International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH

THE DECLINE OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE AND TRADITIONAL INDUSTRIES DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

2026-01-31T05:40:13+00:00

This research paper critically analyzes the process and causes of the decline of two main pillars of the Indian economy – agriculture and traditional handicrafts – under British colonial rule. The primary focus of the research is to examine how the economic policies of the East India Company and later the British Crown transformed India's centuries-old self-sufficient rural economy into a 'colonial dependent economy'.
In the context of agriculture, this paper highlights the adverse effects of new land revenue systems (such as the Permanent Settlement and the Ryotwari system) and the forced commercialization of agriculture, which pushed farmers into debt and famine. On the other hand, in the realm of traditional industries, this research examines the process of 'deindustrialization,' where competition from British machine-made goods and discriminatory tariff policies destroyed the Indian textile and metal industries. The study's findings suggest that this decline of agriculture and industries was not merely an economic transformation but a systematic process of 'drain of wealth' that created structural distortions in the Indian socio-economic fabric. Based on primary and secondary historical sources, this research argues that colonial policies laid the foundation for modern Indian economic backwardness.

A STUDY ON EFFECTS OF STRUCTURED TRAINING INTERVENTIONS ON INJURY RECOVERY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL READINESS IN COMPETITIVE BOXING

2026-01-31T05:39:23+00:00

Boxing is one of the most physically dangerous and psychologically complex sports, where high-impact hits and high rates of repetitive contact are obligatory, physiological loads and constant cognitive-emotional control during the competition are characterized as stressful factors. Boxers at both state and university level in India are prone to injury that interrupts continuity in training, performance patterns, and psychological upkeep. Despite the growing interest in boxing among Indian universities and state academies, there is a lack of empirical research conducted to investigate the concept of injury recovery as a physical and psychological process. In this research, the impact of the structured training interventions on the recovery of physical injuries and changes in psychology of the competent boxers on the state and university level in Rajasthan are studied. The research has a mixed-method research design based on the biopsychosocial model of sport injury, self-efficacy theory, and cognitive appraisal frameworks. Twelve teams of boxers were investigated to obtain quantitative data on recovery time in injuries, competitive anxiety, confidence, and mental strength with the help of standardized measures, and qualitative interviews were carried out to add some context to the data. The statistical tests were one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), repeated-measures ANOVA and multiple regression modelling to analyse differences between groups and changes with time and predictive relationships. The results indicate that psychologically informed training interventions, which are structured, help tremendously in decreasing time to recover the injuries, reducing the competition anxiety, and increasing the confidence and mental strength. The mediating factor of physical recovery and competitive readiness was found to be confidence. The paper will conclude by finding that injury recovery in boxing is not a strictly physiological process but a psychologically and socially entrenched process that is dependent on training settings, coaching actions, and institutional reinforcement. The paper supports the need to change the paradigm of the Indian boxing training systems to integrated and athlete-focused recovery models.

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AS A DRIVER OF INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT IN NORTH-EAST INDIA: A STUDY ALIGNED WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

2026-01-31T05:39:22+00:00

North-East India is bestowed with rich natural and cultural resources but remains characterized by intra-regional socio-economic disparities. For this region, sustainable tourism, including ecotourism and community-based cultural tourism, has been considered as a high-potential strategy for stimulating inclusive growth, preserving heritage, and empowering local communities. This paper indicates how sustainable tourism development in the North-Eastern Region can contribute to reducing regional, income, and social inequalities in tune with the SDGs, specially Goals 8 (Decent Work and Growth), 10 (Reduced Inequality), 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and 13 (Climate Action). The literature indicates that ecoand cultural tourism are able to generate employment and income in remote areas, uplift tribal and agrarian communities, and finance conservation-all of which are supportive of the SDG targets. Community-based models ensure that economic benefits accrue to the local people and that cultural and ecological integrity are maintained. However, gaps in infrastructure-cutting across roads and air connectivity-coordination issues among states, and deficiencies in policy thwart the full potential of tourism. We have also found that an integrated strategy is required for strengthening public–private partnerships, training local entrepreneurs, and promoting policies on sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism in the North-East, when aligned with SDG priorities, can be a strong lever for “leaving no one behind” through decent jobs, supporting women and youth, and protecting the environment.

BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE IN CURRICULUM DELIVERY: ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY AVAILABILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY ON TEACHING AND LEARNING

2026-01-31T05:39:20+00:00

The study assessed the influence of educational technology on teaching and learning in basic schools in the Oti Region, with focus on availability, accessibility, and implementation challenges. Guided by the Technology Acceptance Model and Digital Divide theories, the study employed a concurrent mixed-methods approach. Data were collected from 231 respondents using structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The respondents included 50 teachers, 25 head teachers, 150 students, 5 district education officers, and one regional official. The findings revealed a significant lack of ICT resources, especially in rural schools. Although some urban basic schools had a limited number of computers, they lacked internet access and adequate teacher training, which hindered effective integration of technology into teaching. It concluded that despite these challenges, both teachers and students recognized the potential of ICT to enhance engagement and improve learning outcomes and improvement on availability, accessibility and usage would improve curriculum delivery in the Oti Region. The study therefore recommends increased investment in ICT infrastructure, the training of ICT professionals for basic schools, and policy reforms by the Ghana Education Service to promote digital learning in the Oti Region.

NEURAL INSIGHT EXTRACTION FRAMEWORK FOR PERSONALIZED COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT

2026-01-31T05:39:19+00:00

In the age of artificial intelligence, there is a growing need for smart, adaptive, and privacy-focused systems that can evaluate human cognition more accurately and personally. Traditional assessment methods depend on standardized tests and manual grading, often overlooking creativity, reasoning depth, and emotional understanding. The proposed Neural Insight Extraction Framework for Personalized Cognitive Assessment combines Natural Language Processing (NLP), Machine Learning (ML), and Neural Networks to analyze handwritten and digital responses in real time. Using Optical Recognition Systems (ORS), it evaluates cognitive domains such as comprehension, reasoning, memory, and analytical ability through lexical and contextual understanding. A key feature of the system is its adaptive intelligence, which adjusts question difficulty based on each user’s performance, providing a personalized cognitive profile. Unlike many existing AI tools, it operates fully offline—ensuring data privacy, security, and accessibility even in low-connectivity areas. Experimental results show a 94.7% accuracy in cognitive classification and a 97.5% correlation with established psychometric standards. The system also generates detailed analytical reports highlighting individual strengths and weaknesses, supporting educators and researchers in personalized training and evaluation. Future development will include multilingual support, LMS integration, and multimodal analysis (speech, emotion, and behavior) to deliver deeper insights into human cognition and learning.

NOMINAL IMMISERIZING GROWTH: TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS, DEFLATION, AND FOREIGN CURRENCY ACCUMULATION

2026-01-31T05:39:18+00:00

This paper develops a simple domestic macroeconomic model to examine how technological progress can generate immiserizing growth in nominal terms. While productivity improvements typically raise real output, the model shows that technological progress may sharply reduce prices when the price elasticity of demand is sufficiently low. As a result, the GDP deflator declines and nominal GDP falls over time despite continuous growth in real output. The analysis further demonstrates that declining nominal income leads to an expansion of foreign currency transactions, as domestic expenditure on goods decreases. By explicitly focusing on nominal GDP and price dynamics rather than real output alone, this paper provides a new interpretation of immiserizing growth and highlights an overlooked channel linking technological progress, deflation, and foreign currency accumulation.

IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE ON TEACHERS’ JOB SATISFACTION IN PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOL

2026-01-31T05:39:16+00:00

Job satisfaction of teachers plays a key role in ensuring instructional quality, teacher retention, and overall school effectiveness. In current years, organizational climate has appeared as an important factor of teachers’ professional experiences, mainly in private secondary schools where accountability burdens, performance expectations, and contractual obligations are often intense. This paper presents a conceptual analysis of the organizational climate and teachers’ job satisfaction in private secondary schools. Drawing on a wide review of national and international literature, the study synthesizes key dimensions of organizational climate like leadership style, administrative support, reward systems, working conditions, policy clarity, collegial relations, and resource availability and examines their impact on job satisfaction of teachers. The paper is grounded in established theoretical frameworks such as Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Social Exchange Theory, and Self-Efficacy Theory, to explain the mechanisms through which organizational climate shapes teachers’ attitudes and professional commitment. The analysis highlights that a supportive and participative organizational climate enhances teachers’ motivation, psychological well-being, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction, whereas a negative climate contributes to stress, dissatisfaction, and turnover. The study present conceptual understandings and practical suggestions for school leaders and policymakers to foster positive organizational climates that encourage teacher satisfaction and effective school performance.

