RATIONALITY: A CENTRAL POINT BETWEEN TRADITIONAL FINANCE AND BEHAVIOURAL FINANCE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i6.2017.2048Keywords:
Investment, Rationality, Traditional Finance, Behavioural FinanceAbstract [English]
Investment plays an important role not only in the life of an individual but also in the development of countries. People save money for the purpose of future consumption and invest the saved money with the objectives of protecting the real value of money and making more money. Bodie, Kane & Marcus (1998) defined the term investment as the current commitment of money and other resources with the expectation of obtaining future benefits. Investment decision making is an important aspect in the process of investment, which relates with the selection of one or more investment options for investing the money.
Downloads
References
Ahmed, N., Ahmad, Z., & Khan, S. K. (2011). Behavioural finance: Shaping the decisions of small investors of Lahore Stock Exchange. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1(2), 38-43.
Albaity, M. S., & Rahman, M. (2012). Gender, ethnicity, and religion and investment decisions: Malaysian evidence. Journal of Sociological Research, 3(2), 502-519. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/jsr.v3i2.2649
Allen, D. W., & Evans, A. D. (2005). Bidding and overconfidence in experimenting financial markets. Journal of Behavioral Finance, 6(3), 8–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15427579jpfm0603_1
Allsopp, L., & Hey, J. D. (2000). Two experiments to test a model of herd behaviour. Experimental Economics, 3(2), 121-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026537302180
Arthur, W. B. (1994). Inductive Reasoning and Bounded Rationality. The American Economic Review, 84(2), 406.
Arthur, W. B. (1995). Complexity in economic and financial markets: Behind the physical institutions and technologies of the marketplace lie the beliefs and expectations of real human beings. Complexity, 1(1), 20-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cplx.6130010106
Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological monographs: General and applied, 70(9), 1.
Babajide, A. A., & Adetiloye, K. A. (2012). Investors’ Behavioural Biases and the Security Market: An Empirical Study of the Nigerian Security Market. Accounting and Finance Research, 1(1), 219-229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/afr.v1n1p219
Baker, H. K., Hargrove, M. B., & Haslem, J. A. (1977). An empirical analysis of the risk-return preferences of individual investors. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 12(03), 377-389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2330541
Baker, M., Wurgler, J. (2007): Investor Sentiment and the Stock Market. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(2), 129-151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.2.129
Banerjee, A. V. (1992). A simple model of herd behavior. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 797-817. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2118364
Barber, B. M., & Odean, T. (1999). The courage of misguided convictions. Financial Analysts Journal, 55(6), 41-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v55.n6.2313
Barber, B. M., & Odean, T. (2000). Trading is hazardous to your wealth: The common stock investment performance of individual investors. The journal of Finance, 55(2), 773-806. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00226
Barber, B. M., & Odean, T. (2001). Boys will be boys: Gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment. Quarterly journal of Economics, 261-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/003355301556400
Barberis, N., & Huang, M. (2001). Mental accounting, loss aversion, and individual stock returns. The Journal of Finance, 56(4), 1247-1292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00367
Barberis, N., & Shleifer, A. (2003). Style investing. Journal of financial Economics, 68(2), 161-199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(03)00064-3
Barberis, N., & Thaler, R. (2003). A survey of behavioral finance. Handbook of the Economics of Finance, 1, 1053-1128.
Barberis, N., & Thaler, R. (2003). A survey of behavioral finance. Handbook of the Economics of Finance, 1, 1053-1128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0102(03)01027-6
Barnea, A., Cronqvist, H., & Siegel, S. (2010). Nature or nurture: What determines investor behavior?. Journal of Financial Economics, 98(3), 583-604. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2010.08.001
Benartzi, S., & Thaler, R. H. (2001). Naive diversification strategies in defined contribution saving plans. American economic review, 91,79-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.1.79
Blume, M. E., & Friend, I. (1975). The Asset Structure of Individual Portfolios and Some Implications for Utility Functions. The Journal of Finance, 30(2), 585-603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2978737
Bodie, Zvi; Kane, Alex; Marcus, Alan. J.,(1998), Essentials of Investments,3rd edition, Irwin Mc Graw-Hill, ISBN 0-256-16459-2
Bodie, Z., Kane, A., Marcus, A.J. (2008). Investments. 4th Edition, Mc GrawHill
Bondt, W. F., & Thaler, R. (1985). Does the stock market overreact?. The Journal of finance, 40(3), 793-805.
