Article Type: Research Article Article Citation: Ubi Stanley
Emmanuel. (2021). EFFECT OF REPLACING SHARP SAND WITH STONE DUST AS FINE
AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE. International Journal of Engineering Science
Technologies, 5(2), 105-123 . https://doi.org/10.29121/IJOEST.v5.i2.2021.176 Received Date: 25 March 2021 Accepted Date: 19 April 2021 Keywords: Stone Dust Concrete River Slump Concrete is very variable material, having a wide range of strengths and stress-strain curve. Concrete composite material whose basic properties are related to the characteristic of constituent element, especially the aggregate. This research aimed to investigate the effect of replacing sharp sand with stone dust as an alternative to only river sand. Sieve analysis was carried out on the aggregate to determine the size of particle distribution. Slump test was carried out to compare the batches of concrete for the grade, water content between batches of concrete and amount of aggregate. Compressive strength test was carried out on concrete cubes made from sharp sand and concrete cubes made from replacement of sharp sand with stone dust also concrete made from ordinary stone dust at constant of free water/cement ratio 0.5. To check the properties of concrete produced with different materials, the tests were done for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The result obtained indicated that the strength of using sharp sand with stone dust in concrete production was higher than the strength of stone dust in concrete also higher than the strength of using sharp sand in concrete.
1. INTRODUCTIONConcrete has been considered
to be very durable material requiring a little or no maintenance. The
assumption is largely true, except when it is subjected to highly
aggressive environments. Concrete structures are built in highly
polluted urban and industrial areas, aggressive marine environments, harmful
sub-soil water in coastal area and many other hostile conditions where other
materials of construction are found to be non-durable (Agbede 2002., Ducatz
1995 and Ubi et al. 2020). For the past decades concrete structures have spread
to highly harsh and hostile conditions, the earlier impression that concrete is
a very durable material is being threatened,
particularly on account of premature failure of number of structures in the
recent past. Concrete is the most extensively used man made structural
material. It is the product of chemical reaction between cement, sharp sand
(fine aggregate), coarse aggregate and water (Fowler and Constantino 1997). The
aggregate may make up to three quarters of the volume of concrete. The most
durable properties of concrete are workability, high compressive strength and aesthetics. These properties are to a large
degree determined by types of material used in concrete mix, especially the
type and the size of aggregate. Sharp sand has been used as fine aggregate in
concrete work for many years now (Nagaraji and Zahida, 1999). This is because
it readily available and there has been no substitute for material. From the
confined usefulness of concrete, there exist some proportion of limitations on
the use of sharp sand with stone dust as a possible replacement for sharp sand
in concrete, this is very important in view of the
engineering consideration. Environmental and economic problems arising from
increasing volume of stone dust accumulating and taking up space in quarry site
(Owoiabi 1996). The problems of environmental degradation caused by the
continuous exploitation of sand from marina sources. Hence, this paper sought
to investigate the effect of replacing sharp sand with stone dust as fine
aggregate in concrete. Rao et al (2002) investigated the effect of replacing
sharp sand with stone dust in concrete. The tests showed strength in
compression at 3 - 7 and 28 days and also strength in
split tension and flexure for 7 and 28 days. The test result showed that
concrete with sharp sand as fine aggregate develop a strength of 28mpa on the
28th day while quarry concrete at the same age developed a strength of 32.8mpa
indicating a 17% more compressive strength of the stone dust over the sharp and
concrete (Prakash and Kumar 2004). In addition, the stone dust concrete had 7%
more split tensile strength and 20% flexural strength (modules of mixture) than
the concrete produce using sharp sand (Pofale and Kulkarni 1998). The result
also shown that under two point loading condition,
concrete with stone dust carried 6% more load and developed smaller deflections
and strains than concrete, with sharp sand with stone dust. Based on the
foregoing, Rao et al (2002), of reducing the cost of concrete by 20%. However,
the internet has also provided many experimental facts regarding the use of
quarry in concrete works reflecting the large amount of academic and industrial
researches in this area. The purpose of this study
research is to ascertain the current state of knowledge concerning the use of
stone dust in concrete and most importantly to determine the structural and
cost implication of replacing sharp sand with stone dust in concrete work and
present the information in a form that would be easily understood and accessed
by the student and the professional in the Civil Engineering Industry alike. 2.
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
The various materials and methods used for the
research paper were adopted based on the British Standard (BS). The following
materials were used: ordinary Portland cement (type 1), Fine aggregates (Sharp
sand and stone dust), crushed aggregates, Sea water. 2.1. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES
The grade of concrete used for the experimental
project are grade 20N/mm2 and 25N/mm2. The mix design
used of various grade and materials were based on weight and not on volume.
