THE MEDIATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEADERSHIP AND SOCIAL CAPITAL IN THE IRAQI SERVICE SECTOR
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v11.i2.2024.1323Keywords:
Leadership, Social Capital, Organizational Culture, Service Industry, IraqAbstract
This research intended to examine how organizational culture mediates the relationship between leadership and social capital in Iraqi service enterprises. The research used a descriptive-analytical approach, collecting data from a sample of 341 managers working in service firms in Iraq using a questionnaire. Total of (341) suitable surveys were collected for statistical analysis; the study used SPSS and Amos software’s to analyses the collected data and tests the hypotheses. The results of the study indicated that there is no impact of Authoritative and Facilitative leadership on the social capital of service companies in Iraq, there is an impact of Democratic and Situational leadership on the social capital of service companies in Iraq, and there is an impact of organizational culture on the relationship between leadership and social capital of service companies in Iraq. In light of these findings, the study recommended the need to pay attention to the quality of leaders who are appointed in service companies in Iraq due to the clear impact of the quality of leadership at the level of social capital practices of companies.
Downloads
References
Adler, P., & Kwon, S. (2002). Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17-40. https://doi.org/10.2307/4134367
Al-Ariss, A., & Guo, C. (2016). Job Allocations as Cultural Sorting in a Culturally Diverse Organizational Context. Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 25(2), 579–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2015.09.010
Alvani, M., Nategh, T., & Farahi, M. (2007). The Role of Social Capital in Developing Organizational Knowledge Management. Journal of Iran’s Management Science, 2(5), 35–70.
Avolio, B.J., & Gardner, W.L. (2005). Authentic Leadership Development: Getting to the Root of Positive Forms of Leadership. Leadersh. 16, 315–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001
Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
Barney, J.B. (2001). Is the Resource-Based Theory a Useful Perspective for Strategic Management Research? Yes. Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 41-56. https://doi.org/10.2307/259392
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture. Public Administration Quarterly, 17(1), 112–122. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40862298
Blake, R.R., & Mouton, J.S. (1982). Theory and Research for Developing a Science of Leadership. Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 18(3), 275-291. https://doi.org/10.1177/002188638201800304
Bono, J.E., & Anderson, M.H. (2005). The Advice and Influence Networks of Transformational Leaders. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6),1306-1314. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1306
Brooking, A. (1996). Intellectual Capital, Core Asset for the Third Millennium Enterprise. Thompson Publishing International Business Press: London, UK.
Burt, R.S. (1997). The Contingent Value of Social Capital. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(2), 339-365. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393923
Carmeli, A., & Tishler, A. (2004). Resources, Capabilities, and the Performance of Industrial Firms: A Multivariate Analysis. Managerial and Decision Economics, 25(67), 299-315. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.1192
Coff, R.W. (1997). Human Assets and Management Dilemmas: Coping with Hazards on the Road to Resource-Based Theory. Academy of Management Review, 22(2), 374-402. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1997.9707154063
Coleman, J. (1994). Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, USA: Harvard University Press.
Conger, J.A., & Kanungo, R.N. (1987). Toward a Behavioral Theory of Charismatic Leadership in Organizational Settings. Acad. Manag. Rev, 12, 637-647. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1987.4306715
Dess, G.G., & Sauerwald, S. (2014). Creating Value in Organizations: the Vital Role of Social Capital. Organizational Dynamics, 43(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2013.10.001
Eklinder-Frick, J., Eriksson, L.T., & Hallén, L. (2014). Multidimensional Social Capital as a Boost or a Bar to Innovativeness. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(3), 460-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2013.12.014
Gaviria-Rivera, J. I., López-Zapata, E., Gaviria-Rivera, J. I., & López-Zapata, E. (2019). Transformational Leadership, Organizational Climate and Job Satisfaction in Work Teams. European Research Studies Journal, 12(3), 68-82. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1457
Hitt, M., & Ireland, D.R. (2002). The Essence of Strategic Leadership: Managing Human and Social Capital. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 9(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190200900101
Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E.P., Johnson, D.J., Stevenson, H.C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents' Ethnic-Racial Socialization Practices: A Review of Research and Directions for Future Study. Dev. Psychol, 42, 747-770. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747
Johnson, S. G., Schnatterly, K., & Hill, A. D. (2013). Board Composition Beyond Independence: Social Capital, Human Capital and Demographics. Journal of Management, 39(1), 232-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312463938
Kane-Urrabazo, C. (2006). Management's Role in Shaping Organizational Culture. Journal of Nursing Management, 14,188-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2934.2006.00590.x
Lorentzon, M. (1992). Authority, leadership and Management in Nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, 525-527. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1992.tb02826.x
Lowe, K.B., & Gardner, W.L. (2000). Ten Years of the Leadership Quarterly: Contributions and Challenges for the Future. Leadersh. Q, 11, 459-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(00)00059-X
Lussier, R. (2006). Human Relations in organizations: Applications and Skill Building (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
McCormack, B., & Eileen, H. (1995). The Development of Clinical Leadership Through Supported Reflective Practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 4, 161-168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.1995.tb00201.x
Miskel, C. G., & Hoy, W. K. (2012). Educational Administration: Theory, Research and Practice (M. Abbaszadeh, Trans.). Orumieh, Iran: Orumieh University.
