PROBING THE NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE MUD VOLCANIC CLUSTERS IN MAKRAN COASTAL ZONE, PAKISTAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i3.2020.145Keywords:
Makran Subduction Zone, Helmand block, Lut block, Eastern Makran, Western Makran, Active Mud VolcanoesAbstract [English]
Makran Subduction Zone is formed in Late Cretaceous. It is divided into Eastern Makran at the southern edge of Helmand Block in Pakistan and the Western Makran at the southern edge of Lut Block in Iran. The velocity of convergence in Eastern and Western Makran are 42.0 mm/yr and 35.6 mm/yr repectively. Both segments are bound by strike-slip faults e.g. Ornach-Nal left lateral fault in the east and Minab right lateral in the west. Stratigraphically, the zone comprises Formations of ages ranging from Cretaceous to Holocene. In the Eastern Makran, most of the mud volcanoes are located along strike which include Awaran and Sipai-sing, Chandragup, Gwadar, Jabel-e-Gurab, Khandawari, Kund Malir, Ormara and Offshore mud volcanoes. The continental margin of Makran is an ideal environment of Oxygen Maximum Zone which receives organic rich matters in its sediments by marine organisms. Several assisting factors play significant roles in erupting the fluid and methane gasses through the mud vents in Makran Coastal Region such as tectonic stresses, oil, saltwater, and transmitting freshwater in the sedimentary environments.
Downloads
References
Byrne, D. E., Sykes, L. R., & Davis, D. M. (1992). Great thrust earthquakes and aseismic slip along the plate boundary of the Makran subduction zone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 97(B1), 449-478. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB02165
Cheema M R, Raza S M, Ahmad H (1977) Cenozoic: in Shah, S. M. I. (ed.), Stratigraphy of Pakistan: Geol. Surv. Pakistan, Quetta, Mem 12:56–98
Delisle G (2004) The mud volcanoes of Pakistan. Environ Geol 46:1024–1029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1089-x
Delisle G, Von Rad U, Andruleit H, Von Daniels CH, Tabrez AR, Inam A (2002) Active mud volcanoes on- and offshore eastern Makran, Pakistan. Int J Earth Sci 91:93–110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310100203
DeMets, C., Gordon, R. G., Argus, D. F., & Stein, S. (1990). Current plate motions. Geophysical journal international, 101(2), 425-478. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb06579.x
H. G. Kugler: Contribution to the Knowledge of Sedimentary Volcanism in Trinidad, jouris. Inst,l. of Petroleum Technologists, Vol. 19, London, 1933, pp. 743-772 (discussion, pp. 760-772); reference on pp. 765-767.
Hunting Survey Corporation Ltd. (1961) Reconnaissance geology of part of West Pakistan.Miracle Press. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, pp 1–550
Kassi AM, Khan AS, Kasi AK (2007) Newly proposed Cretaceous-Palaeocene lithostratigraphy of the Ispikan-Wakai area, Southwestern Makran, Pakistan. Pak J Himal Earth Sci 40:25–31
Kassi, A. M., Khan, S. D., Bayraktar, H., & Kasi, A. K. (2014). Newly discovered mud volcanoes in the Coastal Belt of Makran, Pakistan—tectonic implications. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7(11), 4899-4909. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-1135-7
Kopp C, Fruhn J, Fluh ER, Reichert C, Kukowski N, Bialas J, Klaeschen D (2001) Structure of theMakran subduction zone from wide-angle and reflection seismic data. Tectonophysics 329:171–191 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00195-5
Reimann KU (1989) Makran Coastal Range, Field Report No. 8. Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan, German Advisory Group, Islamabad (BGR Archive No. 0115480)
Schluter HU, Prexl A, Gaedicke C, Roeser H, Reichert C, Meyer H, von Daniels C (2002) The Makran accretionary wedge: sediment thicknesses and ages and the origin of mud volcanoes. Mar Geol 185: 219–232 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00192-5
Snead RE (1964) Active mud volcanoes of Baluchistan, West Pakistan. Geogr Rev 54:546–560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/212981
Snead, R. E. (1967). Recent morphological changes along the coast of west pakistan 1. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 57(3), 550-565. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1967.tb00621.x
Sondhi VP (1947) The Makran earthquake of 28th November 1945: the birth of new islands. Indian Mineral 1:154–156
Tabrez AR, Inam A, Amjad S (1999) Birth of an island "Malan" off Hingol River, Makran, Balochistan. Biosphere 8:14–15
Tabrez, A. R., Delisle, G., von Rad, U., Inam, A., & Rabbani, M. M. Mud volcanoes of the makran coast: the future potential energy resource of pakistan.
Tirrul, R., Bell, I. R., Griffis, R. J., & Camp, V. E. (1983). The Sistan suture zone of eastern Iran. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 94(1), 134-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<134:TSSZOE>2.0.CO;2
WiedickeM, Neben S, Spiess V (2001) Mud volcanoes at the front of the Makran accretionary complex, Pakistan. Mar Geol 172:57–73 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00127-4
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
With the licence CC-BY, authors retain the copyright, allowing anyone to download, reuse, re-print, modify, distribute, and/or copy their contribution. The work must be properly attributed to its author.
It is not necessary to ask for further permission from the author or journal board.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