Firstly, the cubes produced by sharp sand help to control the case of 20N/mm2
and 25N/mm2. Second round, the replacement of a sharp sand with
stone dust as find aggregate in concrete. Thirdly, stone dust used to produce
concrete cubes. 2.2. CURING
The purpose of curing was to control
temperature and moisture into concrete, which has helped in keeping the
concrete saturated as possible until the originally filled space in the fresh
cement paste is occupied to the desired product of hydrated cement. 2.3. LABORATORY TEST
Variation test were carried out in the
laboratory and this includes: 2.4. SLUMP TEST
Slump test is the most
commonly used method of measuring consistency of concrete which can be
employed in laboratory or construction site. The slump test is not a suitable
method for very wet or very dry concrete. It does not measure all factors
contributing to workability. However, it is used conveniently as a control test
and gives an indication of the uniformity of concrete from batch to batch. Repeated batches of the same mix, brought to
the same slump, will have the same water content and water cement ratio,
provided the weights of the aggregate, cement and admixtures are uniform and
aggregate grading is within acceptable limits. Additional information on
workability and quality of concrete can be obtained by observing the manner in which concrete slump. Quality of concrete can also
be further assessed by giving a few tapings or blows by tampering rod to the
based plate. The deformation shows the characteristics of concrete with respect
to tendency for segregation. The slump test gives fairly good
consistent results for a plastic-mix. This test is not sensitive for a
stiff-mix, in case of dry-mix, no variation can be detected between mixes of
different workability. In the case of rich mixes, the value is often
satisfactory, their slump being sensitive to variation in workability. IS 456
of 2000 suggests that in the “very low” category of workability where strict
control is necessary for workability by determination of compacting factor will
be more appropriate than slump and a value of 0.75 to 0.80 compacting factor is
suggested. The bureau of Indian standards, in the past, generally adopted
compacting fact or test values for denoting workability. Even in the IS 10262
of 1982 dealing with recommended guide lines for
concrete mix design, adopted compacting factor for denoting workability. But
now in the revision of IS 456 to 2000 the code has reverted
back to slump value to denote the workability rather than compacting
factor. It shows that slump test has more practical utility than the other test
for workability. 2.5. SIEVE ANALYSIS
Sieve analysis involved dividing a sample of
aggregate into various fractions, each consisting of particles of the sample
size. Sieve analysis was conducted to determine the particle size distribution
in a sample of aggregate, which we call gradation. A convenient system of
expressing the gradation of aggregate is one which the consecutive sieve
openings are constantly doubled such as 10mm, 20mm, 40mm etc. under such a
system, employing a logarithmic scale, lines can be spaced at equal intervals
to represent the successive sizes. The aim of this test was to determine the
range of particular size of aggregate to obtain the
particle size, in each aggregate sieve analysis was carried out according to
the specification in the British standard using BS 410 sieves, to know the
grading for the various aggregate. The retained material in each sieve was
weighed and expressed as a percentage by weight of the sample passing each of
the sieves. 2.6. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
About twelve cube of
150 by 150mm were subjected to compressive strength test to determine their
strengths for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, three cubes were crushing at the age of
each day. The cube was weighed to determine the densities after weighing. The
cubes were placed on the lower steel platen of the compression test machine.
Compressive load was then applied at a constant rate until the sample failed
for the recording according to the gauge reading at its failure point. 2.7. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
This is the process of selecting suitable
ingredient of concrete and determining their relative quantities with the
purpose of providing an economical concrete which has certain minimum
properties notably workability, strength and
durability. The method used in the various mixes was British mix design. The
design for the strength of 28 days of 20N/mm2 and mm2 using ordinary Portland
cement with fine aggregate and coarse aggregates. 340kg/mm2 for
grade 20 and 360kg/mm2 for grade 25 was cement content and the ratio
of water applied in concrete production remained 0.05. 3.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
3.1. SIEVE ANALYSIS
3.1.1. SHARP SAND Particle size distribution for the sharp sand
is in the percentage shown and is presented in Table 1 and figure 1 indicating
the weight at 375g: Fine - 5% Medium sand - 85% Coarse sand - 8% Fine gravel - 2% Uniformity coefficient Uniform distribution Table 1: Sieve analysis result for sharp sand
total weight = 375g
Figure 1: Sieve analysis of sharp sand 3.2. STONE DUST
Particle size distribution for the stone dust
in percentage shown in Table 2 and figure 2 with an aggregates
of 298g; Fine - 510 Medium sand - 54% Coarse sand - 26% Fine gravel - 10% Uniformity coefficient The particle are well
grade sand with small proportion of the gravel. Table 2: Sieve analysis of stone dust aggregates total
weight – 298g
Figure 2: Sieve analysis of stone dust Coarse aggregate Particle size distribution shown; Fine - 8% Medium sand - 8% Coarse sand - 7% Fine gravel - 32% Medium - 45% Uniformity coefficient The particle is well grade sand with small