Mortazavi, S., Nazemi, S., & Mahmoodi, F. (2005). Examination of the Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Style. Human Science MODARES, 9(3), 167-190.
Mosadeghrad, A. M. (2003). Principles of Health Care Administration.
Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social Capital, Intellectual Capital and the Organizational Advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242-266. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.533225
Ng, T.W. (2017). Transformational Leadership and Performance Outcomes: Analyses of Multiple Mediation Pathways. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(3), 385-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.11.008
Schein, E. (1991). Coming to a New Awareness of Organizational Culture. In D. A. Kolb, I. M. Rubin and J. S. Osland (Eds.). The organizational Behavior Reader. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Schein, E. (1992). Organizational Culture and Leadership (2nd Ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Shin, J., & Shin, H. (2022). The Effect of Self-Sacrifice Leadership on Social Capital and Job Performance in Hotels. Sustainability, 14, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095509
Silverthorne, C. P. (2005). Organizational Psychology in Cross Cultural Perspective. New York University Press.
Singh, K., & Yadav, L. (2020). The Mediating Effect of Organizational Culture on the Relationship Between Transformational Leadership Style and Job Satisfaction in Indian Banking Sector. Ilkogretim Online - Elementary Education Online, 19(4), 4014-4022.
Skogstad, A., & Stasle, E. (1999). The Importance of a Change-Centred Leadershipstyle in Four Organizational Cultures. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 15, 289-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-5221(98)00028-1
Staniland, M. (1985). What is Political Economy? A Study of Social Theory and Underdevelopment Yale University Press.
Suwanti, S., Udin, U., & Widodo, W. (2018). Person-Organization Fit, Person-Job Fit, and Innovative Work Behavior: The Role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. International Journal of Economics & Business Administration, 6(3), 389-402. https://doi.org/10.35808/ijeba/178
Syafii, L. I., Thoyib, A., & Nimran, U. (2015). The Role of Corporate Culture and Employee Motivation as a Mediating Variable of Leadership Style Related with the Employee Performance (Studies in Perumperhutani). Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 211, 1142-1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.152
Tsai, Y. (2011). Relationship between Organizational Culture, Leadership Behavior and Job Satisfaction. Health Services Research, 11(98), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-11-98
Turkina, E., & Thai, M. T. T. (2013). Social Capital, Networks, Trust and Immigrant Entrepreneurship: A Cross-Country Analysis. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 7(2), 108-124. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506201311325779
Waqas, M., Muqaddas, J., & Taimoor, H. (2017). Influence of Transformational Leadership Components on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 147-166.
Watson, S., & Hewett, K. (2006). A Multi-Theoretical Model of Knowledge Transfer in Organizations: Determinants of Knowledge Contribution and Knowledge Reuse. J. Manag. Stud, 43, 141-173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00586.x
Wilderom, C. P., Van Den Berg, P. T., & Wiersma, U. J. (2012). A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Charismatic Leadership and Organizational Culture on Objective and Perceived Corporate Performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(5), 835-848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.04.002
Wright, P.M., Dunford, B.B., & Snell, S. A. (2001). Human Resources and the Resource Based View of the Firm. Journal of Management, 27(6), 701-721. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630102700607
Yukl, G., & Michel, J.W. (2019). Proactive Influence Tactics and Leader Member Exchange. Power Influ. Organ, 1177, 87-103.
Zhen, Z. & Peterson, S.J. (2011). Advice Networks in Teams: The Role of Transformational Leadership and Members' Core Self-Evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(5), 1004-1017. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023254
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Majid Hamid Hazim Majid, Raghad Raaed Mohammed
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
License and Copyright Agreement
In submitting the manuscript to the journal, the authors certify that:
- They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
- That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
- That its release has been approved by all the author(s) and by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
- They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
- They agree to the following license and copyright agreement.
Copyright
Authors who publish with International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or edit it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
For More info, please visit CopyRight Section
