HELMINTH PARASITES OF THE SUBDESERT TOAD, AMIETOPHRYNUS (BUFO) XEROS (ANURA: BUFONIDAE)

Yassir Sulieman; Azzam Afifi; Higazi M. Awad; Theerakamol Pengsakul

doi:10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i10.2015.2934

Authors

YassirSulieman Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Shendi, SUDAN
Azzam Afifi Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, SUDAN
Higazi M. Awad Faculty of Nursing Sciences, University of Shendi, SUDAN
Theerakamol Pengsakul Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, THAILAND

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i10.2015.2934

Keywords:

Amietophrynus (Bufo) Xeros, Helminth Parasites, Prevalence, Intensity, Sudan

Abstract [English]

Sixty-nine subdesert toads, Amietophrynus (Bufo) xeros, were collected in Shendi, Sudan, from August to November 2014, and examined for the first time for the presence of internal helminth parasites. Sixty-seven (97.1%) of the toads were found infected with one or more helminth species including, four Nematoda: Aplectanamacintoshii, Rhabdiasbufonis, Strongyloidesprokopici, and Oswaldocruzia sp.; one Trematoda: Mesocoelium sp.; one Cestoda: Lanfrediella sp. A higher prevalence and intensity of infection was found in male toads compared with females, and old toads were found to harbor a higher prevalence and intensity of infection when compared to younger ones. However, neither of these differences was statistically significant. In addition, there were no significant correlations found between the gender of the toads examined and either the prevalence or intensity of infection of any of the helminth species. Likewise, the prevalence and intensity of infection of the helminth species were not significantly correlated with the snout-vent length of the toads.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adamson, M., Baccam, D. 1988. Systematic revision of the AtractidaesensuChabaud (1978) (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea): Maracaya belemensis n. sp. and Aplectana albaen. sp. from Amphisbaena alba in Brazil. Can. J. Zool. 66: 1857-1864.

Baker, M.R. 1980. Revision of Old World species of the genus Aplectana Railliet and Henry, 1916 (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae). Bull. Mus. Nat. His. Nat. Paris Ser 4 Sect A. 2: 955-998.

Baker, M.R., Vaucher, C. 1986. Parasitic Helminths from Paraguay XII: AplectanaRailliet and Henry, 1916 (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea) from Frogs. Rev. Suisse Zool. 93: 607-616.

Baker, M.R. 1979. Seasonal population changes in Rhabdiasranae Walton, 1929 (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) in Ranasylvatica of Ontario. Can. J. Zool. 57: 179-193.

Baker, M.R. 1987. Synopsis of the Nematoda parasitic in amphibians and reptiles. Memorial University of Newfoundland, Occas. Pap. Biol. 11: 1-325.

Barton, D.P. 1998. Dynamics of natural infection of Rhabdias cf. hylae (Nematoda) in Bufomarinus (Amphibia) in Australia. Parasitology 117: 505-513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182098003199

Ben Slimane, B., Durette-Desset, M.C. 1996. Four New Species of Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda: Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea) Parasitizing Amphibians and Lizards from Ecuador. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz., Rio de Janeiro 91: 317-328.

Bolek, M.G., Coggins, J.R. 2003. Helminth community structure of sympatric eastern American toad, Bufoamericanusamericanus, northern leopard frog, Ranapipiens, and blue-spotted salamander, Ambystomalaterale, from southeastern Wisconsin. J. Parasitol. 89: 673-680.

Bush, A.O., Lafferty, K.D., Lotz, J.M., Shostak, A.W. 1997. Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited. J. Parasitol.83: 575-583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3284227

Calhoun, D.M., Dronen, N.O. 2012. A reevaluation of specimens of Mesocoeliummonas (Platyhelminthes: Digenea: Mesocoeliidae) from the Natural History Museum, UK and the United States National Parasite Collection, USA. Zootaxa 3589: 1-29.

Canning, E.U., Elkan, E., Trigg, P.I. 1964. Plistophoramyotrophica spec. nov., causing high mortality in the common toad Bufobufo L., with notes on the maintenance of Bufo and Xenopus in the laboratory. J. Protozool. 11: 157-166.

Comas, M., Ribas, A., Milazzo, C., Sperone, E., Tripepi, S. 2014. High levels of prevalence related to age and body condition: host-parasite interactions in a water frog Pelophylax kl. Hispanicus. ActaHerpetol. 9: 25-31.

Dare, O.K., Nadler, S.A., Forbes, M.R. 2008. Nematode lungworms of two species of anuran amphibians: Evidence for co-adaptation. Int. J. Parasitol. 38: 1729-1736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.05.004

Dronen, N.O., Calhoun, D.M., Simcik, S.R. 2012. MesocoeliumOdhner, 1901 (Digenea: Mesocoelidae) revisited; a revision of the family and re-evaluation of species composition in the genus. Zootaxa 3387: 1-96.

Duszynski, D., Bolek, M., Upton, S. 2007. Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of Amphibians of the World. Zootaxa 1667: 1-77.

Garvin, M.C., Basbaum, J.P., Ducore, R.M., Bell, K.E. 2003. Patterns of Haemoproteusbeckeri parasitism in the gray catbird (Dumetellacarolinensis) during the breeding season. J. Wildlife Dis. 39: 582-587. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-39.3.582

Goater, C., Ward, P. 1992. Negative Effects of RhabdiasbufonisNematoda on the Growth and Survival of the Toads Bufo-Bufo. Oecologia 89: 161-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00317213

Haas, M., Lukán, M., Kisková, J., Hrehová, Z. 2012. Occurrence of blood parasites and intensity of infection in Prunellamodularis in the montane and subalpine zone in the Slovak Carpathians. ActaParasitol. 57: 221-227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11686-012-0041-6

Harper, E.B., Measey, G.J., Patrick, D.A., Menegn, M., Vonesh, J.R. 2010. Field Guide to the Amphibians of the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya. pp. 114. Nairobi, Kenya: Camerapix Publishers International.

