.2019.939

Keywords:

Maternal Migration, Labor Migration, Care Chain, Migration, Philippines, Sri Lanka, China, Guatemala, Poland

Abstract [English]

The increasing and enhanced migration over borders amplified the interdependency between countries making it as one of globalization’s greatest indicator. The study of migration and its patterns involves analyzing different forces at play, in particular, the causes and impacts on the sending and receiving countries. Anchored on a qualitative research design, the data from secondary sources were gathered through desk research, and organized and analyzed using thematic analysis. This study takes an in-depth discussion and analysis of the degree and impacts of maternal labor migration, specifically in the countries of China, Sri Lanka, Guatemala, Philippines and Poland. Findings demonstrate that the increase of ‘feminization’ of labor emigration has brought about concerns over the ‘crisis of care' when women and mothers leave. The focus on the impact of mother’s migration is in relation to the perception that although maternal migration has positive effects, i.e. improved livelihood income due to remittances, it could also present complex negative impacts to the welfare of families and children left behind.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alexander, J. and Steidl, A. (2012). Gender and the "Laws of Migration": A Reconsideration of Nineteenth-Century Patterns. Social Science History, 36(2), pp.223-241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0145553200011779

All China Women’s Federation (2013). Report on rural left-behind children and urban migrant children.

Antman, F. (2013). The impact of migration on family left behind. In: A. Constant and K. Zimmermann, ed., International handbook on the economics of migration. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Arunatilake. N, Jayaratne.S, Jayawardena.P, Jayaweera. R, Weerakoon. D. (2010). “Impact of Remittances on the Household of the Emigrant and on the Economy of the Migrant’s Country: Sri Lanka”, Project Report Submitted on 10th Round Regional Research Competition of South Asia Network of Economic Research Institutes.

Barslund, M., Busse, M., Vargas-Silva, C., Kaczmarczyk, P., Baas, T., Peinado, M., Jimeno, J., Lacuesta, A., Galgóczi, B. and Leschke, J. (2014). Labour mobility in the EU: Dynamics, patterns and policies. Intereconomics, [online] 49(3), pp.116-158. Available at: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-014-0495-x

https://www.ceps.eu/system/files/IEForum32014.pdf [Accessed 4 Feb. 2017].

Briones, L. (2009). Empowering migrant women: Why agency and rights are not enough. Surrey, UK: Ashgate Press.

Budrowska, B. (2005). Nieodpłatna praca kobiet i próby jej wyceny [Unpaid women’s work and the attempts to put a price on it]. [online] Docplayer.pl. Available at: http://docplayer.pl/5494536-Nieodplatna-praca-kobiet-i-proby-jej-wyceny.html [Accessed 29 May 2017].

Castaneda, E., and Buck, L. (2012) Remittances, Transnational Parenting, and the Children Left Behind: Economic and Psychological Implications. Available at DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-203X.2011.01136.x

http://www.childmigration.net/Main_theme_home?selection=Children_left_behind [accessed 4 Jan 2017]

Castles, S. and Miller, M. (1998). The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Connoly, K. (2015). As Poland loses its doctors and builders, ‘Euro-orphans’ are left at home to suffer. The Guardian. [online] Available at:

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/15/euro-orphans-fastest-shrinking-town-poland-radom [Accessed 11 Feb. 2017].

Cortes, P. (2010), ‘The feminization of international migration and its effects on the children left behind: evidence from the Philippines’, Working Paper, Boston University School of Management, MA.

Cortes, R. (2007). Children and women left behind in labor sending countries: an appraisal of social risks. [ebook] Global Report on Migration and Children. Available at:

http://www.childmigration.net/files/Rosalia_Cortes_07.pdf [Accessed 11 Feb. 2017].

Dabrowska, M. (2004). Whose Interests Do They Defend? Problems of the Polish Feminist Movement.. [online] GendeRomania. Available at:

https://www.atria.nl/epublications/2005/gendeRomania.pdf [Accessed 29 May 2017].

