International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH

THE CREATION OF INTEGRATIVE PROJECTS WITH MATHEMATICAL APPLICATIONS AS A TEACHING METHOD FOR IMPROVING LEARNING AND STRENGTHENING IN THE AREA OF MATHEMATICS.

Edwin Rivera Rivera — 2025-04-30

The following article, using a constructivist and action research approach, explores how the implementation of integrative projects with mathematical applications can strengthen learning in this subject. A methodology was developed for the creation of five integrative projects with mathematical applications for a group of 20 students taking a mathematical calculus course. The research was directed toward two research questions. Among the most significant findings was that 93% of the students better understood mathematical concepts while applying them in their projects. There is a significant relationship (r=.92) between learning from the application of integrative projects and learning mathematics in the mathematical reasoning course. Keywords: integrative projects, learning, mathematics
The following article, using a constructivist and action research approach, explores how implementing integrative projects with mathematical applications can strengthen learning in this subject. A methodology was developed for the creation of five integrative projects with mathematical applications for a group of 20 students studying mathematical calculus. The research was conducted with two research questions. Among the most significant findings was that 93% of the students better understood mathematical concepts by applying them to their projects. There is a significant relationship (r=.92) between learning from the application of integrative projects and learning mathematics in the mathematical reasoning course.

TOURISTS' PERCEPTION ABOUT TOUR DESTINATION POST COVID- 19 PANDEMIC IN BANGLADESH: AN INVESTIGATION OF KNOWLEDGE, TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES, SOCIAL MEDIA AND WEATHER IMPACTS

Meher Neger — 2025-04-30

Tourism has become an important global economic and leisure activity due to its growing acceptance and benefits. This study investigates the impact of content cues of tourists’ perception on tourist well-being to provide on understanding of how destination attributes influence tourists’ perception. The purpose of the research was to investigate tourists’ perception towards tourists’ destination post the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of Bangladeshi consumers. Quantitative type research was applied and the study used descriptive research design. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect 210 data from Bangladeshi consumers of different destinations, residents in a few geographical areas like Khulna, Jashore, Cox's Bazar, Chattagram, Cumilla and Sylhet using purposive sampling method. A partial least square structured equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach was used to evaluate the data and test the hypotheses.PLS-SEM analysis method demonstrated that tourists' knowledge and social media had a positive significant impact on tourists’ perception towards tourists’ destination post the COVID-19 pandemic in the perspective of Bangladesh.
The research paper provides practical guidelines for tourism industry on how to effectively provide better services to tourists. This study could provide new insights about how competitiveness could be improved by examining the affecting factors (tourists' knowledge, transportation facilities, social media and weather) development impacts.

HONEYBEES’ BEHAVIOUR IN A FARADAY-SHIELDED HIVE : MANDATORY SCHUMANN RESONANCE FOR COLONY SURVIVAL

Daniel Favre — 2025-04-30

Research shows that low-level anthropogenic electromagnetic fields negatively impact various species in their behaviour, affecting orientation, migration, foraging, reproduction, nesting, territorial defense, vitality, and survival. Many insects, like honeybees, rely on Earth's electromagnetic fields for orientation and foraging. The honeybees react negatively to anthropogenic multi-frequency interference through multi-sensory mechanisms. In order to circumvent the potentially negative effects of external electromagnetic influence, the honeybees were kept in Faraday hives. Placing honeybees in such Faraday-shielded cages, which block external electromagnetic fields, effectively isolates them from natural electromagnetic frequencies. However, the long-term survival of the honeybees in such Faraday hives was only possible with the artificial re-introduction of the Earth's natural electromagnetic environment, the Schumann resonance. Honeybees placed in Faraday cages without access to the Schumann resonance experience a range of effects, including physiological impairments to the queen of the honeybees’ colony, which stops laying fertilized eggs. This is leading to the collapse of the colony, which is finally containing only immature female workers and drones. These findings highlight the significance of natural electromagnetic fields in maintaining homeostasis and normal biological functions of honeybees. Further research is needed to explore factors like electromagnetic radiation affecting honeybee physiology and behaviour. The combined effect of multiple stressors, interacting across space and time, likely plays a central role in the global decline of honeybee health.

