CONSTRUCTING THE NEW VS. CONSERVING THE OLD: COMPARING CONSTRUCTION AND CONSERVATION WITHIN THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT PROCESS GROUPS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v13.i5.2026.1762Keywords:
Heritage Conservation, Project Management, Construction ManagementAbstract
The management of architectural heritage conservation projects presents distinct challenges compared to conventional construction due to the need to preserve cultural significance, authenticity, and historical integrity. This study investigates how project management practices differ across the project life cycle in new construction and heritage conservation, addressing the research question of how conventional project management frameworks can be adapted to better support conservation contexts. A qualitative comparative analysis was conducted based on a structured literature review, examining project management practices across initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and control, and closing phases. The findings reveal that conservation projects require adaptive approaches characterized by flexible scope management, contingency-based planning, specialized procurement, multidisciplinary collaboration, and stricter change control aligned with conservation principles. Based on these findings, the study proposes a tailored, phase-based project management framework that integrates conservation priorities into conventional project management structures. The framework provides a structured approach for addressing uncertainty, stakeholder complexity, and material constraints inherent in heritage projects. The study concludes that conventional project management frameworks, while useful, require systematic adaptation to effectively respond to the specific demands of conservation practice. The proposed framework offers practical guidance for professionals and contributes to improving the alignment between project management processes and heritage conservation objectives, while highlighting the need for future empirical validation.
Downloads
References
Abazid, M., and Harb, H. (2018). An Overview of Risk Management in Construction Projects. Academic Research International, 9(2), 73–79.
Aktuna, M. E. (2024). Taşınmaz Kültür Varlıklarının Korunmasında Sürdürülebilir Bütüncül Bir Yönetim Sisteminin Geliştirilmesi (Doctoral dissertation, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi).
Aktuna, M. E., and Eskici, B. (2024). Restoration Manager: Adapting Project Delivery Methods for the Restoration of Architectural Heritage. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 8(2), 265–281. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1386599
Almasifar, N., Canbolat, T. Ö., Akhavan, M., and González-Lezcano, R. A. (2021). Proposing a New Methodology for Monument Conservation “Scope Management” by the Use of an Analytic Hierarchy Process Project Management Institute System and the ICOMOS Burra Charter. Sustainability, 13(21), 11895. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313174
Apollo, M., Grzyl, B., and Pawel, J. (2018). The Influence of Historical Conditions on Time and Cost of Construction Projects. MATEC Web of Conferences, 222, 01003. https://doi.org/10.3311/CCC2018-090
Atkin, B., and Skitmore, M. (2008). Stakeholder Management in Construction. Construction Management and Economics, 26(6), 549–552. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190802142405
Bhuiyan, S. H. (2015). Implication of PMBOK in the Construction Industry (Doctoral Dissertation, BRAC University).
Burke, R. (2001). Project Management: Planning and Control Techniques (3rd ed.). Wiley.
Clough, R. H., Sears, G. A., and Sears, S. K. (2000). Construction Project Management (4th ed.). Wiley.
Frederiksen, L., Phelps, S. F., and Kimmons, R. (2018). Introduction to Literature Reviews. Rapid Academic writing.
Hao, Q., Shen, W., Neelamkavil, J., and Thomas, R. (2008, July). Change Management in Construction Projects. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology in Construction CIB W78 (15–17).
Helgason, V. (2010). Project Scope Management (Doctoral Dissertation, Reykjavik University).
Hendrickson, C. T., and Au, T. (1989). Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects, and Builders. Prentice Hall.
Heras, V., Wijffels, A., Cardoso, F., Vandesande, A., Santana, M., Van Orshoven, J., Steenberghen, T., and Van Balen, K. (2013). A Value-Based Monitoring System to Support Heritage Conservation Planning. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 3(2), 130–147. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-10-2012-0051
Hribar, J. P., and Asbury, G. E. (1985). Elements of Cost and Schedule Management. Journal of Management in Engineering, 1(3), 138–148. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)9742-597X(1985)1:3(138)
ICOMOS. (2003). Principles for the Analysis, Conservation and Structural Restoration of Architectural Heritage.
Jigyasu, R. (2005). Towards Developing Methodology for Integrated Risk Management of Cultural Heritage Sites and Their Settings. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 6(1), 7–18.
Keeves, J. P. (2001). Comparative Research in Education: IEA Studies. In International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (2421–2427). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02350-0
Khalil, A., Hammouda, N., and El-Deeb, K. (2018). Implementing Sustainability in Retrofitting Heritage Buildings: Case Study, Villa Antoniadis, Alexandria, Egypt. Heritage, 1(1), 57–87. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage1010006
Khan, A. (2006). Project Scope Management. Cost Engineering, 48(6), 12–16.
Kubontubuh, C. P., and Martokusumo, W. (2019). Meeting the Past in the Present: Authenticity and Cultural Values in Heritage Conservation at the Fourteenth-Century Majapahit Heritage Site in Trowulan, Indonesia. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 26(5), 469–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2019.1652923
Kutsevych, V., and Tyshkevych, O. (2022). Modern Direction of General Secondary Education Formation. Містобудування та територіальне планування. https://doi.org/10.32347/2076-815X.2022.80.248-260
Lester, A. (2006). Project Management, Planning and Control: Managing Engineering, Construction, and Manufacturing Projects to PMI, APM, and BSI Standards (5th ed.). Elsevier.
