INVESTIGATION OF LEISHMANIASIS VECTORS IN EL-KADOBA VILLAGE, WHITE NILE STATE, SUDAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i1.2017.1938Keywords:
Identification, Survey, Sand Flies, Collection, Leishmaniasis, El-Kadaba VillageAbstract [English]
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL; kala-azar) is one of the most important parasitic tropical diseases in Sudan and the Sudan is considered to be one of the most important foci in the world. The visceral leishmaniasis has been described in Sudan since the beginning of the twentieth century. In Sudan, VL is caused by Leishmania donovani complex: MON 18, MON 30 and MON 82 zymodemes and The proven vector is Phlebotomus (Larroussius) orientalis, in this study a survey was carried out to identify the principal vector of VL based on Leishmania infection, morphological characters and to determine some ecological aspects of the sand flies prevalent in the area . Ten species of sand flies were recorded, three Phlebotomus species and seven Sergentomyia species of these sandflies, P. rodhaini was collected only from Acacia seyal/Balanities aegyptiaca at the Island whereas S. hunti was collected from the Acacia nilotica forest only of the total collections, P. orientalis representing 3.80% (248 specimens) of the total collection and P. papatasi were 3.11% of the collection. Sand flies identification was done under a binocular microscope at 40x (magnification). The main features used for sand flies identification were the sperm theca of the female, the termination of the male and the pharyngeal and the ciboria toothed structures of both sexes. According to results of this study we recommended the following: more studies are needed in the future to determine the transmission season, and infection rates of Leishmania parasites in human and the animal host in this area.
Annually Entomological surveys must be done to determine density of Sand fly Vectors and Encourage the use of personal protection tools (ITNs), repellents, and improving of houses to avoid bite of sand fly.
Downloads
References
Andresen, K., Ibrahim, M. E., Theander, T. G. and Kharazmi, A. (1996). Random amplified polymorphic DNA for the differentiation of Leishmania isolates from Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 90: 204-205.
Ashford, R. W., Seaman, J. and Schorscher, J. (1992). Epidemic visceral leishmaniasis in southern Sudan: identification and systematic position of the parasites from patients and vectors. Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 86: 379-380.
Deruere, J., El-Safi, S. H., Bucheton, B., Boni, M., Kheir, M. M., Davoust, B., Pratlong, F., Feugier, E., Lambert, M., Dessein, A. and Dedet, J. P. (2003). Visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan: parasite identification in humans and dogs; host-parasite relationships. Microbes Infections, 5(12):1103-1108.
Desjeux, P. (1991). Information on the epidemiological and control of leishmaniasis by country or territory. WHO/ LEISH/ 91. 30.
Desjeux, P. (1996). Leishmaniasis. Public health aspects and control. Clinical Dermatology, 14: 417-423.
Elamin E. M., Guizani I., Guerbouj S., Gramiccia M., El-Hassan A. M., DiMuccioo T. Taha M. A. and Mukhtar M. M. (2008). Identification of Leishmania donovani as a cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 102(1): 54-7.
El-Hassan A. M and Zijlstra, E. E. (2001a). Leishmaniasis in Sudan. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 95 (Suppl 1): S1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90216-0
El-Hassan A. M and Zijlstra, E. E. (2001b). Leishmaniasis in Sudan. Mucosal leishmaniasis. Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95 (Suppl 1): S19-26 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90217-2
Elnaiem, D. A., Hassan, M. M., Maingon, R., Nureldin, G. H., Mekawi, A. M., Miles, M. and Ward, R. D. (2001). The Egyptian mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon, is a possible reservoir host of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan. Parasitology, 122(5): 531-536.
Elnaiem, D. A., Schorscher, J., Bendall, A., Obsomer, V., Osman, M. E., Mekkawi, A. M., Connor, S. J., Ashford, R. W. and Thomson, M. C. (2003). Risk mapping of visceral leishmaniasis: the role of local variation in rainfall and altitude on the presence and incidence of kala-azar in eastern Sudan. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 68(1): 10-17.
El-Safi, S. Peters, W., El Toam, B., El Kadaro, A. and Evans, D. A. (1991). Studies on the leishmaniasis in Sudan. 2. Clinical and parasitological studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 85: 457-464.
El-Sayed, S. M., El Raaba, F. M. and Abd el Nur, O. (1991). Daily and seasonal activities of some sandflies from Surrugia village, Khartoum, Sudan. Parassitologia, 33 (Suppl): 205-15.
Hassan, M. M., Elamin, W. M. and Mukhtar, M. M. (2008). Isolation and identification of Leishmania donovani from Phlebotomus orientalis, in an area of eastern Sudan with endemic visceral leishmaniasis. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 102(6), 1–3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/136485908X311803
Kirk, R. (1956). Studies in leishmaniasis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. XII. Attempt to find reservoir host. Transaction of the Royal Society of Medicine and Hygiene, 50: 169-177 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(56)90079-7
Neave, S. H. M. (1904). Leishmania donovani in Sudan. British Medical Journal, i, 1252.
Oskam, L. Pratlong, F., Zijlstra, E. E., Kroon, C. C. M., Dedet, J. P., Kager, P. A., Schonian, G., Ghalib, H. W., El-Hassan, A. M. & Meredith, S. E. O. (1998). Biochemical and molecular characterization of Leishmania parasites isolated from endemic focus of eastern Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92: 120- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(98)90982-8
Quate, L. W. (1964). Leishmaniasis in Sudan Republic. 19. Phlebotomus sandflies of the Paloich area in the Sudan (Diptera; Psychodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 1: 213-268.
WHO report, (2006). Control of leishmaniasis. Executive Board 11 8th session.
WHO (1998). Leishmania and HIV in gridlock. WHO/UNAIDS report. . Geneva: World Health Organization. 15-25.
WHO, (1996). Manual on visceral leishmaniasis control. Geneva, World Health Organization. WHO/Leish/96. 40: 1-76.
WHO (1990). Control of the leishmaniasis. Technical Report Series 793, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.
Zijlstra, E. E, and El-Hassan A. M. (2001a). Leishmaniasis in Sudan. visceral leishmaniasis. Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95 (Suppl 1): S27-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90218-4
Zijlstra, E. E, and El-Hassan A. M. (2001b). Leishmaniasis in Sudan. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95 (Suppl 1): S59-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90219-6
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
With the licence CC-BY, authors retain the copyright, allowing anyone to download, reuse, re-print, modify, distribute, and/or copy their contribution. The work must be properly attributed to its author.
It is not necessary to ask for further permission from the author or journal board.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