HIGH LEVEL OF SECURITY AND CONTINUOUS MONITORING FOR ANALYZING SMART CONTRACT BEHAVIORS

Sangeetha R — 2025-04-30

"Smart contracts" are software documented on block chains under specific circumstances that control the allocation of assets between individuals. In a smart healthcare supply chain, product traceability is a major issue. Two enabling technologies in the smart healthcare supply chain that ensure product traceability and safeguard against data manipulation are block chain and smart contracts. A smart contract workflow must be developed and carried out in a block-chain-based supply chain in accordance with the input data. This paper has an objective function to meet the entire system as a parallel composition of smart contracts and users this paper analyze the behavior of smart contracts and a core language of programs with an essential set primitive. The experimental results show that the proposed method can accurately detect security vulnerabilities and logic flaws in smart contracts through formal verification and other analysis techniques before smart contracts are deployed.

FASHION AND GENDER EQUALITY

Prachi Tendulkar — 2025-04-30

In recent years, fashion has emerged as a pivotal arena for advancing gender equality globally. The research investigates the complex and interesting interplay between fashion and gender equality, focusing theoretically on social constructionist perspectives to explain how fashion reflects and shapes societal norms and gender identities. The objective is to examine the perception of people towards the fashion industry contributing to the discourse and advancement of gender equality through its representations and impact on societal attitudes. Drawing on social constructionist theories, the findings explore how fashion constructs and perpetuates gender norms, as well as how it can challenge and redefine these norms through design, marketing, and activism. A mixed-methods approach is also utilized, combining qualitative analysis of runway shows, and quantitative analysis of societal attitudes towards gender and fashion trends. Data collection involves content analysis of fashion media and surveys assessing public perceptions. This anticipates findings that demonstrate fashion's significant role in shaping and reflecting societal attitudes toward gender. It expects to uncover examples where fashion initiatives have led to tangible shifts in perceptions and policies related to gender equality. The result also contributes to provide empirical evidence and theoretical insights into how fashion can catalyze gender equality. By understanding the mechanisms through which fashion influences gender norms and perceptions, the research aims to inform both industry practices and societal discourse, fostering more inclusive and equitable representations within the fashion landscape. Ultimately, the aim is to underscore the transformative potential of fashion in advancing gender equality, highlighting avenues for future research and actionable strategies to leverage fashion's influence on social change.

SERVICE QUALITY, CUSTOMER SATISFACTION, AND LOYALTY IN EVENT PLANNING: A STUDY OF INDIAN WEDDINGS

Sunil Kumar Deshpande — 2025-04-30

As one of the most well-known Indian wedding businesses, which is highly opulent and highly important in itself, it needs to have outstanding service quality to remain customer-loyal and entertained. In this research, service quality dimensions of tangibility, dependability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy regarding the Indian wedding planning industry are studied on how they affect customer happiness as well as loyalty. This research collection gathered data from 420 customers who used wedding event planning services in India with the help of quantitative research. Statistical methods used to evaluate associations between the variables include multiple regression, Pearson correlation, and structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicate that all five service quality aspects have a significant impact on customer satisfaction, which in turn leads to mediation of customer satisfaction on the relation between service quality and customer loyalty. A lesson to be learned from these results is that event coordinators need to focus on providing and tailored services to each client whose cultural and personal preferences are taken into account. may also help them increase customer happiness, build loyalty, and get a competitive edge in the ever-changing Indian wedding industry. The results presented in this study serve as an addition to the very little body of empirical research in the service quality of the event planning sector and offer some useful advice for the practitioners, assuming that they aim to improve service quality and stand successful in the long term.

UNBROKEN SPIRIT: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NADIA MURAD’S THE LAST GIRL AND ITS PORTRAYAL OF TRAUMA AND RESILIENCE

Bindu Ann Philip — 2025-04-30

The paper engages trauma as an unrepresented phenomenon in the classic model; hence, it tries to illustrate the pervasive impact it exerts on literary criticism and cultural discourse. Grounding on Cathy Caruth's notion of trauma as an unreceived experience that surfaces and haunts the survivor, the paper identifies intricacies surrounding the dynamic relations of violence, memory, and representation. Through the eyes of Nadia Murad's memoir, The Last Girl: My Story of Captivity and My Fight Against the Islamic State, the conversation digs into the Yazidi genocide and Murad's personal testimony as a survivor of sexual slavery and forced conversion under ISIS. The memoir is analyzed both as an individual narrative of survival and as a broader commentary on the human condition amidst collective suffering. This is further complemented by the entwinement of personal and communal trauma, making it easier to understand the interplay of victim, executioner, and see to approach psychological and sociocultural implications of violence. The research also focuses on how storytelling could become a vital function of keeping memory, creating resilience, and demanding justice after an atrocity.

