OVERVIEW OF THE MALAYSIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Construction industries, which are considered as the main stimulant to the Malaysian economy, are one of the industries that generate wealth and the growth of the country's society and economies. In Malaysia, there were many kinds of industries generating economic wealth for the nation. However, construction industries have a significant impact on the nation's economies (Ismayana & Adeleke, 2020). In addition, several Malaysian companies have also been active in the construction sector, providing economic strength linked to the construction industry, providing employment for construction projects and also building infrastructure that is crucial to keeping the nation moving forward. Nevertheless, since it is risky and also one of the most profitable industries in the world, the construction industry is one of the most demanding industries. In addition, according to the Department of Statistics Malaysia (2019), as reported by the Malaysian construction sector, the value of construction work performed in the fourth quarter of 2018 was RM 36.5 billion.

Moreover, 4.8% of Malaysia's overall economic output in 2018 led to the GDP of civil engineering and advanced construction industries. (Stats Department, Malaysia). The Gross Domestic Product for construction in Malaysia is expected to be RM14727 million by the end of the last quarter of 2019, according to Trading Economics, the worldwide macro models and analytics expectations (Rahman & Adeleke, 2018). In addition, the construction sector in Malaysia is one of the top 5 industries with a direct contribution to Malaysia's economic growth. The construction industry was fourth in 2018, 4.8% behind the services sector, which contributed 54.8%, the manufacturing sector, which accounted for 22.8%, and the agriculture sector, which contributed 7.6% to Malaysia's economic results (Department of Statistics, Malaysia, 2019). In fact, the construction industry is divided into two non-residential (including three heavy manufacturing, institutional and commercial engineering sub-sectors) and residential sectors.

Environmental Waste Management (EWM, 2006) reiterated that the process for waste management consists of the reduction of materials during the design and planning phases, the reduction of scrap and waste at the construction site, the reuse of materials on-site and the recycling of unusable materials. The principles of creative waste management strategies incorporate routines and potential solutions for conventional construction approaches, construction methods and waste disposal alternatives, and their costs and advantages are also used to tackle the project.

ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE

Organizational culture is the particular arrangement of mechanisms that an organization follows when coping with different organizational challenges, jointly created by people in the organization (Schein, 2009), (Hofstede, Hofstede, & Micheal, 2010). Organizational culture could be described as a framework of common principles and values that offers people expectations for organizational behavior (Deshpande & Webster, 1989). The fundamental and widely shared problems (Hofstede et al., 2010), conundrums (Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner, 2000), or inconsistencies (Quinn, 1988) that all individuals or organizations have to contend with are embedded in the organizational culture. It is possible to manage and deliberately change organizational culture or aspects of it i.e. administrators can use culture as a leadership device (Peters & Waterman, 1982). Culture is a developed trait that is distinct from an individual's essential principles and personalities (Hofstede et al., 2010). Therefore, when modifying an organization's culture, we resolve issues of knowledge management, i.e. the mutual training of a particular entity (Vijayakumar & Padma, 2014). In developing, gaining, and transmitting information, as well as changing actions to demonstrate new learning experiences, organizations that have built a strong learning culture are successful (Huber, 1991), (Garvin, 1996), (Škerlavaj & Al, 2007).

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This research is performed with specifically described variables that are dependent and independent variables using the stated model. The independent variables are the formalization structure and centralization structure, and the dependent variable is the construction waste management structure (recycling). Thus, the structure illustrates the relationship between these variables. Therefore, the relationship between the formalization and centralization structure is deeply related to the role of organizational structure on construction waste management among Kuantan Malaysian Construction Industries.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORMALIZATION STRUCTURE AND CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT (RECYCLING)

According to Martin (2009), formalization is the degree to which rules and procedures are observed in an organization. The aspect differs dramatically across different organizations. For example, in every organization, arrival and departure times to and from work are defined by the minute, with time clocks used to monitor and degenerate behavior (Naoum et al., 2015). It is known in various organizations that workers would spend sufficient time on the job to do the work. Most behaviors are covered by rules and procedures in a few organizations, while in others, individuals are free to exercise their judgment. In their studies, Jaworski&Kholi (1993) defined formalization as the degree to which the organization defines laws, punishments, authority, relationships, and responsibilities, line of communications, norms and procedure. Fundamentally, it can be seen as a way to uphold the norms and guidelines that direct workers when achieving the objectives of the company (Auh and Menguc. 2007). In this report, (Pertusa-Ortega, Zaragoza-Sáez, & Claver-Cortés, 2010) asserted that formalization is the degree to which decision-making and working relationships in construction waste management organizations are governed by formal rules and standard policies and procedures. Based on the above discourse, it is hypothesized that;

Hypothesis 1: Formalization structure positively and significantly influence construction waste management

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CENTRALIZATION STRUCTURE AND CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT (RECYCLING

It is said that centralization is the mechanism by which an organization's operations, mostly those related to planning and decision making, are centralized into a single place or community (Pertusa-Ortega et al., 2010). Centralization is the intersection of an entity of power, decision making, and contract periods. In a centralized organization, or on the basis of pre-set policies, the top executives make decisions. These decisions or regulations are then followed by other levels of the company after the control is gradually extended until its base level is reached (Pertusa-Ortega et al., 2010). Centralization was characterized by (Martin & Miller, 1991) as the point at which marketing planning and decision-making activities are concentrated in a few positions. In the view of the construction waste management company, a centralized structure restricts the decision-making authority of the manager and the ultimate decision-making power lies under the jurisdiction of the chief executive officers (CEOs) or directors. Therefore, we hypothesized that;

