International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah <h3>International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH</h3> <p>is an open access peer-reviewed journal that provides monthly publication of articles in all areas of Engineering, Management, Social, Arts, Commerce, Technology and Science etc. It is an international refereed e-journal as well as print journal. IJRG have the aim to propagate innovative research and eminence in knowledge. IJRG Journals has become a prominent contributor for the research communities and societies. IJRG Journal is making the bridge between research and developments.</p> en-US <p>With the licence CC-BY, authors retain the copyright, allowing anyone to download, reuse, re-print, modify, distribute, and/or copy their contribution. The work must be properly attributed to its author.</p> <p>It is not necessary to ask for further permission from the author or journal board. </p> <p>This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.</p> editor@granthaalayah.com (Editor) editor@granthaalayah.com (Dr. Tina Porwal) Fri, 31 Jan 2025 05:42:08 +0000 OJS 3.3.0.10 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60 AN ANALYSIS OF VETERAN INDIAN ARTISTS’ CREATIONS; THROUGH VISUAL NARRATION https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5863 <p>Indian arts have been deeply connected with roots since ancient times. Art created by Indian artists is profoundly and significantly visualized through visual narrative with various art mediums. This research study provides an introduction of selected veteran Indian artists and examines their creative practices and inspirations as well the research paper analyses selected artists’ creations through visual narrations and attempts to give an aesthetic understanding of the language of visuals.</p> Shatrudhan Kumar Gupta Copyright (c) 2025 Shatrudhan Kumar Gupta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5863 Fri, 31 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 SANATAN VALUES AND HUMAN LIFE: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5881 <p>Sanatan Values and Human Life is a deep and thoughtful subject, which understands the enduring principles of Indian culture and philosophy and analyzes their impact on human life. Sanatan values are those universal principles which guide human life towards progress from spiritual, mental and social perspectives, irrespective of time, place and circumstances. These values inspire us to follow ethics and ideals in every aspect of our life, thereby establishing peace, harmony and prosperity in the society. This article highlights the importance of Sanatan values and their relevance in the current context. It explains that these values are not only important from a religious and spiritual point of view, but are also helpful in creating harmony and self-knowledge in society. Sanatan values such as truth, non-violence, Dharma, charity, and self-knowledge are as important in our lives today as they were thousands of years ago. Additionally, the article presents various aspects of Sanatan values, their impact, results, and suggestions, which show that following these values leads to the progress of both the individual and the society. It also explains through examples how by inculcating these values in life, a person can make his life balanced and purposeful.</p> Dr. Priya Soni Khare, Dr. Jitendra Kumar Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Priya Soni Khare, Dr. Jitendra Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5881 Fri, 31 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 AUDIT ON MEDICAL THORACOSCOPY IN PATIENTS WITH EXUDATIVE PLEURAL EFFUSION IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN CENTRAL SRI LANKA https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5883 <p>Introduction<br />Pleural effusion is a common condition in respiratory medicine, yet about 20% of cases remain unexplained even after thorough evaluation, including closed pleural biopsy. Medical thoracoscopy (MT) has emerged as the preferred diagnostic and therapeutic tool for exudative pleural effusions, especially valuable for patients at high risk for more invasive procedures like VATS. At the National Hospital -Kandy in Sri Lanka, several deficits were identified in the thoracoscopy procedure, prompting a prospective audit aimed at improving service quality and patient care. British Thoracic Society guideline on thoracoscopy procedure was used as the standard for comparison with our data.<br />Method<br />This prospective, standard-based audit was conducted among 75 patients who underwent medical thoracoscopy at Respiratory Unit 11, National Hospital Kandy, Sri Lanka, between January 2021 and December 2022. Data collection was primarily carried out through direct questioning of patients, supplemented by information extracted from patient records and observations documented in a data collection form. This study evaluates key aspects of patient care following chest tube insertion, focusing on consent acquisition, real-time ultrasound use, and monitoring for complications like fever, pain, pneumothorax, and infection. It also examines post-procedure mobility, patient satisfaction, chest tube drainage duration, and hospital stay length to assess their impact on patient outcomes and improve chest tube management practices.<br />Results<br />Informed written consent was obtained from over 94% of patients. Pre-procedure chest CT was performed for 50% of patients, while only 60% had real-time ultrasound guidance during the procedure. No significant complications related to the thoracoscopy were reported. Most patients expressed satisfaction with the procedure, and 95% received a definitive diagnosis, with only 5% having an uncertain diagnosis.