INTEGRATING ANCIENT WISDOM WITH MODERN ENVIRONMENTALISM

Deepika Sharma — 2025-05-05

Earth Day, first celebrated in 1970, reminds the world of the urgent need to protect our planet. While modern approaches often emphasize scientific research, activism, and environmental policy, ancient Indian scriptures like the Vedas provide a spiritual and philosophical foundation for ecological harmony that remains deeply relevant today. The Vedas, composed over 3,000 years ago, reflect a deep respect for nature. They personify natural elements as divine beings—Agni (fire), Vayu (wind), Prithvi (earth), and Apah (water)—highlighting a worldview that sees humans as part of, not separate from, the environment. The Rigveda, for example, calls for harmony among humans, animals, and nature, urging a balance that mirrors modern principles of sustainability. This ancient wisdom gains new significance in the face of modern challenges like PFAS pollution—synthetic "forever chemicals" found in water, soil, and even human bodies. These chemicals, widely used in industrial products, are linked to serious health and environmental hazards and resist natural breakdown. The contrast is stark: while the Vedas advocate for coexistence with nature, our modern lifestyle often disregards these principles, leading to long-term damage. Integrating Vedic values into contemporary environmental efforts can inspire a more holistic approach. The concept of Dharma—living in accordance with natural laws—encourages responsibility not just toward people but also toward the planet. By revisiting these teachings, modern society can reframe environmentalism not just as a policy issue but as a moral and spiritual duty. Thus, Earth Day offers not only a time to act, but also a moment to reflect. Ancient Indian philosophy, when combined with modern science, can guide us toward a more balanced, respectful, and sustainable relationship with our environment.

OCCUPATIONAL STRESS LEVEL AMONG CLEANLINESS WORKERS OF INDORE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION ACROSS DIFFERENT GRADES.

Ali Asgar Husaini — 2025-05-06

The Quantitative study investigates the significant difference in occupational stress among cleanliness workers of Indore Municipal Corporation across different grades. Administering a survey by opting a occupational stress index developed by Dr. A K Shrivastava and Dr. Ashok Pratap Singh specifically for this research. The Null Hypothesis (H₀1) states that There is no significant difference in occupational stress among cleanliness workers of Indore Municipal Corporation across different grades. We measured the occupational stress levels among 384 cleanliness workers of Indore Municipal Corporation during the cleanliness drive.
The assumption checks indicate that the normality assumption for Occupational Stress is violated, as evidenced by the Shapiro-Wilk test (W = 0.938, p < .001), suggesting that the data significantly deviates from a normal distribution. Additionally, Levene’s test for homogeneity of variances (F(3, 377) = 29.3, p < .001) reveals a significant violation, indicating unequal variances across groups.
The results of Welch’s One-Way ANOVA indicate a statistically significant difference in Occupational Stress among cleanliness workers across different grades, F(3, 113) = 46.9, p < .001. Given that Welch’s ANOVA is robust to violations of normality and homogeneity of variances, this result confirms that at least one group differs significantly from the others. Since the p-value is less than .05, we reject the null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant difference in occupational stress among cleanliness workers across different grades. This suggests that occupational stress levels vary significantly among the different grades of workers. To further examine which specific groups differ, a post hoc analysis such as Games-Howell should be conducted. Let me know if you need help with post hoc comparisons or further interpretation.
The Tukey post-hoc test results indicate significant differences in occupational stress among different grades of cleanliness workers. Specifically, Grade-I workers experience significantly different levels of occupational stress compared to Grades II, III, and IV (p < .001 for all comparisons). However, no significant differences are observed among Grades II, III, and IV, as their p-values are above 0.05. Since Welch’s ANOVA indicated a significant overall difference, the post-hoc results help identify where these differences exist. The significant differences between Grade-I and the other three grades suggest that occupational stress is notably higher or lower in Grade-I compared to the rest. However, the non-significant comparisons among Grades II, III, and IV imply that their stress levels are relatively similar.
Thus, the null hypothesis ("There is no significant difference in occupational stress among cleanliness workers across different grades") is partially rejected, as significant differences exist between Grade-I and other grades, but not among Grades II, III, and IV.

