INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF COAL IN INDIA: TRENDS, CHALLENGES AND MEASURES FOR ACHIEVING TRADE BALANCE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i1.2016.2864Keywords:
Cleaner Coal Technology, Coal Reserves, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Illegal MiningAbstract [English]
Coal is one of the most important sources of electricity and energy in Indian economy. India is world’s third largest producer of coal yet it imports coal from different countries to meet its domestic requirement. With negligible amount of exports, it has resulted in trade deficit problems for Indian economy.
This paper attempts to examine the burning issue of “International trade of coal in India: trends, challenges and suggestions for Improvement “from different perspectives. Accordingly the existing literature on the subject has been reviewed with topics ranging from coal exports and imports to illegal mining, clean technology and new ways to improve the quality of coal. The objective of the paper is to find reasons for huge imports and low exports of coal with a view to achieve trade balance. To conclude, it can be said that there are many unexplored areas which researchers can take up in future in order to achieve trade balance of coal.
Downloads
References
Anand, M.R., D.N. Prasad. (2013). Recent trends in production and import of coal in India. Retrieved Oct 28,2015,from http://www.coal.nic.in/sites/upload_files/coal/files/coalupload/wp101014.pdf
Anderson, Kym, Warwick J. McKibbin. (1997). Reducing coal subsidies and trade barriers: Their contribution to greenhouse gas abatement. Retrieved Oct 28,2015, from http://www.brookings.edu/views/papers/mckibbin/135.pdf
Blander, M. "Calculations of the Influence of Additives on Coal Combustion Deposits"(PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. p. 315. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
Chikkatur, Ananth P. (2005). Making the Best Use of India's Coal Resources. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 40, No. 52, pp. 5457-5461.
Classification of coal in India – Important India. Retrieved Oct 28,2015, fromhttp://www.importantindia.com/4603/classification-of-coal-in-india.html
Coal Industry Advisory board. (2002). Coal and sustainable development – Achieving balance in priorities. Retrieved Oct 28,2015, from "https://www.iea.org/ciab/papers/coal.pdf"
Directorate general of commercial intelligence and statistics. Foreign Trade Performance of India, Retrieved Oct28,2015,from http://www.dgciskol.nic.in/annualreport/book_3e.pdf
Dr. Rajiv Kumar, Dr. SoumyaKanti Ghosh, Mr. VivekPandit. (3rd Aug 2012). Coal is the next big problem. Financial express.
Energy Statistics 2015,Central Statistics Office, M/o Statistics & PI
Haque, MdEmamul. (2013). Indian Coal: Production and Ways to Increase Coal Supplies. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 2.
Harper, Douglas. "coal". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Hoda, Anwarul, Durgesh Kumar Rai. (2014). Trade and Investment Barriers affecting International Production Networks in India. Retrieved Oct 28,2015, from http://www.icrier.org/pdf/working_paper_281.pdf, icrier.org/pdf/working_paper_281.pdf
Innes, C.A., Indian Export trade in coal. Retrieved Oct 28,2015, from https://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b80_459.pdf
Lahiri-Dutt, Kuntala. (2007). Illegal Coal Mining in Eastern India: Rethinking Legitimacy and Limits of Justice. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 42, No. 49, pp. 57-66.
Palo, BidhuBhushan. (December 18, 2014). India’s coal imports due to low production, regulatory obstacles. The Dollar business. Retrieved Oct 28,2015, from https://www.thedollarbusiness.com/indias-coal-imports-due-to-low-production-regulatory-obstacles-coal-minister.html
Raghavan, Pyaralal. (April 6, 2015). Real threat to India trade balance is from growing energy imports and not China. Times of India. Minority view.
Sharma, S.V. (2014). Energy Trade Practices in India: Review of Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers in Relation to ASEAN. ERIA Research Project Report FY2013, No.29.Jakarta: ERIA, pp.27-62
World institute of Sustainable energy. (2013). Future of coal electricity of India and Sustainable alternatives. Retrieved Oct 28,2015, from http://www.wisein.org/WISE_Projects/final_coal_report.pdf.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
With the licence CC-BY, authors retain the copyright, allowing anyone to download, reuse, re-print, modify, distribute, and/or copy their contribution. The work must be properly attributed to its author.
It is not necessary to ask for further permission from the author or journal board.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.