Conlisk, J. (1996). Why bounded rationality?. Journal of economic literature,34(2), 669-700.
Coval, J. D., & Moskowitz, T. J. (1999). Home bias at home: Local equity preference in domestic portfolios. The Journal of Finance, 54(6), 2045-2073. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00181
Daniel, K. D., Hirshleifer, D., & Subrahmanyam, A. (2001). Overconfidence, arbitrage, and equilibrium asset pricing. The Journal of Finance, 56(3), 921-965. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00350
Daniel, K., & Titman, S. (1999). Market efficiency in an irrational world. Financial Analysts Journal, 55(6), 28-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v55.n6.2312
Daniel, K., Hirshleifer, D., & Subrahmanyam, A. (1998). Investor psychology and security market under‐and overreactions. the Journal of Finance, 53(6), 1839-1885. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00077
De Bondt, W. F., & Thaler, R. (1985). Does the stock market overreact?. The Journal of finance, 40(3), 793-805. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1985.tb05004.x
De Bondt, W., Mayoral, R. M., & Vallelado, E. (2013). Behavioral decision-making in finance: An overview and assessment of selected research. Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting/Revista Española de Financiación y Contabilidad, 42(157), 99-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02102412.2013.10779742
DeLong, J. B., Shleifer, A., Summers, L. H., & Waldmann, R. J. (1988). The survival of noise traders in financial markets. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w2715
Evans, D. A. (2006). Subject perceptions of confidence and predictive validity in financial information cues. The Journal of Behavioral Finance,7(1), 12-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15427579jpfm0701_3
Evans, H.K. (2002). Pragmatic beliefs and overconfidence. Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organisations, 48(1), 15–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(01)00221-9
Fama, E. F. (1965). The behavior of stock-market prices. The journal of Business, 38(1), 34-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/294743
Fama, E. F. (1970). Multiperiod consumption-investment decisions. The American Economic Review, 60(1), 163-174.
Fenton‐O'Creevy, M., Soane, E., Nicholson, N., & Willman, P. (2011). Thinking, feeling and deciding: The influence of emotions on the decision making and performance of traders. Journal of Organizational Behavior,32(8), 1044-1061. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.720
Fogel, S. O. C., & Berry, T. (2006). The disposition effect and individual investor decisions: the roles of regret and counterfactual alternatives. The journal of behavioral finance, 7(2), 107-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15427579jpfm0702_5
Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: the affect infusion model (AIM).Psychological bulletin, 117(1), 39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.39
French, K. R., & Poterba, J. M. (1991). Investor diversification and international equity markets. American Economic Review, 222-226.
Frieder, L., & Subrahmanyam, A. (2005). Brand perceptions and the market for common stock. Journal of financial and Quantitative Analysis, 40(01), 57-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109000001745
Gabaix, X., & Laibson, D. (2000). A boundedly rational decision algorithm. The American Economic Review, 90(2), 433-438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.2.433
Garling, T., Kirchler, E., Lewis, A., & Van Raaij, F. (2009). Psychology, financial decision making, and financial crises. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 10(1), 1-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100610378437
Gianakis, G. A. (2004). Decision making and managerial capacity in the public sector. Public Administration And Public Policy-New York-, 107, 43-64.