Davis, J. and Brazil, N. (2016). Migration, Remittances and Nutrition Outcomes of Left-Behind Children: A National-Level Quantitative Assessment of Guatemala. PLOS ONE, 11(3), p.e0152089. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152089

Davis, K., Evans, M. and Lorber, J. (2010). Handbook of gender and women's studies. London: Sage.

De, P. and Ratha, D. (2012). Impact of remittances on household income, asset and human capital: evidence from Sri Lanka. Migration and Development, 1(1) 163-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2012.719348

Démurger, S. and Xu, H. (2015). Left-behind children and return migration in China. IZA Journal of Migration, 4(1), pp.1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40176-015-0035-x

Downe‐Wamboldt, B. (2009). Content Analysis: Methods, applications and issues. Health Care for Women International. Vol 13, Issue 3, pp 313-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006

Frantz, E. (2013). Jordan’s Unfree Workforce: State-Sponsored Bonded Labour in the Arab Region, DEV. STUD. 49 (J), pp. 1072-1075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2013.780042

Encinas-Franco, J. (2016). Filipino Women Migrant Workers and Overseas Employment Policy: An Analysis From Women's Rights Perspective. Asian Politics & Policy, 8(3), pp.494-501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12269

Eviota, E. U. (2004). The context of gender and globalization in the Philippines. In D. Aguilar, & A. Lacsamana (Eds.) Women and globalization (pp. 52–67). New York, NY: Humanity Books.

Glowny Urza d Statystyczny [GUS] [Central Statistical Office]. (2009). Unemployment in the years 1990_2009. In A. White (2010) Young people and migration from contemporary Poland. Journal of Youth Studies, 13(5) 565-580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2010.487520

Glowny Urza d Statystyczny [GUS] [Central Statistical Office]. (2013). Rocznik Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 2013. Available at: https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/roczniki-statystyczne/roczniki-statystyczne/rocznik-statystyczny-rzeczypospolitej-polskiej-2013,2,8.html [Accessed October 2018].

Graham, E., Jordan, L., Yeoh, B., Lam, T., Asis, M., and Su-Kamdi (2012). Transnational Families and the Family Nexus: Perspectives of Indonesian and Filipino Children Left behind by Migrant Parent(s). Environment and Planning A, 44(4), pp.793-815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/a4445

Grzymała-Kazłowska, A. (2001) A challenge of transition: Polish migrant women in Brussels, Ethnographica, 1(1): 46-55

Healy, L. (2008). International social work. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780195389678-0104

Heinen, J. and Wator, M. (2006). Child Care in Poland before, during, and after the Transition: Still a Women's Business. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 13(2), pp.189-216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxj008

Hessle, S. (2007). Globalisation: Implications for International Development Work, Social Work and the Integration of Immigrants in Sweden. In: L. Dominelli, ed., Revitalising communities in a globalising world, 1st ed. Aldershot: Ashgate, pp.231-241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351150088-17

Hryciuk, R. (2017). Political Motherhood in Poland: The Emergence of Single – Mothers for the Alimony Fund Movement. [online] Center for Global Justice. Available at:

http://www.justiciaglobal.mx/wp-content/women3.pdf [Accessed 29 May 2017].

Hsieh, H. and Shannon, S. (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. SAGE Journals. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687

ILO. (2015). ILO global estimates on migrant workers: Results and methodology. Special focus on migrant domestic workers. [online] Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_436343.pdf [Accessed 15 Jun. 2017].

ILO. (2013). REINTEGRATION WITH HOME COMMUNITY: PERSPECTIVES OF RETURNEE MIGRANT WORKERS IN SRI LANKA [online] Available at:

http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/publicasia/ro-bangkok/-ilo-colombo/documents/publication/wcms_233365.pdf [Accessed 15 Jun. 2017].