<br />Discussion<br />Significant deficiencies in the practice of medical thoracoscopy (MT) at National Hospital Kandy, Sri Lanka, have been identified. In response, we implemented several improvements: standard documentation templates were introduced to enhance record-keeping, real-time ultrasound scans were integrated to improve procedural accuracy, and a protocol for the safe and efficient transportation of samples was established. Additionally, we introduced small-gauge chest drains to minimize patient discomfort and enhance post-procedure pain management. These recommendations aim to systematically advance thoracoscopy practices, ensuring better patient outcomes and upholding high standards of care.</p> Ishelda Nawarathne, Dushantha Madegedara Copyright (c) 2025 Ishelda Nawarathne, Dushantha Madegedara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5883 Fri, 31 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 A REVIEW STUDY ON SMALL DIFFERENTIATIVE BETWEEN ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES (PROGESTIN-ONLY PILLS/ COMBINED HORMONAL PILLS) https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5903 <p>Oral contraceptive pills, are commonly used drugs to manage a number of reproductive health issues and prevent unwanted births. They are divided into two main categories: progestin-only pills (POPs) and combined oral contraceptives (COCs), which contain synthetic estrogen and progestin. In order to stop conception and implantation, COCs mainly function by suppressing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus, and changing the endometrial lining.<br />Numerous people utilize contraceptives; according to 2019 statistics, 790 million (42%) use the traditional technique. The most popular methods of birth control are female sterilization and male condoms, which are used by 922 million women of reproductive age worldwide. According to 2019 data, 219 million of these women (24%), and 189 million of them (21%), use female sterilization and male condoms, respectively. Since 1994, the use of IUDs and conventional procedures has decreased globally. The WHO states that the condom is the only method of birth control that can prevent both unwanted pregnancies and STDs. Between 2015 and 2020, the need for family planning increased by 77% worldwide. In 2020, there will be 2000 million women who have used family planning methods, up from 900 million in the previous 20 years. The number of people using modern contraceptive techniques has likewise climbed from 663 million to 851 million, with a 47.7% to 49.0% prevalence rate. Numerous types of birth control are available, including hormonal treatments, which include CHC vaginal rings, CHC transdermal patches, and combination hormonal contraceptives. IUDs with progestin, DMPA injections, implants, progestin-only pills, and hormonal male contraceptives are examples of progestin-only techniques. The other approach is non-hormonal and involves vaginal pH modulators, barrier techniques like condoms, and copper IUDs.</p> Khushi Upadhyay, Shaily Tyagi, Ompi Kumari, Soumya Bharadwaj Copyright (c) 2025 Khushi Upadhyay, Shaily Tyagi, Ompi Kumari, Soumya Bharadwaj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5903 Fri, 31 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS: AN OVERVIEW OF THE INDIAN CONTEXT https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5912 <p>Environmental Education (EE) is increasingly being promoted in structured educational environments in India to prepare children for a sustainable future. This paper examines the current status of EE in Indian schools, emphasizing its practices, challenges, and potential. The paper is an interpretation of the author’s evaluation of EE programs and is a section of an extensive study aimed at developing EE intervention programs for primary school children in India. The evaluation process involved the conduction of interviews with key stakeholders, including EE program heads, experts, and resource persons as well as the evaluation of NCERT books and recommended pedagogical practices. Analysis revealed that EE courses and content, are primarily theoretical and tend to promote a utilitarian understanding of nature. While these programmes may offer innovative projects, ideas, and practices, they do not necessarily address the shift in thinking and values required to evolve into responsible earth citizens. This makes it challenging for children to think ethically about natural ecosystems and develop strong connectedness with nature. The author thus argues for a shift in EE paradigm, utilising the profound insights of ancient Indian eco-philosophy presented in Indian Knowledge System. EE can be made effective and meaningful for young children by implementing intervention programs based on experiential activities. The findings have implications for educators, resource persons and policymakers. Insights obtained would help in gaining a better understanding of the strengths and limitations of the program as well as giving directions for future.</p> Dr. Shefali Mishra Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Shefali Mishra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5912 Fri, 31 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN RELATION TO THE SOCIO-CULTURAL PROGRESS OF SOCIETY SINCE THE 19TH CENTURY: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BENGAL https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5853 <p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">During the 19th and 20th centuries, Bengal emerged as a vibrant center for socio-cultural and religious reform movements, driven by its early exposure to secular and liberal Western education. The establishment of modern institutions of higher learning—initiated by colonial authorities, European missionaries, and forward-thinking social reformers—sparked an intellectual awakening among Bengal's educated classes. This era, often referred to as the Bengal Renaissance, profoundly influenced the evolution of Bengali literature and language.