Liang, W., Ahmad, Y., and Mohidin, H. H. B. (2023). The Development of the Concept of Architectural Heritage Conservation and its Inspiration. Built Heritage, 7(21). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43238-023-00103-2
Low, C. A. (2012). Human Resource Management in a Project Team (Doctoral Dissertation, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman).
Majewski, T., and Altschul, J. H. (2018). Heritage Management. In The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119188230.saseas0296
Martinelli, R. J., and Milosevic, D. Z. (2015). Project Management Toolbox. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119174820
Mhetre, K. V., Konnur, B. A., and Landage, A. B. (2021). Risk Management in the Construction Industry. In Lecture notes in civil engineering (Vol. 111,657–664). Springer.
Mohamed, M., Dewidar, K., Elattar, S., and Khodeir, L. (2021). Identifying the Role of Project Management in Sustainable Refurbishment of Heritage Buildings. Journal of Urban Research, 41(1), 79–101. https://doi.org/10.21608/jur.2021.55501.1045
Nwachukwu, C. V., Udeaja, C., Chileshe, N., and Okere, C. E. (2017). The Critical Success Factors for Stakeholder Management in the Restoration of Built Heritage Assets in the UK. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 35(4), 304–331. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-07-2017-0030
O’Brien, J. J. (2013). Construction Inspection Handbook: Quality Assurance/Quality Control (4th ed.). Springer.
Oberlender, G. D. (2000). Project Management for Engineering and Construction (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Olanrewaju, O. I., Bello, A. O., Semiu, M. A., and Mudashiru, S. A. (2024). Critical Barriers to Effective Communication in the Construction Industry: Evidence from Nigeria. International Journal of Construction Management, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2024.2362018
Petzet, M. (2004). Principles of Preservation: An Introduction to the International Charters for Conservation and Restoration 40 Years After the Venice Charter. In International charters for conservation and restoration (Vol. 1, 7–29). ICOMOS.
Project Management Institute. (2017). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide). Project Management Institute.
Ragin, C. C. (2008). What is Qualitative Comparative Analysis?
Rebec, K. M., Deanovič, B., and Oostwegel, L. (2022). Old Buildings Need New Ideas: Holistic Integration of Conservation-Restoration Process Data Using Heritage Building Information Modelling. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 55, 30–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2022.02.005
Reyers, J., and Mansfield, J. (2001). The Assessment of Risk in Conservation Refurbishment Projects. Structural Survey, 19, 238–244. https://doi.org/10.1108/02630800110412480
Rotich, J. C., Keitany, P., and Sang, H. W. (2021). Code of Conduct and Procurement Management in Selected Public Secondary Schools: Evidence in Kenya. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajbe.3.1.298
Roy, D., and Kalidindi, S. (2017). Critical Challenges in Management of Heritage Conservation Projects in India. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 7(3), 290–307. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-03-2017-0012
Rumane, A. R. (2017). Quality Management in Construction Projects. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315098425
Rushton, T. (2022). Modern Methods of Construction. Journal of Building Survey, Appraisal and Valuation, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.69554/BWYR2011
Sayigh, A. (2019). Sustainable Vernacular Architecture: How the Past can Enrich the Future. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06185-2
Sena-Mawuli, P. S. (2021). Assessment of Project Closing Procedures at Ghana Ports and Harbours Authority-Tema (Doctoral dissertation, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology).
Smith, J. (2005). Cost Budgeting in Conservation Management Plans for Heritage Buildings. Structural Survey, 23(2), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1108/02630800510593675
Spiridon, P., and Sandu, I. (2015). Conservation of Cultural Heritage: From participation to Collaboration. ENCATC Journal of Cultural Management and Policy, 5(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.3389/ejcmp.2023.v5iss1-article-4
Taleb, H. A., Ismail, S., Wahab, M. H., Mardiah, W. N., Rani, W. N., and Amat, R. C. (2017). An Overview of Project Communication Management in Construction Industry Projects. https://doi.org/10.31039/jomeino.2017.1.1.1
Taylor, J. (2008). Project Scheduling and Cost Control: Planning, Monitoring and Controlling the Baseline. J. Ross Publishing.
Toniolo, L., Boriani, M., and Guidi, G. (2014). Built Heritage: Monitoring Conservation management. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08533-3
UNESCO. (2005). Faro Convention Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society.
Van Roy, N., Verstrynge, E., and Van Balen, K. (2015). Quality Management of Interventions on Historic Buildings. In Structural Studies, Repairs, and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture (313–324). https://doi.org/10.2495/STR150261
Vandesande, A., Van Balen, K., Della Torre, S., and Cardoso, F. (2018). Preventive and Planned Conservation as a New Management Approach for Built Heritage: From a Physical Health Check to Empowering Communities and Activating (Lost) Traditions for local sustainable development. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 8(2), 78–81. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-05-2018-076
Wells, J. C., and Lixinski, L. (2016). Heritage Values and Legal Rules: Identification and Treatment of the Historic Environment Via an Adaptive Regulatory Framework (Part 1). Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 6(3), 345–364. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-11-2015-0045
Yang, J., Shen, Q., and Ho, M. (2009). An Overview of Previous Studies in Stakeholder Management and its Implications for the Construction Industry. Journal of Facilities Management, 7(2), 159–175. https://doi.org/10.1108/14725960910952532
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Mehmet Emre Aktuna
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
License and Copyright Agreement
In submitting the manuscript to the journal, the authors certify that:
- They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
- That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
- That its release has been approved by all the author(s) and by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
- They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
- They agree to the following license and copyright agreement.
Copyright
Authors who publish with International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or edit it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
For More info, please visit CopyRight Section