Hasselquist, D., Östman O., Waldenström, J., Bensch, S. 2007. Temporal patterns of occurrence and transmission of the blood parasite Haemoproteuspayevskyi in the great reed warbler (Acrocephalusarundinaceus). J. Ornithol. 148: 401-409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0144-2

Hirai, T., Matsui, M. 2002. Feeding ecology of Bufojaponicusformosus from the Montane Region of Kyoto, Japan. J. Herpetol. 36:719-723. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0719:FEOBJF]2.0.CO;2

Hyatt, A.D., Gould, A.R., Zupanovic, Z., Cunningham, A.A., Hengstberger, S., Whittington, R.J., Kattenbelt, J., Coupar, B.H. 2000. Comparative studies of piscine and amphibian iridoviruses. Arch. Virol. 145: 301-331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s007050050025

Ibrahim, M.M.I. 2008. Helminthinfracommunities of the maculated toad Amietophrynus (Bufo) regularis (Anura: Bufonidae) from Ismailia, Egypt. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 82: 19-26.

IUCN 2013. Amphibian Specialist Group. Amietophrynusxeros. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. . Downloaded on 01 January 2015.

Kuzmin, Y., Tkach, V.V., Brooks, D.R. 2007. Two new species of Rhabdias (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from the marine toad, Bufomarinus (L.) (Lissamphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), in Central America. J. Parasitol. 93: 159-165.

Leon-Regagnon, V., Martinez-Salazar, E.A., Lazcano-Villareal, D., Rosas-Valdez, R. 2005. Helminth parasites of four species of anurans from Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Southwestern Nat. 50: 251-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2005)050[0251:HPOFSO]2.0.CO;2

Luque, J.L., Martins, A.N., Tavares, L.R. 2005. Community structure of metazoan parasites of the yellow Cururu toad, Bufoictericus (Anura, Bufonidae) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ActaParasitol. 50: 215-220.

McAllister, C.T., Trauth, S.E., Bursey, C.R. 1995. Parasites of the pickerel frog, Ranapalustris (Anura: Ranidae), from the southern part of its range. Southwestern Nat. 40: 111-116.

Melo, F.T.V., Giese, E.G., Furtado, A.P., Soares, M.J., Gonçalves, E.C., Vallinoto, A.R., Santos, J.N. 2011. Lanfrediellaamphicirrus gen. nov.sp. nov.Nematotaeniidae (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea), a tapeworm parasite of Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Amphibia: Bufonidae). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 106: 670-677.

Mohammad, M.K., Al-Moussawi, A.A., Jasim, S.Y. 2010. Helminth Parasites of the Green Toad BufoviridisLaurenti, 1768 in Baghdad Area, Central Iraq. Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci. 2: 17-25.

Moravec, F., Barus, F., Rysavy, B. 1987. Some parasitic nematodes, excluding Heterakidae and Pharyngodonidae, from amphibians and reptiles in Egypt. Folia Parasitol. 34: 255-267.

Patterson-Kane, J.C., Eckerlin, R.P., Lyons, E.T., Jewell, M.A.2001. Strongyloidiasis in a Cope’s grey tree frog (Hylachrysoscelis). J. Zoo. Wildlife Med. 32: 106-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2001)032[0106:SIACSG]2.0.CO;2

Rahman, W.A, Tan, A., Sufina, I. 2008. On the parasitic fauna of two species of anurans collected from Sungai Pinang, Penang Island, Malaysia. Trop. Biomed.25: 160-165.

Rödel, M.O. 2000. Herpetofauna of West Africa, Vol. I. Amphibians of the West African Savanna. Edition Chimaira, pp. 332. Frankfurt, Germany.

Sanchis, V., Roig, J.M., Carretero, M.A., Roca, V., Llorente, G.A. 2000. Host-parasite Relationships of Zootoca vivipara (Sauria: Lacertidae) in the Pyrenees (North Spain). Folia Parasitol. 47: 118-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2000.024

Santos, V.G.T., Amato, S.B. 2010. Helminth fauna of Rhinellafernandezae (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Rio Grande do Sul Coastland, Brazil: Analysis the parasite community. J. Parasitol. 96: 823-826.

Santos, V.G.T., Amato, S.B., Márcio Borges, M. 2013. Community structure of helminth parasites of the “Cururu” toad, Rhinellaicterica (Anura: Bufonidae) from southern Brazil. Parasitol. Res.112: 1097-1103.

Sulieman, Y., Pengsakul, T., 2015. Non-hemoparasitic protozoa of the subdesert toad, Amietophrynus (Bufo) xeros (Anura: Bufonidae). International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies 2(4): 89-92.

Tinsley, R., Stott, L., York, J., Everard, A., Chapple, S., Jackson, J., Vinev, M., Tinsley, M.C. 2012. Acquired immunity protects against helminth infection in a natural host population: long-term field and laboratory evidence. Int. J. Parasitol. 42: 931-938. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.07.006

Treml, F., Neperený, J., Janová, E., Bandouchová, H., Pikula, J. 2012. Prevalence of antibodies against leptospires in small mammals in relation to age, sex and season. Acta Vet. Brno81: 97-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201281020097