Gilovich, T., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. (2002). Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808098
Gilvovich, T. (1991). How We Know What Isn't So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. New York: The Free Press
Grinblatt, M., & Keloharju, M. (2001). How distance, language, and culture influence stockholdings and trades. The Journal of Finance, 56(3), 1053-1073. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00355
Grossman, S. (1976). On the efficiency of competitive stock markets where trades have diverse information. The Journal of finance, 31(2), 573-585. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1976.tb01907.x
Grossman, S. J., & Stiglitz, J. E. (1980). On the impossibility of informationally efficient markets. The American economic review, 70(3), 393-408.
Harikanth, D., & Pragathi, B. (2012). Role Of Behavioural Finance In Investment Decision Making-A Study On Select Districts Of Andhra Pradesh, India. International Journal in Multidisciplinary and Academic Research, 1(4), 1-15.
Hassan, E., Shahzeb, F. Shaheen, M. Abbas, Q. &Hameed, Z. (2013). Measuring Validity of Determinants of Individual Investor Decision Making Investing in Islamabad Stock Exchange of Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 2013, 14(10),1314-1319.
Haugen, Robert A., 1999. The New Finance: The Case Against Efficient Markets. Second ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Hindess, B. (1998). Neo-liberalism and the national economy. Governing Australia: Studies in contemporary rationalities of government, 210-26.
Hirshleifer, D. (2001). Investor psychology and asset pricing. The Journal of Finance, 56(4), 1533-1597. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00379
Hirshleifer, D., & Shumway, T. (2003). Good day sunshine: Stock returns and the weather. The Journal of Finance, 58(3), 1009-1032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6261.00556
Hirshleifer, D., & Teoh, S. H. (2003). Limited attention, information disclosure, and financial reporting. Journal of accounting and economics,36(1), 337-386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2003.10.002
Hirshleifer, D., Subrahmanyam, A., & Titman, S. (2006). Feedback and the success of irrational investors. Journal of Financial Economics, 81(2), 311-338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.05.006
Hoffmann, A. O., Von Eije, J. H., & Jager, W. (2006). Individual investors' needs and conformity behavior: An empirical investigation. SSRN Working Paper Series. http://papers. ssrn. com/sol3/papers. cfm.
Huberman, G. (2001). Familiarity breeds investment. Review of financial Studies, 14(3), 659-680. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/14.3.659
Huberman, G., & Jiang, W. (2006). Offering versus choice in 401 (k) plans: Equity exposure and number of funds. The Journal of Finance, 61(2), 763-801. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.00854.x
Hughes, A. (2008). Head Space; Understanding investor psychology can help you steer your clients toward good investing decisions in bad markets. Bank Investment Consultant [Online], 16(1), 28.
Huston, S. J. (2010). Measuring financial literacy. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 44(2), 296-316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2010.01170.x
Isen, A. M. (2000). Some perspectives on positive affect and self-regulation.Psychological Inquiry, 11(3), 184-187.
Kahneman, D., & Riepe, M. W. (1998). Aspects of investor psychology. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 24(4), 52-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3905/jpm.1998.409643
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive psychology, 5(2), 207-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 263-291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A., (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. science, 185(4157), 1124-1131.
Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1990). Experimental tests of the endowment effect and the Coase theorem. Journal of political Economy, 1325-1348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/261737
Kamstra, M. J., Kramer, L. A., & Levi, M. D. (2003). Winter blues: A SAD stock market cycle. The American Economic Review, 93(1), 324-343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803321455322
Kim, K. and Nofsinger, J. (2008). Behavioral finance in Asia. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 16 (1-2), 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2007.04.001
Kozup, J., & Hogarth, J. M. (2008). Financial Literacy, Public Policy, and Consumers’ Self‐Protection—More Questions, Fewer Answers. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 42(2), 127-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2008.00101.x
Kudryavtsev, A., Cohen, G., & Hon-Snir, S. (2013). 'Rational' or 'Intuitive': Are Behavioral Biases Correlated Across Stock Market Investors?.Contemporary economics, 7(2), 31-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.81
Kumar, A., & Lee, C. (2006). Retail investor sentiment and return comovements. The Journal of Finance, 61(5), 2451-2486. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.01063.x
Lai, M. M., Low, K. L. T., & Lai, M. L. (2001). Are Malaysian investors rational?. The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 2(4), 210-215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327760JPFM0204_5
Letkiewicz, J. C., & Fox, J. J. (2014). Conscientiousness, financial literacy, and asset accumulation of young adults. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 48(2), 274-300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12040
Lin, H. W. (2011). Elucidating rational investment decisions and behavioral biases: Evidence from the Taiwanese stock market. African Journal of Business Management, 5(5), 1630-1641.