DETERMINING THE SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL OF HOME-GROWN VEGETATION WITHIN AN URBAN RESIDENTIAL PLOT.

Sumit Bose — 2025-05-06

Urban Households – the buildings with their inhabitants are one of the major sources of carbon emission leading to climate change. There is an urgent need to mitigate this problem. Initiatives generally followed are restricting energy use and reducing energy-intensive activities and materials. However, the best way of mitigating CO2 emitted by the building, is to sequester it through plants grown inside the premises. This paper intends to study the scope of sequestration of CO2 by plantation grown within the plot of a multi-storied and multi-tenement residential buildings in the urban area of Newtown, beside Kolkata, in India, in comparison to quantity of CO2 emitted from the operation phase of the building’s life-cycle. The aim of the study is to find how much of the CO2 emitted by the building can be sequestered by growing plants inside the same plot of the building. CO2 emission is quantified from activities like – electricity usage, fuel (LPG) for cooking, fuel (Petrol) usage for vehicle idling time inside the building premises, respiration and potable water production and the total emission is compared to scope of sequestration by plantation inside the plot. Quantitative analysis of CO2 emitted by a multi-tenement multi-storied residential building and CO2 sequestered by plantation grown within the premises show that plantation in only 4% of the plot area, as per stipulation by local municipal authority, can sequester only 4% of the CO2 emitted by the building. However, assuming a scenario with increased plantation, which is practical and achievable, this proportion of sequestration can be increased to as high as 40%.

THE ROLE OF SWAMI SIVANANDA JI IN THE CONTEXT OF TEACHER EDUCATION AND STUDENT SUCCESS

Reeta Pant — 2025-05-07

India has long been a fountainhead of spiritual wisdom, nurturing countless visionaries who have shaped its cultural and philosophical landscape. Among them, Swami Sivananda Saraswati (1887–1963) emerges as a towering figure, whose synthesis of spirituality and practical service offers profound insights for the field of education. A trained medical doctor turned spiritual master, Swami Sivananda founded the Divine Life Society in 1936 in Rishikesh to promote a life of selfless service, spiritual discipline, and integrated education. This paper explores his contributions with specific emphasis on their implications for teacher education and student success. Swami Sivananda's philosophy, grounded in Vedanta and yoga, emphasizes character formation, ethical living, and holistic development—ideals increasingly acknowledged as fundamental to 21st-century education. By analyzing his writings, teachings, and institutional work, the paper presents a framework for contemporary educational reform centered on spiritual awakening and human values.

A STUDY ON INCLUSIVE PRACTICES AMONG HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION FOR FOSTERING GENDER PARITY AMONG WORKFORCE IN URBAN BANGALORE

Anitha .B — 2025-05-07

Women's education and empowerment are essential indicators of progress. Educated women contribute significantly to the Comprehensive development of the economy. According to the latest Global Peace Index (GPI) 2024, India is ranked 116th globally, improving from its previous ranking of 126th in 2023. However, a notable gap exists among universities in inclusive practices and gender parity. This study investigates inclusive practices within higher education institutions and their impact on fostering gender parity. Focusing on the perspectives of workforce, the research examines existing inclusive policies and practices and explores the lived experiences related to inclusivity and gender equity. Data collection methods include surveys and document analysis of institutional policies and reports at urban Bangalore college. Quantitative data will be analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics to identify regression and correlations between inclusive practices and gender parity outcomes. Qualitative data will be analysed to assess the existing practices and trends. The study aims to identify best practices, highlight challenges, and offer recommendations for higher education institutions to create more inclusive environments that promote gender parity and empower all members of the academic community. The findings will contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors influencing gender equity in academia and inform strategies for creating more equitable and inclusive institutions.