<br />Prominent social reformers of the period took the initiative to establish community libraries in their localities, creating accessible spaces for education and intellectual growth. Many of these historic libraries continue to serve communities today, providing valuable resources to youth, students, industrial workers, and lifelong learners.<br />This paper seeks to explore how the legacy of the Bengal Renaissance shaped the development of public libraries in India during British colonial rule, while also examining the impact of gradual social changes on the public libraries of West Bengal.</p> Bangasree Dey, Dr. Sutapa Chatterjee Copyright (c) 2025 Bangasree Dey, Dr. Sutapa Chatterjee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5853 Wed, 05 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 DIGITAL BLOCK APPLICATIONS; A DETAILED SURVEY BETWEEN SURGICAL BRANCH SPECIALIST AND SPECIALIST STUDENTS https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5867 <p>Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the digital block application methods of specialists and assistants working in the Departments of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Emergency Medicine, Anesthesia and Reanimation, and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in Turkey and the accuracy of the information on which these methods are based, through a survey, and to interpret the survey results.<br />Study plan: In the survey consisting of a total of eighteen questions, the personal information of the physicians, their preferred digital block application methods, local anesthetic agent selection and application doses, and the source of the information on which these preferences are based were questioned in a digital environment. The responses were interpreted and analyzed.<br />Findings: A total of 110 physicians, 16 specialists and 94 assistants, participated in our survey. In the responses given to the multiple-choice question asked to the participants about the cases you encounter most frequently in your clinic, we saw that the most common ones were fractures at the finger and toe level, skin and subcutaneous lacerations at the finger level, and tendon injuries. In the responses we received to the question of the most preferred type of anesthesia in such injuries, we saw that 51.9% preferred digital block and 42.6% preferred regional anesthesia. In the responses we received to other questions regarding the application method, dosage and different usage patterns in our survey, it was seen that traditional and personal experiences were effective in digital block applications.<br />Conclusion: It was determined that the digital nerve block applications preferred by specialists and specialist students were not compatible with the literature. The results of the study are warning signs for the revision of digital block applications. Experience-based applications and personal teachings should be replaced by evidence-based applications in digital block applications.</p> Ali Osman Taşova, Mustafa Cem Sürecek Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Osman Taşova, Mustafa Cem Sürecek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5867 Wed, 05 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON FINANCIAL LITERACY https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5890 <p>Financial literacy, the ability to understand and apply financial principles effectively, plays a critical role in personal financial management, economic stability, and overall well-being. This research delves into empirical studies on financial literacy, examining its determinants, impacts, and interventions aimed at improving financial knowledge across different demographics. By synthesizing findings from various studies, this paper highlights the importance of financial literacy in fostering better financial behaviors and reducing economic disparities.</p> Anusha N, Srikanth M, Ramya GK Copyright (c) 2025 Anusha N, Srikanth M, Ramya GK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5890 Wed, 05 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 IMPORTANCE OF FLORA PAINTINGS IN INDIAN ART AND MYTHOLOGY https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5921 <p>Since ancient times, India has had a tradition of worshipping objects that serve its needs, evidenced in the Vedas and Puranas, and their significance in our lives has been written and painted in many books, texts, and on walls. This research paper discusses flora paintings and their relevance in Indian art and mythology. Indian art is known for its rich tradition of depicting nature. Flora in Indian art is a medium to express the interrelationship of the divine and natural world. Through flora paintings, artists depict the sanctity of nature, drawing inspiration from ancient texts, folklore and religious traditions. Many trees, plants, flowers, mountains, and rivers symbolize fertility and wisdom. In mythology, flora has symbolic significance, representing deities and cosmic forces. How artists from different groups and periods have captured the essence of the natural world through brushstrokes and vibrant colors invites contemplation on the interconnectedness of all living beings. The researcher using secondary data and descriptive research methodology, this paper re-examines the role of flora painting in promoting societal expression and needs. Finally, the paper presents a detailed analysis of how different regions depict flora in the context of their local myths and religious beliefs and highlights the diversity and richness of Indian art.</p> Faizullah Ahmad, Prof. Badar Jahan Copyright (c) 2025 Faizullah Ahmad, Prof. Badar Jahan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/view/5921 Fri, 07 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000