Lin, H. W. (2012). How Herding Bias could be derived from Individual Investor Types and Risk Tolerance. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 66, 831-836.
Linter, G. (1998). Behavioral Finance: Why Investors Make Bad Decisions, The Planner, 13 (1), 7-8.
Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological bulletin, 127(2), 267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267
Machina, M. J. (1982). "Expected Utility" Analysis without the Independence Axiom. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 277-323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1912631
Mansor, M. I., & Lim, C. F. (1995). Profile of individual investors in the Klang area. Capital Markets Review, 3, 1-15.
March, J. G. and Simon, H. A. (1958) Organizations, New York: Wiley.
March, J.G., 1994, A primer on Decision Making, The Free Press.
Mellers, B., & Schwartz, A. A. Cooke, 1998, Judgement and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 447-477. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.447
Mintzberg, H., Raisinghani, D., & Theoret, A. (1976). The structure of" unstructured" decision processes. Administrative science quarterly, 246-275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2392045
Muhammad, N. M. N., & Abdullah, M. (2009). Investment decision-making style: Are Malaysian investors rational decision makers. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 1(3), 96-108.
Muth, J. F. (1961). Rational expectations and the theory of price movements.Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 315-335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1909635
Nagy, R. A., & Obenberger, R. W. (1994). Factors influencing individual investor behavior. Financial Analysts Journal, 50(4), 63-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v50.n4.63
Neumann, L. J., & Morgenstern, O. (1947). Theory of games and economic behavior (Vol. 60). Princeton: Princeton university press.
Nofsinger, J. R. (2008). The psychology of investing. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Oberlechner, T., & Hocking, S. (2004). Information sources, news, and rumors in financial markets: Insights into the foreign exchange market. Journal of Economic Psychology, 25(3), 407-424. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00189-7
Odean, T. (1998). Are Investors Reluctant to Realize their Losses? The Journal of Finance, 53(5), 1775-1798. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00072
Odean, T. (1998). Volume, volatility, price, and profit when all traders are above average. The Journal of Finance, 53(6), 1887-1934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00078
Odean, T. (1999). Do investors trade too much? American Economic Review, 89(5), 1279–1298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.5.1279
Olsen, R. A. (1998). Behavioral finance and its implications for stock-price volatility. Financial analysts journal, 54(2), 10-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v54.n2.2161
Plous, S. (1993). The psychology of judgment and decision making. Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
Rekik, Y. M., & Boujelbene, Y. (2013). Tunisian IPOs underpricing and long-run underperformance: Highlight and explanation. E3 Journal of Business Management and Economics., 4(4), 093-104.
Ritter, J. R. (2003). Behavioral finance. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 11(4), 429-437. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-538X(03)00048-9
Robbins, S. P, and Judge T.A. (2007). Organization Behavior (12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Roger, P. (2011). Testing alternative theories of financial decision making: a survey study with lottery bonds. Journal of Behavioral Finance, 12(4), 219-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15427560.2011.620200
Rubinstein, M. (2001). Rational markets: yes or no? The affirmative case. Financial Analysts Journal, 57(3), 15-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v57.n3.2447
Samuelson, W., & Zeckhauser, R. (1988). Status quo bias in decision making. Journal of risk and uncertainty, 1(1), 7-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055564
Sanfey, A. G., Rilling, J. K., Aronson, J. A., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2003). The neural basis of economic decision-making in the ultimatum game. Science, 300(5626), 1755-1758.