DESIGN AND PROTOTYPE PRODUCTION OF UNINTERRUPTED CLEAR FRUIT JUICE PRODUCTION LINE WITH TANDEM FEED ULTRAFILTRATION METHOD

Cansu Altin-Golen — 2025-05-08

In the fruit juice industry, ultrafiltration (UF) technology has gained great importance in the production of clear fruit juice in recent years. In this study, by determining the clogging period of the membrane with turbid product inlet and clear product outlet pressure in the UF membrane, the limit impurity value was determined and turbid product was fed accordingly. In this process, the dark product coming out of the membrane was stored in one of the tandem tanks and fed to an external decanter from this tank after a certain period of time. The clear product from the decanter was sent to the clear product tank feeding UF, which was still in production. Thus, the CIP process, which is mandatory in case of clogging of the membranes, was postponed and the diafiltration process was carried out externally, ensuring internal uninterrupted production. In addition, it was aimed to prevent fouling by surface modification with various polyelectrolytes for the membranes used in these processes. Clarity, iodine, alcohol, pH tests, brix measurement, SEM and contact angle analyses were performed on coated and uncoated membranes under 3 and 5 bar pressure. By delaying fouling, CIP process time was reduced and production time was increased. Thus, production efficiency was increased and CIP chemical costs and water consumption were reduced by shortening the CIP time and number. In addition, water consumption during the diafiltration process is prevented. The high efficiency and low cost of the developed system makes UF systems preferable and accessible.

HILL AGRICULTURE AND ITS IMPACT ON TRIBAL ECONOMY IN TAMIL NADU

M. Teeka Raman — 2025-05-08

^{The agricultural eco system in hilly areas of Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, which are dry, degraded and fragmented, suffers heavily due to population pressure, andimpacted tribal economy.These hills are predominantly inhabited by ‘Malayali’ tribes, who share a common origin, culture and dialect. Agriculture is the mainstay of theirlivelihood and met their basic food requirements. The agricultural holdings in the hill villages of Eastern Ghats are classified as punjai – (dry land) as no sustainable subsurface irrigation system is in use across the hills. Forest resources, surroundingtheir habitats-secondary sources of income to the tribals – show adeclining trenddue to vigorousimplementation of Forest Acts and Regulations. Hence, an analysis of traditional agricultural eco system practicedin Eastern Ghats, reveals, hills in the range are eco specific and differbetweenhills and plains. For instance, cultivation in hilly areas with its undulating terrain, slopes, rainfed nature of traditional crop, application of primitive technology and market inaccessibility differs wholly from plains. An emerging issue whichadversely impacted their economy and livelihood iswhile the cultivable area or private holdings hasremained constantover the yearsbut the population pressure on them has been growing ata faster rate causing division of holdingsand fragmentation due to the operation of traditional law of inheritance and ended up with uneconomic holdings. The purpose of this paper is to find out the causes for adverse tribal economy on the basis of the secondary data collected from census reports, department of Statistics and Economics, and Village Administrative Officers.}

A GLANCE AT THE LIFE AND LEGACY OF GURU PADMASAMBHAVA

Kalsang Wangmo — 2025-05-08

Popularly known as Guru Rinpoche, or the "Second Buddha", Guru Padmasambhava was a well-revered tantric Buddhist master from medieval India, and he taught Vajrayana in Tibet circa the 8th – 9th century and helped construct the first Buddhist monastery in Tibet (Samye Monastery). He played a significant role in the transmission of Buddhism to Tibet and in the Himalayas which is considered most remarkable, and likewise, he has also been regarded as one of the main architects of the Guru Padmasambhava mythos simply because of his activities that had tamed the Tibetan spirits and demigods. The modern Tibetans consider him a Buddha as Buddha Shakyamuni foretold it, and the Guru Padmasambhava narrative emerged during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, among narratives on others, resulting in the projection of him as one of the most influential legends with reference to the Buddhist tradition in Tibet. Different stories are associated with the birth of Guru Padmasambhava and all of them have their own logic and interpretations, and as the versions of these stories are not contradictory to themselves, they depict the perfect understanding of the sentiment or belief that “everything is flexible, anything is possible. Enlightened beings can appear in any way they want or need to.” Similarly, Guru Padmasambhava has eight manifestations and all of them have both philosophical appeal and epistemological content. His attributes are highly philosophical and relevant in the modern context, and this interdisciplinary reading of those attributes offers new insights into the existential necessities of his thoughts for the present generation. Taking the statement of Guru Padmasambhava that “My father is wisdom and my mother is voidness / My country is the country of Dharma / I am of no caste and no creed / I am sustained by perplexity; and I am here to destroy lust, anger and sloth”, as the first step, this paper attempts to unravel the philosophical underpinnings of his life and legacy.