IOM. (2013). Country Migration Report: The Philippines 2013. [ebook] Makati City: International Organization for Migration. Available at:

https://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/Country/docs/CMReport-Philipines-2013.pdf [Accessed 28 May 2017].

Jampaklay, A. (2006), ‘Parental absence and children’s school enrolment: evidence from a longitudinal study in Kanchanaburi, Thailand’, Asian Population Studies, 2 (1), 93–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730600700598

Jayasuriya, R. and Opeskin, B. (2015). The Migration of Women Domestic Workers from Sri Lanka: Protecting the Rights of Children Left Behind. Cornell International Law Journal, 48, pp.579-538.

Jonas, S. (2013). Guatemalan Migration in Times of Civil War and Post-War Challenges. [online] Migration Policy Institute. Available at: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/guatemalan-migration-times-civil-war-and-post-war-challenges [Accessed 27 May 2017].

Kahanec, M. (2012). Labor Mobility in an Enlarged European Union. [online] Available at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp6485.pdf [Accessed 15 Jun. 2017].

Lahaie, C., Hayes, J. A., Markham Piper, T. and Heymann, J. (2009). ‘Work and family divided across borders: the impact of parental migration on Mexican children in transnational families’, Community, Work and Family, 12 (3), 299–312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800902966315

Lutz, H. and Palenga-Mollenbeck. E. (2012). Care Workers, Care Drain, and Care Chains: Reflections on Care, Migration, and Citizenship. Social Politics 19(1) 15–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxr026

Migrante International. (2015). #SONA2015 Number of OFWs leaving daily rose from 2,500 in 2009 to 6,092 in 2015. [online] Available at:

https://migranteinternational.org/2015/07/29/sona2015-number-of-ofws-leaving-daily-rose-from-2500-in-2009-to-6092-in-2015/ [Accessed 28 May 2017].

Oishi N. (2002). “Gender and migration: An integrative approach”, University of California, San Diego, The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, Working Paper 49.

Parreñas, R. S. (2005). Children of Global Migration: Transnational Families and Gendered Woes. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.

People's Daily Online (2004). China to train 35 million rural workers in 7 years: official. [online] Available at: http://en.people.cn/200404/07/eng20040407_139731.shtml [Accessed 15 Jun. 2017].

Perera, S., and Jampaklay, K. (2011) International Contract Migration and Children Left Behind: Impacts on children’s School Enrolment in Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka. Journal of Population Studies, 12–13.

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). (2015). Statistical Tables on Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW): 2015 | Philippine Statistics Authority. [online] Available at:

https://psa.gov.ph/content/statistical-tables-overseas-filipino-workers-ofw-2015 [Accessed 28 May 2017].

PRB. (2016). MAP. [online] Available at: http://www.worldpopdata.org/index.php/map [Accessed 15 Jun. 2017].

Regulska, J. and Grabowska, M. (2008). Will it make a difference? EU Enlargement and Women’s Public Discourse in Poland. In: S. Roth, ed., Gender Politics in the Expanding EU. Mobilization, Inclusion and Exclusion, 1st ed. Oxford: Berghahn Books, pp.137-154.

Ruin, P. (2014). Children left behind [online] Available at: http://balticworlds.com/children-left-behind/ [accessed 4 Jan 2017]

Save the Children (2006). Left behind, left out—the impact on children and families of mothers migrating for work abroad. 1st ed. [ebook] Sri Lanka: Save the Children. Available at:

https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/node/8007/pdf/left_behind_left_out_-_the_impact_of_children_and_families_of_mothers_migrating_for_work_abroad.pdf [Accessed 1 Jun. 2017].

Senaratna, B. (2012). Left-behind children of migrant women: Difficulties encountered and strengths demonstrated. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 41(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4038/sljch.v41i2.4394

Slany, K. and Malek, A. (2006). Integration of new female migrants in Polish labor market and society and policies affecting integration: State of the Art. [ebook] Krakow,Poland: Working Paper No. 9 – WP4. Available at:

http://www.femipol.uni-frankfurt.de/docs/working_papers/wp3/Poland.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2017].