Sevil, G., Sen, M., & Yalama, A. (2007). Small Investor Behavior in Istabul Stock Exchange. Middle Eastern Finance and Economics, 1, 74-79.
Shefrin, H., & Statman, M. (1994). Behavioral capital asset pricing theory. Journal of financial and quantitative analysis, 29(03), 323-349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2331334
Shefrin, H., 2002, “Beyond Greed and Fear”, 1st edition, Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0195161211.001.0001
Shefrin, Hersh (2000). Beyond Greed and Fear. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press.
Shiller, R. J. (1990). Speculative prices and popular models. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4(2), 55-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.4.2.55
Shiller, R. J. (1995). Conversation, information, and herd behavior. The American Economic Review, 85(2), 181-185.
Shiller, R. J. (1998). Survey evidence on diffusion of interest and information among investors. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 12(1), 47–66
Shiller, R. J. (2000). Measuring bubble expectations and investor confidence. The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 1(1), 49-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327760JPFM0101_05
Shiller, R. J., & Pound, J. (1989). Survey evidence on diffusion of interest and information among investors. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 12(1), 47-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(89)90076-0
Shleifer, A. (2000). Inefficient markets: An introduction to behavioral finance. OUP Oxford.
Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1997). The limits of arbitrage. The Journal of Finance, 52(1), 35-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb03807.x
Simon, A. (1997) Models of Bounded Rationality, Vol. 3, Empirically Grounded Economic Reason, Cambridge: The MIT Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/4711.001.0001
Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choice. The quarterly journal of economics, 99-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1884852
Simon, H. A. (1957). Models of man; social and rational. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Simon, H. A. (1982). Models of bounded rationality: Empirically grounded economic reason (Vol. 3). MIT press.
Simon, H. A. (1991). The architecture of complexity. Springer US, 457-476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0718-9_31
Slovic, P. (1972). Psychological study of human judgment: Implications for investment decision making. The Journal of Finance, 27(4), 779-799. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1972.tb01311.x
Statman, M. (1988). Investor psychology and market inefficiencies. ICFA Continuing Education Series, 1988(2), 29-35.
Statman, M. (1988). Investor psychology and market inefficiencies. ICFA Continuing Education Series, 1988(2), 29-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2469/cp.v1988.n2.6
Statman, M. (1995). “Behavioral Finance vs. Standard Finance.” Behavioral Finance and Decision Theory in Investment Management. Charlottesville, VA: AIMR: 14-22
Statman, M. (1999). Behaviorial finance: Past battles and future engagements. Financial Analysts Journal, 55(6), 18-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v55.n6.2311
Statman, M. (2011). What Investors Really Want, New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Sultana, S. T. (2010). An empirical study of Indian individual investors’ behavior. Global journal of finance and management, 2(1), 19-33.
Tesfatsion, L. (2006). Agent-based computational economics: A constructive approach to economic theory. Handbook of computational economics, 2, 831-880. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0021(05)02016-2
Thaler, R. (1985). Mental accounting and consumer choice. Marketing science, 4(3), 199-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.4.3.199
Waweru, N. M., Mwangi, G. G., & Parkinson, J. M. (2014). Behavioural factors influencing investment decisions in the Kenyan property market. Afro-Asian Journal of Finance and Accounting, 4(1), 26-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/AAJFA.2014.059500
Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American psychologist, 35(2), 151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.35.2.151
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
With the licence CC-BY, authors retain the copyright, allowing anyone to download, reuse, re-print, modify, distribute, and/or copy their contribution. The work must be properly attributed to its author.
It is not necessary to ask for further permission from the author or journal board.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