A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON METHODOLOGIES FOR LANDSLIDE HAZARD: INVENTORIES, SUSCEPTIBILITY, VULNERABILITY, AND RISK ANALYSIS

Amar Jyoti Taye — 2025-05-12

Landslides pose a significant geohazard globally, particularly in Asia, which accounts for nearly 75% of worldwide landslide-related fatalities. The regions under the Himalayan Arc in India are especially vulnerable due to complex geomorphological, climatic, and anthropogenic factors. This conceptual review synthesizes existing methodologies for landslide hazard mapping by exploring four key dimensions: inventories, susceptibility, vulnerability, and risk assessment. The study highlights the importance of landslide inventories which serve as the foundation for accurate susceptibility modelling. Various susceptibility mapping approaches—qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative have been reviewed. Further, vulnerability assessments through multidimensional frameworks, including heuristic and index-based methods, fragility curves, and numerical modelling, which evaluate the impact on both human and structural assets, are discussed. Finally, risk analysis is also deliberated through qualitative and quantitative lenses, integrating hazard intensity, vulnerability, and value of elements at risk. This review highlights the need for a multidisciplinary and mixed-method approach to enhance the accuracy, reliability, and practical applicability of landslide hazard assessments, particularly in data-scarce and high-risk regions.

AN INTROSPECTIVE STUDY ON CONTRIBUTION OF INDIANS TOWARD PHYSICS: ANCIENT ERA TO PRESENT

Deepti S. Deshpande — 2025-05-12

Ancient India has been a storehouse of comprehensive knowledge, and so the origin of many inventions and discoveries of today’s modern science and technology of the world. If we look at the various scientific theories, we find that the first experimenter of each theory has been forgotten. We remember Darwin, who propounded the principle of survival of the fittest, but we have forgotten many Physicists of ancient India, who have breeded ground for many scientific advancements, including mechanics, astronomy, mathematics, metallurgy, and medicine. What is thought today by the world, ancient Indians have done it in the Vedic period. The objective of this study is to search some contributions of ancient Indian intellectuals towards the development of physics. The research presented here is based on secondary data gathered from Indian ancient books, epics, articles, websites, and web-based journals.

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SWAMI VIVEKANAND GOVT. MODEL SCHOOLS ESTABLISHED IN THE EBBS OF RAJASTHAN STATE

Suresh Kumar Yadav — 2025-05-12

The main purpose of the study was to study the Various Aspects of Swami Vivekanand Govt. Model Schools Established in EBBs of Rajasthan. For this a total of 20 schools from 12 districts (Pali, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Dungarpur, Udaipur, Rajsamand, Bhilwara, Dausa, Tonk, Sawai Madhopur, Jaipur, Ajmer) of Rajasthan were selected by random method. After analysed the data the researcher observed both positive and negative conditions in Swami Vivekananda Model Government Schools. Some schools faced issues like teacher shortages, insufficient budgets, lack of facilities, and excessive workload. Others showcased excellence with strong community support, ATL labs, smart classrooms, regular surveys and meetings, and student achievements at the national level. Despite lacking government internet support, some headmasters arranged it independently. Overall, school conditions varied significantly.

TRANSFORMING THROUGH NEP2020: A VISION FOR SKILL-BASED EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING

Divyangna Sharma — 2025-05-12

In today’s rapidly evolving world, skill development has become an essential requirement for individuals of all ages and professions. Skills are the foundation of innovation and progress, and their enhancement fosters new ways of thinking, leading to the generation of creative ideas. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 envisions a future-ready generation equipped with diverse skills to meet emerging challenges and opportunities. Skills such as computer programming, problem-solving, self-management, and communication are crucial in this context. Computer skills enhance typing, graphic design, and video creation abilities. Problem-solving skills nurture logical and analytical thinking. Self-management, closely linked with time management, promotes discipline and punctuality. Communication skills foster confidence, which is integral to holistic personality development. Skill development, therefore, is vital for every generation. Humans are inherently innovative, and education must nurture this potential. NEP 2020 plays a transformative role by embedding skill-based, experiential learning into the education system, paving the way for creative and critical thinkers. The policy introduces significant reforms aimed at equipping students with practical skills applicable in real-life situations. This study explores the skill-building suggestions outlined in NEP 2020 and discusses effective strategies for their implementation, emphasizing the policy's role in shaping a skilled, confident, and innovative generation prepared for the future.

