SOCIO - ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF HUMAN - WILDLIFE CONFLICTS IN KIENI SUB -COUNTY, KENYA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v10.i9.2022.4793Keywords:
Hidden Costs, Human-Wildlife Conflicts, Kieni Sub-CountyAbstract [English]
Humans and wildlife share resources in natural habitats resulting to increased human-wildlife conflicts both in frequency and severity across the world. HWC are serious in where ecosystem services are shared between humans and wildlife animals, exceptionally around areas that are protected. The objective of the study was to investigate the socio-economic impacts of human-wildlife conflicts in Kieni Sub-County, Kenya. A descriptive survey design was used in this study. Data collection was done using questionnaires administered to 71 households that were selected using simple random sampling technique. Participant field observations, interview schedules together with focus group discussions were also used. Analysis of data was done by use of descriptive statistics in form of frequencies and percentages. Information gathered from key informants was analyzed thematically. Results of the study revealed that human-wildlife conflicts resulted to both social and economic consequences including safety among the local communities, livestock predation, disease transmission and damage of property. The study concludes that human-wildlife conflicts had a substantial social and economic impact on the local communities of Kieni Sub-County through loss of crops, loss of animals, loss of income as a result of disease control and treatment, human injuries and inconveniences while protecting both crops and livestock not to be attacked by the wild animals.
Downloads
References
Abra, F.D., Granziera, B.M., Huijser, M.P., Ferraz, K.M.P.M.D.B., Haddad, C.M., and Paolino, R.M., (2019). Pay or Prevent? Human Safety, Costs To Society And Legal Perspectives on Animal-Vehicle Collisions in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Plos One 14 (4), 0215-152. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215152
Barua, M., Bhagwat, S.A., and Jadhav, S. (2013). The Hidden Dimensions of Human-Wildlife Conflict : Health Impacts, Opportunity, and Transaction Costs. Biological Conservation. 15, 309-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.07.014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.07.014
Dai, Y., Hacker, C.E., Zhang, Y., Li, W., Li, J., Zhang, Y., and Li, D., (2019). Identifying The Risk Regions Of House Break-Ins Caused by Tibetan Brown Bears (Ursus Arctos Pruinosus) in the Sanjiangyuan Region, China. Ecol. Evol. 9 (24), 13979-13990. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5835. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5835
Drouilly, M., Kelly, C., Cristescu, B., Teichman, K.J., and O'rian, J.M., (2020). Investigating The Hidden Costs Of Livestock Guarding Dogs: A Case Study in Namaqualand, South Africa. J. Verterb Biol.200033. https://doi.org/10.25225/jvb.20033. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25225/jvb.20033
EcoPost (2020). Ecopost Estimate Calculator.
Huaping, L., Mojo, D., Fu, C., Wang, G., and Kanga, E. (2020). Patterns of Human-Wildlife Conflict and Management Implications in Kenya : A National Perspective. Hum. Dimens. Wildl. 25 (1). https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2019.1695984. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2019.1695984
IUCN-WCC (2020). Addressing Human-Wildlife Conflict: Fostering A Safe and Beneficial Coexistence of People and Wildlife, International Union For Conservation of Nature.
Kariuki, G. M. (2018). Typology of Human-Wildlife Conflicts Encountered by the Local Communities in Kieni West Sub-County, Kenya. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), 8(12), 160-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.8.12.2018.p8422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.8.12.2018.p8422
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2019). The 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census. Government of Kenya, Nairobi.
Kimega, G.M., (2003). Unresolved Human/Wildlife Conflict in Kenya : The Source of Misery and Poverty. Ecofiles. Lusaka, Zambia.
Kissui, B.M., Kiffner, C., Konig, H.J., and Montgomery, R.A., (2019). Patterns of Livestock Depredation and Cost-Effectiveness of Fortified Livestock Enclosures In Northern Tanzania. Ecol. Evol. 9, 11420-11433. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5644. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5644
Koech, G., (2021). Long Wait for Compensation after Wildlife Wreaks Havoc. In : The Star.
Korir, K., (2015). Farmers Count Losses As Wildlife Invade Farms.
Manoa, D.O., Mwaura, F., Thenya, T., and Mukhovi, S. (2020). Comparative Analysis of the Typology, Seasonality and Economic Cost of Human-Wildlife Conflict in Kajiado and Laikipia Counties, Kenya. East African Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation, 1 (4). https://doi.org/10.37425/eajsti.v1i4.188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37425/eajsti.v1i4.188
Manoa, D.O., and Mwaura,F., (2016). Predator-Proof Bomas as a Tool in Mitigating Human-Predator Conflict In Loitoktok Sub-County, Amboseli Region of Kenya. Nat. Res. Forum 7, 28-39. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2016.71003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2016.71003
Mariki, S. (2016). Social Impacts of Protected Areas on Gender in West Kilimanajro, Tanzania. Open J. Soc. Sci. 4, 220-235. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.43028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.43028
Mckee, S.C., Shwiff, S.A., and Anderson, A.M., (2021). Estimation of Wildlife Damage From Federal Crop Insurance Data. Pest Manag. Sci. 77 (1), 406-416. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6031
Mishra, C. (1997). Livestock Depredation by Large Carnivores in the Indian Trans Himalaya : Conflict Perceptions and Conservation Prospects. Environmental Conservation, 24(4), 338-343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892997000441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892997000441
Moalf. (2016). Climate Risk Profile for Nyeri. Kenya County Climate Risk Profile Series. The Kenya Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (Moalf), Nairobi, Kenya.
Murphy, C. (2007). Community-Based Crocodile Management.Travel News Namibia.
Musangi, L., (2020). In : Obuya, P. (Ed.), Villagers Fearful After Stray Lioness Kills Two Cows in Mwingi.
Musyoki, C. (2014). Crop Defense and Coping Strategies: Wildlife Raids in Mahiga "B" Village in Nyeri District, Kenya. African Stud. Monogr. 35 (1).
Namara, A. (2006). From Paternalism to Real Partnership With Local Communities ? Experiences from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda). https://doi.org/10.4314/AD.V31I2.
Nyamwaro, S. O., Murilla G.A., Mochabo, M.O.K. and Wanjala, K.B. (2006). Conflict Minimizing Strategies on Natural Resource Management and Use : The Case For Managing And Coping With Conflicts Between Wildlife and Agro-Pastoral Production Resources in Transmara District, Kenya. Policy Research Conference on Pastoralism and Poverty Reduction in East Africa, Nairobi.
Nyhus, P. J. (2016). Human-Wildlife Conflict and Coexistence. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 41, 143-171. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085634
Ogra, M., and Badola, R. (2008). Compensating Human-Wildlife Conflict in Protected Area Communities: Ground-Level Perspectives from Uttarakhand,India. Hum. Ecol. 36 (5), 717-729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-008-9189-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-008-9189-y
Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority (2019). Progress Report 2019.
Tjaronda, W. (2007). Namibia : Conservancies Suspend Compensation Schemes. New Era (Windhoek, Namibia).
Treves, A., Wallace, R.B., and White, S. (2009). Participatory Planning of Interventions to Mitigate Human-Wildlife Conflicts. Conserv. Biol. 23 (6), 1577-1587. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01242.x
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Godhard Muiruri Kariuki
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
With the licence CC-BY, authors retain the copyright, allowing anyone to download, reuse, re-print, modify, distribute, and/or copy their contribution. The work must be properly attributed to its author.
It is not necessary to ask for further permission from the author or journal board.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.