SLBFE. (2015). Overview: Recent Trends In International Migration. (n.d.). [online] Available at: http://www.slbfe.lk/file.php?FID=253 [Accessed 15 Jun. 2017].

Smith, J. (2006). Economic Migrants Replace Political Refugees. [online] Migration Policy Institute. Available at: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/guatemalan-migration-times-civil-war-and-post-war-challenges// [Accessed 27 May 2017].

Smolarek, B. (2007). Causes and Effects of Guatemalan Immigration to the United States. [ebook] Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Available at: https://www.uwlax.edu/urc/jur-online/PDF/2007/smolarek.pdf [Accessed 28 May 2017].

Solheim, C. and Ballard, J. (2016). Ambiguous Loss Due to Separation in Voluntary Transnational Families. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 8(3) 341-359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12160

Sundari, S. (2007). Migrant women and urban labour market. 1st ed. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications.

Rosewarne, S. (2013). Temporary International Labor Migration and Development in South and Southeast Asia. PP. 63-71. [online] Available at: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2012.696314

http://asiapacific.unwomen.org/~/media/7148BD87A4F7412D8CBD10482146276F.ashx

Tigno, J. (2014). At the Mercy of the market?: State-enabled, market-oriented labor migration and women migrants from the Philippines. Philippine Political Science Journal, 35(1), pp.19-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01154451.2014.914999

Titkow, A. (2007). Tozsamosc polskich kobiet. Ciaglosc, zmiana i konteksty [Identity of Polish Women. Continuity, Change and Contexts]. Warszawa: IFiS PAN.

Tuñón, M. (2006). Internal Labour Migration in China: Features and Responses. ILO Beijing. http://ilo.int/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-beijing/documents/publication/wcms_158634.pdf [Accessed 17 May 2017].

UNDESA. (2016). International Migration Report 2015. [ebook] New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Available at:

http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2015.pdf [Accessed 20 Mar. 2017].

UNICEF. (2014). National Working Committee on Children and Women (NWCCW), and National Bureau of Statistics. Children in China: an atlas of social indicators 2014. United Nations Children’s Fund, Beijing.

Urbanska S. (2009). Matka migrantka. Perspektywa transnarodowos´ci w badaniu przemian ro´l rodzicielskich. Studia Migracyjne Przegl˛ad Polonijny. 1, pp. 61–84.

Van der Ham, A., Ujano-Batangan, M., Ignacio, R. and Wolffers, I. (2014). Toward healthy migration: An exploratory study on the resilience of migrant domestic workers from the Philippines. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51(4), pp.545-568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461514539028

Vause, S. and Toma, S. (2015). Is the Feminization of International Migration Really on the Rise? The Case of Flows from the Democratic Republic of Congo and Senegal. Population, 70(1), pp.39-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/popu.1501.0041

Verschuur, C. (2013). Theoretical debates on social reproduction and care: The articulation between the domestic and the global economy, in Oso Casas L., Ribas Mateos N. (eds), International Handbooks on Gender Series, pp. 145-161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781951477.00014

Weeraratne, B. (2016). Protecting the Welfare of Children and its Causal Effect on Limiting Mother's Labour Migration. International Migration, 54(5) 59-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12263

White, M. D. and Marsh, E. E. (2006). Content Analysis: A flexible methodology. Library Trends 55(1), 22-45. Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved on October 11, 2018, from Project MUSE Database. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2006.0053

World Bank. (2011). Migration and Remittances Fact book: Guatemala. Available at:

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-1199807908806/Guatemala.pdf

Yanovich, Y. (2013). Migration and development in context: The social and economic impact of labor migration on children left behind (Order No. 1525063). ProQuest.