CLIMATE VARIABILITY IMPACTS ON FOOD CROP PRODUCTION IN KIENI WEST SUB-COUNTY, KENYA

Godhard Muiruri Kariuki — 2025-05-14

Climate change and variability has hampered global agricultural growth and is anticipated to have a notable impact on crop production owing to the high reliance of agricultural activities on weather. The study examined impact of climate variability on production of major food crops (maize, beans and Irish potatoes) in Kieni West sub-County, Kenya. Mixed methods research design was used. Pearson’s coefficient of correlation (r) was used to assess the relationship between climate variables and the major food crops. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) was employed to assess the effect of rainfall and temperature variability on major food crops. Analysis of quantitative data was done using descriptive and inferential statistics while analysis of qualitative data was done thematically. Data presentation was by use of figures, tables and verbatim quotes. Correlation results revealed a positive relationship between rainfall and bean (r = 0.46) and maize production (r = 0.33) and a negative relationship between rainfall and Irish potatoes production (r = -0.056). A negative relationship between maximum temperatures and production of bean (r = -0.89) and maize (r = -0.56) was observed while a positive relationship between maximum temperatures and production of Irish potatoes (r = 0.02) was reported. Also, correlation results revealed a negative relationship between minimum temperatures and production of maize (r = -0.35), beans (r = -0.43) and Irish potatoes (r = -0.38). Coefficient of Determination (R2) value of 0.11, 0.18, 0.003 for maize, beans and Irish potatoes respectively against rainfall was reported. R2 values of 0.32, 0.80 and 0.00 was reported for maize, beans and Irish potatoes respectively against maximum temperatures while R2 values of 0.12, 0.18 and 0.14 was reported for maize, beans and Irish potatoes respectively against minimum temperatures. The study concludes that climate variability had differential impacts on production of maize, beans and Irish potatoes in the study area.

RHYTIDECTOMY AND ITS MEDICO-LEGAL IMPLICATIONS

Sabari. C H — 2025-05-14

Rhytidectomy, or facelift surgery, is one of the most common cosmetic surgical procedures performed to reverse the effects of ageing by tightening the skin and underlying tissues of the face. The central aim of the present study is to examine rhytidectomy from clinical and medico-legal perspectives, in the context of India. This research is doctrinal, employing qualitative assessments of medical literature, legal statutes and cases to analyse legal duties and patient protection. A detailed history of the facelift is provided, as well as information on types of procedures, appropriate patient selection, preoperative protocol, and postoperative care. It also concerns itself with medico-legal matters like patient consent, negligence, and remedies for botched surgeries. The findings highlight a disconnect between surgical procedure and legal enforcement within the Indian context and the need for defined guidelines as well as accountability. This study finds that although there are many aesthetic benefits to rhytidectomy, strong legal protections and professional standards are necessary to ensure the safety and rights of patients undergoing aesthetic surgery.

STRESS AMONG PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS OF THE TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN WEST BENGAL

Suvendu Ray — 2025-05-14

Teaching is a stressful profession by nature, which has an impact on performance, job satisfaction, and general well-being. The stress levels of prospective teachers in West Bengal, an area with a dynamic and changing educational scene, are investigated in this study. Social expectations, job security worries, academic obligations, and difficult working conditions are just a few of the many stressors that prospective teachers must deal with. Their mental health may be severely impacted by these stressors, which may result in anxiety, burnout, and a reduction in their effectiveness as teachers. This purpose of the study was to investigate the stress levels experienced by prospective educators in West Bengal. So, a cross-sectional survey method has been used to conduct the study. A standardized mental stress scale was used in the study to collect data from 237 prospective teachers in West Bengal using a cross-sectional survey method. The scale offered a thorough assessment of stress levels and was divided into five subscales like Working Condition, Role Ambiguity and Conflict, Responsibility, Relationship, and Organizational Climate. Significant differences in stress levels by gender, location, academic stream, and institutional type were found when the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests. Results showed that trainees in the arts stream, government institutions, rural areas, and female teachers are more stressed than their peers. The study emphasized the need for targeted interventions to reduce stress among prospective teachers, including institutional support systems, stress management training, and personal well-being practices. These measures can enhance resilience, prepare educators better, and benefit the broader educational ecosystem. It has been found that proactive measures are crucial for navigating the professional journey and serve as a foundation for future research on stress management strategies in teacher education programmes.