Hypothesis 2: There is a significant relationship between centralization structure and construction waste management

INSTRUMENT DESIGN

The method of data collection used in this study is questionnaires to collect the respondent's data in order to gain more information. Questionnaires are a helpful choice to consider when performing a formal survey that involves the kinds of surveys used for the data collection for this survey, including a mix of online surveys, email-based surveys, and self-administered surveys. (Nigel Mathers et al., 2006). SPSS was used to analyze the data for descriptive analysis of the demographic characteristics of the respondent, including position, year of life, gender, prime location of the company, owners of the company, job experience, number of full-time employees and ownership of the company. To evaluate the data for the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, SmartPLS version 3.0 was also used. In addition, the five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3 (neutral), 4 (agree) and 5 (strongly agree) was also used to measure the independent and dependent variable elements in order to obtain the respondents' input. The questionnaire items were adapted from Kamaruddeen (2011) and were all in English.

DATA COLLECTION AND SAMPLE

107 sets of questionnaires were distributed to the construction companies in Kuantan, Pahang. Table 1 shows a summary of the demographic characteristics of respondents for this study (Kanimoli, Adeleke, & Taiwo, 2020). 

MEASUREMENT MODEL

The measurement model and the outer model were evaluated via the partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach before testing the hypothesis. The model of this research with the structural dimensions below is shown inFigure 2 .

Convergent validity is defined to be the degree to which a set of variables converges in order to calculate a particular term. In order to ensure that the construct validity is associated, convergent validity is an essential part of validity. Therefore, three parameters were all calculated at once to evaluate the convergent analysis especially the factor loadings, composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE). Moreover, all loading items were checked, which is appropriate for all items. Then, following the literature of the multivariate method, its values need to be more than 0.5. In addition, the other criterion for testing convergent validity is composite reliability (CR). (Sabodin & Adeleke, 2018).

Discriminant validity is necessary for the construct validity of the outer model. Before the hypothesis is investigated through path analysis, the discriminant validity is mandatory to be checked. The assessment showed that the degree to which products vary between constructs differs. Then the discriminant validity showed that various structures used by objects do not overlap. As shown in Table 3 , the diagonal elements of the correlation matrix were replaced with the square root of AVE for all constructs. Therefore, where the diagonal elements in the table were greater than the other elements in the column and row where they are placed, the discriminant validity of the outer model for this research was confirmed. From the above testing for the construct validity of the outer model, it is assumed that the hypothesis test results obtained should be highly reliable and accurate. (Ismayana et al., 2020). 

In this analysis, bootstrapping techniques are embedded with SmartPLS 3 to infer whether or not the path coefficients are statistically significant. The T-values were calculated for each path coefficient using the bootstrapping technique, as stated in Table 7 , and the P-values were subsequently generated. As suggested in Hypothesis 1, the findings indicate that there is a strong relationship between these CS-R variables (β = 0.449, t = 5.071, P-Values = 0.000). Hypothesis 2 was also supported which shows that there is a significant relationship between centralization structure and recycling effectiveness with FS – R (β = 0.288, t = 2.973, P-Values = 0.002). So, both variables have a significant relationship on construction waste management among Kuantan, Pahang Malaysian construction industries (Samsudin, Adeleke, & Ajibike, 2020), (Jamil & Adeleke, 2018).  

R² values showing the endogenous variable contribution of exogenous variables were also assessed. The R² values is 0.486.

For multiple independent variables, f² was carried out on a dependent variable, which is used to test the changes in R² in an effort to understand whether or not of particular independent latent construct and dependent latent construct has a practical impact (Cohen 1988).

In particular, the Q² statistic of 0.27 was confirmed in the results. The predictive validity of the model is defined for the endogenous latent variable of this analysis, which is greater than zero.

THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS

Theoretically, this study has implications on filling the knowledge vacuum between organizational culture constructs i.e. formalization and centralization on sustainable construction management. . Many similar studies have been carried out to show that the position of the organizational structure has an impact on the management of construction waste, thereby providing better or true results. This research was also applied to parties interested in the construction industry to assess the reliability of the IV's and DV's in this study, which will enhance the academic stability of the study. In addition, because of the lack of research among employees employed at one of the companies in the industry in Malaysia, this study would be worthy and contribute value to the academic world.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS

The study on construction waste management is not only important to the academic world, but also to the employer in every construction industry who needs the management of waste. To promote the successful adoption of sustainability, managers are expected to consider the principles and customs emphasized in their organizations. Furthermore, appropriate organizational culture and leadership help to increase the performance of the company. Similarly, the most critical feature of the construction industry in recent years has been positive performance in improving the management of construction waste in the construction industry. Moreover, it can also assist the industry to optimize its profit goals. In order to set up a waste management plan, parties in the construction industry may use the data found in this study. The contribution made by this research is both theoretical and practical, where the theoretical contribution to this study is the incorporation of existing literature on formalization and construction waste management, centralization and construction waste.