AIR BUBBLE ENCAPSULATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS AND THERAPY FAILURES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v11.i11.2023.5388Keywords:
Air Bubbles, Effect Cheek Cells, Irreversible Cells Deformation, Cancer GenesisAbstract [English]
Background: The purpose of this manuscript is to introduce a newly discovered potential dangers of air bubbles used for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes into the human body.
At present, the injection of air bubbles into the human body for diagnostic purpose is viewed positively by the medical/scientific community. In Vitro experiments are presented whereby cells isolation by air bubbles could interfere with chemotherapy treatments.
Methods: Author’s own saliva sample was spitted out onto the center of a clean 25X75x1mm glass slide. The sample was placed and focused on the viewing platform of a video microscope. A toothpick was used to harvest inner cheek cells and gently transfer onto the spitted out sample. After focusing, areas were selected showing floating cells and air bubbles. Different laminar levels were observed by cells migrating at different levels.
While microscopically observing the sample, the glass slide was disturbed by finger tapping, the aim to induce bubble bursting.
Results: Deformed cells were observed when adhering to the outer surface of air bubbles. Additionally, undeformed cells seen at two distinct perpendicular layers when trapped within the floating bubbles. Noticed was a selective attraction of cells by the outer edge of the floating bubbles. Cells attached to the bubble’s edge were being deformed and attracted to each other. Cells were also observed passing unattracted when in a separate laminar flow under the floating bubble. The provocative tapping causing air bubbles to cavitate and burst.
Conclusions: The bursting of an air bubble is not the only factor in floating eukaryotic cells deformation. In this manuscript video microscopy and still images are introduced demonstrating a newly found horizontal flat parallel energy field in the periphery of the oxygen bubble. This energy is evident in the free-floating air bubble interface as cheek eukaryotic cells adhere only to the flat round edge of a bubble. Cells are attracted, adhered to each other, and deformed by their own intrinsic attraction. Once the bubble bursts, cells and debris are dispersed, with cells adherence partially disturbed. Cell deformations persisting. It could be hypothesized that cancer cells trapped at different laminar layers inside the bubble be refractory to external chemotherapy agents thus retaining their cancer characteristics.
Downloads
References
Embi, A. A. (2016). Endogenous Electromagnetic Forces Emissions During Cell Respiration as Additional Factor in Cancer Origin. Cancer Cell International, 16, 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-016-0337-y16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-016-0337-y
Embi, A. A. (2019). The Paramagnetism and Shock Waves Effects of Intact or Ruptured Oxygen Bubbles Causing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells Deformations: Supporting the Hypothesis of Cell Respiration as Additional Factor in Cancer Origing. International Journal of Research -Granthaalayah, 7(3), 177–188. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i3.2019.958 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i3.2019.958
Hsu, C. C., Tseng, L. M., & Lee, H. C. (2016). Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cancer Progression. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 241(12), 1281–1295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370216641787 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370216641787
Krauthammer, M., Trabelsi, E., & Moisseiev, E. (2021). Intravitreal Air Bubbles Following Intravitreal Injections: A Comprehensive Analysis. Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 259(12), 3697–3702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-021-05302-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-021-05302-0
Nikolov, A., & Wasan, D. (2019). Air Bubble Bursting Phenomenon at the Air-Water Interface Monitored by the Piezoelectric-Acoustic Method. ADVANCES in Colloid and Interface Science, 272, 101998, ISSN 0001-8686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2019.101998
Nikolov, A., & Wasan, D. (2019). Air Bubble Bursting Phenomenon at the Air-Water Interface Monitored by the Piezoelectric-Acoustic Method. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 272, 101998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2019.101998 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2019.101998
Relimpio-López, M. I., & Garrido-Hermosilla, A. M. (2019). Intravitreal Air Bubble During Exoresection of an Iris-Ciliary Body Melanoma. Surgical Oncology, 29, 157–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2019.05.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2019.05.008
Sobolewski, P., Kandel, J., & Eckmann, D. M. (2012). Air Bubble Contact with Endothelial Cells Causes a Calcium-Independent Loss in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential. PLOS ONE, 7(10), e47254. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047254
Yang, D., & Kim, J. (2019). Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling and Metabolic Alterations in the Tumour Microenvironment. Cells, 8(3), 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8030275 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8030275
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Abraham A. Embi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
With the licence CC-BY, authors retain the copyright, allowing anyone to download, reuse, re-print, modify, distribute, and/or copy their contribution. The work must be properly attributed to its author.
It is not necessary to ask for further permission from the author or journal board.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