EFFECTS OF INTERNET SHUTDOWN AMONG STUDENTS OF DHANAMANJURI UNIVERSITY

Naorem Jibolata Devi — 2025-04-30

Throughout the world, due to one reason or the another, internet shutdown is going on. It affects to many areas like business, education, health and hygiene and so on. The present paper focus on student’s attitude towards internet shutdown the merit as well as demerit sides. The present article focus on DM university student’s attitude towards internet shutdown.

FRUGAL INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM

Pankaj Kumar Chaudhary — 2025-04-30

Sustainable development and innovation are deeply intertwined concepts that aim to promote progress while safeguarding the environment, social well-being, and economic stability for future generations. One of the important area of innovation is frugal innovation. Frugal innovation characterized by the principle of doing more with less, is increasingly recognized as a pathway to sustainable development. It provides cost efficient solutions for marginalised population of developing nations. Frugal innovation aligns with the principles of sustainability as it has ability to provide solutions that are both economically viable and environmentally responsible. Therefore, in the context of sustainable development, innovation is crucial for finding solutions that allow society to move towards a more sustainable future. In India, a rich tradition of indigenous knowledge and practices offers valuable insights into how frugal solutions can be integrated with sustainability. The Indian Knowledge System is both holistic and diverse, deeply rooted in the idea of interconnectedness between humanity, nature, and the cosmos. The Indian Knowledge System has often been associated with ancient wisdom, it also provides a foundation for contemporary innovation. By preserving, studying, and integrating ancient wisdom with modern scientific approaches, India can create innovative solutions for global challenges, especially in the fields of sustainability, health, and technology. This paper explores the relationship between frugal innovation and sustainable development, emphasizing how Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) provide a historical and contemporary framework for addressing sustainability challenges. Through case studies and theoretical exploration, the paper discusses how IKS can guide the design of frugal innovations that promote environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic resilience in India.

SOCIAL CHALLENGES TO WOMEN IN PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS OUR REGION AND COUNTRY:AN ANALYSIS

Gajendra Adhikary — 2025-04-30

There are lots of challenges in the way of participation of women in politics not only in our country but also in the entire globe. Primarily they have to spend most of their time in maintaining family members and domestic works. Women are recognized as symbol of wealth for the family. During the British period the Women were given to right to vote and contest election under the India Act of 1935 and emphasized the participation of women in political life. The significance of women’s roles in the decision making process in the society may be understood from the number of participants taken part in the political activities. The first Lok Sabha election was held in 1952 and only a few women contested the election. In Assam only two women were there in the fray. Since 1952 to present only nine women were elected to the Lok Sabha in spite of the constitutional provision of 33% of reservation for women, the number is counted at a very negligible number.

THE TRIPS WAIVER AND GLOBAL HEALTH EQUITY

Nguyen Tung Lam — 2025-05-22

This research paper critically examines the proposal for a patent waiver under the TRIPS Agreement in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a primary goal of evaluating its effectiveness in promoting global health equity. The study adopts a qualitative research design, employing a doctrinal legal methodology to analyze international legal frameworks, WTO documents, and scholarly literature. It assesses both the arguments supporting and opposing the PW, focusing on its potential to enhance vaccine accessibility and affordability, particularly in least developed nations. The analysis reveals that while the waiver could facilitate wider vaccine production by eliminating intellectual property barriers, it faces significant opposition due to concerns about undermining incentives for innovation and weakening the global intellectual property regime. The paper also highlights practical challenges in implementing such a waiver, including legal complexities and the absence of a robust enforcement mechanism. Furthermore, it explores existing TRIPS flexibilities, such as compulsory licensing, as alternative strategies that might balance intellectual property protection with public health needs. The findings suggest that although the patent waiver has symbolic and practical merit in addressing immediate health crises, its long-term viability as a model for future pandemics is limited. The study concludes that rather than relying solely on patent waivers, a more sustainable approach would involve strengthening domestic intellectual property legislation, promoting voluntary licensing, and fostering international cooperation to ensure equitable access to essential medicines and vaccines during global health emergencies.