proportion of the gravel as indicated in Table 3 and figure 3 with a total
coarse aggregate of 1794.2G. Table 3: Sieve analysis result for coarse
aggregate total weight = 1794.2G
Figure 3: Sieve analysis for coarse aggregate The British mix design method explicitly
recognizes the durability requirement in the mix section. The method is
applicable to normal weight of concrete made from Portland cement only. From
the results obtained in Table 1-3 and figure 1 to 3 of the sieve analysis test,
it is was observed that the cost of producing concrete
with sharp and stone dust is almost the same. Though this title is different,
can make a great deal of change in the overall cost when very
large volume of concrete is required. If the site of quarry dust and if
you can get the river sand close to the construction site, the price will be
less. Hence, the cost of producing concrete with sharp sand with stone dust
together is higher than that of river sand only. 3.3. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULT
The strength developed by a concrete made with
given material and in a given proportion increase for
many months under favorable condition, but most specification put the strength
at 28 days. The strength development of concrete made with all types of
Portland cement depend on temperature and humidity. The strength of river sand
(C20) stone dust (SDC20) and replacement of C20 with SDC 20 concrete at 7 days,
14 days, 21 days and 28 days are adequately presented
in Table 4-11 respectively. Table 4: Strength of river sand (c20) stone
dust (sdc20) and replacement of C20 with SDC 20 concrete 7 day C20
Table 5: Strength of river sand) (C25) stone dust
(SDC25) and replacement of c25 with SDC 25 concrete at 7 day
Table 6: Strength of river sand (C20) stone dust
(SDC20) and replacement of c20 with SDC concrete 14 day
Table 7: Strength of river sand (C25) stone dust
(SDC25) and replacement of c25 with SDC 25 concreted at- 14 day
Table 8: Strength of river sand (C20) stone dust
(SDC20) and replacement of C20 with SDC concrete 21 day
Table 9: Strength of river sand (C25) stone dust
(SDC25) and replacement of C25 with SDC 25 concrete at 21 day
Table 10: Strength of river sand
(C20) stone dust (SDC20) and replacement of C20 with SDC 20 concrete 28 day
Table 11: Strength of river sand (C25) stone
dust (SDC25) and replacement of C25 with SDC 25 concrete at 28day
3.4. DENSITY OF THE CONCRETE CUBES
This can be expressed as the ration of weight
to volume in mathematical form. This is the factor that affect the strength of
concrete. The higher the density the higher the compressive strength, as
indicated in Table 12. Stone dust has normal weight because their
densities are comparable to that of sharp sand concrete according to Neville
(2003) ranges from 2200 to 260Qkg/m2. The result obtained was that
density of quarry dust higher than that of sharp sand. Table 12: The average density and strength
for C20
Figure 4: Average density for C20 Table 13: The average density and strength
for C25
Figure 5: Average density for C25 Table 14: The average strength for C20
Figure 6: Average strength for C20 Table 15: The average strength for C25
Figure 7: Average strength for C25 3.5. STANDARD DEVIATION
The account of the deviation of every value
from the distribution has been taking by using the standard deviation. The
value which is higher shown that there was a high level of consistencies during
the laboratory work. Standard deviation (SD) = Where xi = x1, x2, x3,
the value of the compressive strength for the cube produced. x = mean of number of value
n =
Total number of value The standard deviation for the various mixes
designed are to be calculated at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days to know the strength. For C2O at 7 days curing strength For SDC2O 7 days strength =0.105n/MM For C20 at 14 days 1 strength For C2O at 14 days 1 strength For SOCO20 at 14 days strength For X20 with SDC2O at 14
days strength SD2 (19.50 – 19.17)2 =
+ (18.56 – 19.17)2 + (19.47 – 19.17)2 0.19N/mm2 For C20 at 21 days strength For SDC2O 21 days strength For C20 at 14 days 1 strength For C2O with SDC20 21
days strength For C20 at 28 days strength For sdc25 at 7 days strength For C25 with SOC25 at 27 days strength For C25 at 14 days strength For SDC25 at 14 days strength For C25 with SDC25 at 14 days strength For C25 at 21 days strength For SDC25 at 21 days strength For C25 with SOC25 at 21 days strength For x25 at 28 days strength For SDC25 at 28 days strength For C25 with SDC25 at 14 days strength For C25 with SDC25 at 28 days strength 3.6. TARGET MEAN STRENGTH
Variation of concrete in production, is the
amount by which the produced concrete strength is greater than the
characteristic strength. Margin for design takes care of the variation of
concrete, in production, it is the amount by which the produced concrete
strength is greater than the characteristic strength. From the results shown in
Table 16 and figure 8, comparative analysis of the concrete produced replacing
stone dust with sharp sand in each case was examined. The formula used are: FM = fe + Ks where Fm = the target mean strength Fe = specified characteristic strength Ks = the margin, which is the product of S = standard deviation and K = a constant The K is device from the mathematics of the
normal distribution and increase as the proportion of detective is decrease
thus: K for = For 10 percentage defective
= 1.28 K for 5 percentage defective
= 1.64 K for M percentage defective = 2.33. A value of 5% defective is however, permitted
in cp 110, 1985 for instance; the target mean strength of gate 20 concrete is
Fm = fe + ks = 20+ (1.64 x 8) = 33N/mm2. Table 16: Target mean strength
Target mean, strength
Figure 8: Target mean strength gradient 4.
CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION
From the research work carried out on the effect
of replacing sharp sand with stone dust in concrete work, many inferences have
been deduced from the results of the investigation, some of the conclusion
based on this investigation are summarized thus: 1)
If
the proper design procedures are followed, stones dust as fine aggregate does
not have any detrimental effect on the overall properties of concrete, rather
it helps to improve on the properties, if sharp sand could be added with stone
dust it will help the concrete to be detrimental. 2)
Sharp
sand with stone dust concrete develop 6 -12% more
compressive strength than sharp sand (fine aggregate) while stone dust concrete
develops 6 - 14% more compressive strength also than river sand, it attains
higher strength at early age than sharp sand concrete. 3)
The
cost implication replacing stone dust with sharp sand in concrete is
within the acceptable
margin of price differentials. Economical to consider
replacing sharp sand with stone dust for use when a cheaper means of transportation
is devised or the construction site is closer to the
site were the material can be obtained. 4)
Concrete
with replacement requires more water than river sand concrete that's why it's develops higher strength. In this case, when
replacing sharp sand with stone dust, in concrete, you must know that enough
water is supplied to the concrete. 4.1. RECOMMENDATION
In view of the foregoing engineering advantages
of replacing sharp sand with stone dust in concrete, the following
recommendations are presented to stakeholders: 1)
In
construction industry professionals should come up with more information
regarding the replacing of sharp sand with stone dust in concrete by investing
in research into replacing and how it can be used to obtain concrete with must
higher strength than that form river sand or that of stone dust 2)
Government
should make the transportation section more efficient so as
to reduce the cost of transporting good and materials for construction
and other constitutions of concrete from one place to another. 3)
Awareness
campaigns should be organized by professional in Civil Engineering way of
seminar and workshop to enlighten the general public
on the cost and strength consideration for replacing sharp sand with stone dust
in concrete work, by so doing more and more people will come to embrace the
replacing of sharp sand with stone dust instead of using only sharp sand in the
construction site they will use both the sharp sand with stone dust. By so
doing stone dust will give more strength together with the strength of river
sand and the strength will be higher than that of sharp sand only. For that,
many people will like to use both the sharp and with
stone dust for the construction of their own structures. SOURCES OF FUNDINGThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. CONFLICT OF INTERESTThe author have declared that no competing interests exist. ACKNOWLEDGMENTNone. REFERENCES[1] Agbede, A. J. (2002) Suitability of Quarry Dust as Partial Replacement for sand in Hollow Block, Nse Technical Journal, Vol. 46, No., pp22 -28. [2] British Standard Institution BS 882, Part 2: 1973. Coarse and Fine aggregate from National Sources, London. [3] Ducatz, E. L. (1995) Effective use of Aggregate Fine ICAR 3rd Annual Symposium. [4] Fowler, D. W. and Constantino, G. A. (1997) International Research on Firms in Concrete, ICAR 5th Annual Symposium. [5] Nagaraji, T. S. and Zahida B. (1999), Efficient Utilization of Rock Dust and Pebbles as Aggregate in Portland Cement Concrete, The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol 70, No. 1, pp 1-4. [6] Neville, A. M. (2003). Properties of Concrete 4thEdn. Pearson Education. [7] Owoiabi, A. O. (1996), Use of Locally Available Fine and Coarse aggregate, Using Laterite as an Admixture, Nse Technical Journal, Vol. No. 5, pp. 45 -47. [8] Pofale, A. D. and Kulkarni, S. S. (1998) Comparative Study of Strength Properties of Concrete Mixes with Natural Sand replaced fully or partially be crushes stone powder (Basalt) from aggregate crushing waste, National Seminar on Advances on special concretes, Indian Concrete institute, Bang, Love, Indian, pp 227 -240. [9] Prakash, D. S. and Kumar, V. C. (2004), Investigations on Concrete using Stone waste as fine Aggregate for Concrete. The Indian concrete Journal, Vol. 7p. 45 - 49. [10] Ubi S. E., Nkra P.O., Agbor R.B., Ewa D.E. and Nuchal M (2020). Efficacy of basalt and granite as coarse aggregate in concrete mixture, International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research, 7(9): 1-9.
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