SCOPE OF NEP 2020, NCF-FS 2022, AND NCF-SE 2023 IN ADDRESSING THE EDUCATIONAL NEEDS OF GENERATION ALPHA AND BETA

2026-01-31T05:39:24+00:00

Generation Alpha and Beta are poised to flourish in the wake of the catastrophic shift in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics, which is poised to detach from the present, custom-bound society. Hence, it is of the hour that Generation Alpha and Beta need to accelerate through Education 4.0 to 5.0 to navigate and accommodate them into the Fourth and Fifth Industrial Revolutions (Industry 4.0 & 5.0), and they will witness the emergence of the Super Smart Society 5.0. Keeping these as a background, this article aims to describe the scope of NEP 2020, NCF-FS 2022, and NCF-SE 2023 in facilitating the transformation from Education 4.0 to 5.0 and in addressing the needs of Generation Alpha and Beta in India.

AN ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH PRECARIOUSNESS AMONG DRAFT HORSES IN SENEGAL: THE CASE OF THE RUFISQUE DEPARTMENT DAKAR REGION

2026-01-31T05:39:15+00:00

This study investigated the health precariousness of draft horses in the Rufisque Department (Dakar Region, Senegal), with a particular focus on their conditions of care, use and maintenance. To this end, a survey adopting a pragmatic approach—adapted to field constraints and grounded in an integrated vision of animal health—was conducted among 134 owners, all male, aged between 17 and 63 years (mean age: 32 years). These individuals owned a total of 153 working adult draft horses, corresponding to an average of 1.1 horses per owner.
The draft horses, housed in traditional stables, were all male and belonged to the local breeds Mpar (n = 63), Mbayar (n = 47), Fleuve (n = 23), and Foutanké (n = 20). The fact that both the owner and animal samples included in this study consisted exclusively of males reflects biological realities as well as local socio-cultural determinants.
Regarding marital status, 57% of the owners were married, 41% were single, and 2% were divorced. Overall, the observed management practices for draft horses were suboptimal, particularly with respect to housing, feeding, and veterinary follow-up. Although more than 90% of the horses received over 2 kg of feed daily and had regular access to water, significant disparities persisted, exposing some animals to nutritional and health risks.
The use of modern veterinary medicine remains limited, with most care still relying on traditional practices. Analysing health precariousness enables the development of the so-called “Southern pathway,” a normative, political, economic, and social approach that fosters the creation and implementation of tools, techniques, and innovations without stigmatization, while highlighting the connections between human and animal health precariousness.
Overall, the health precariousness of Senegalese draft horses must be viewed in light of the low population size of working equids, raising economic concerns related to the profitability of the equine and asinine sectors and not necessarily reflecting their actual contribution to Senegalese society. Finally, this study highlights the urgent need to strengthen the capacities of local stakeholders in equine healthcare in order to sustainably improve the health, productivity, and welfare of draft horses and to combat their precariousness, particularly in terms of health.

A STUDY OF HUMAN VALUES EMBEDDED IN THE SHRIMAD BHAGAVAD GITA AND YOGA SUTRAS

2026-01-31T12:24:13+00:00

This research paper is a study of the human values embedded in two great texts of Indian philosophy: Patanjali's Yoga Sutras and the Shrimad Bhagavad Gita. In the present times, along with material progress, human values are diminishing. The decline of these values has become a global concern. The main objective of this research paper is to explore how the Yamas and Niyamas described in Patanjali's Yoga Sutras and the Gita reveal the moral foundation of an individual. It examines how the mind can be purified through the Yoga Sutras. Similarly, the principles of 'Nishkama Karma' (selfless action) and 'Sthita Prajna' (a person of steady wisdom) in the Gita inspire balanced behavior in society. While Yoga strengthens inner discipline, the Gita paves the way for equality. The integration of these two should form the basis of the modern education system and character building, leading to a higher and more divine life for the individual.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND BIODIVERSITY LOSS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TRIPLE PLANETARY CRISIS

2026-02-02T09:05:47+00:00

Climate change and biodiversity loss constitute two interdependent dimensions of the contemporary environmental emergency, increasingly conceptualized within the framework of the “triple planetary crisis,” alongside pollution. This paper critically examines the reciprocal relationship between climate change and biodiversity loss, emphasizing their cumulative impacts on ecosystem stability, human well-being, and sustainable development. Drawing on recent peer-reviewed literature and global environmental assessment reports, the study synthesizes evidence on how climate-induced stressors—such as rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme climatic events—accelerate biodiversity decline across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems². Conversely, biodiversity degradation weakens ecosystem resilience and undermines natural climate regulation mechanisms, including carbon sequestration³. Using a qualitative integrative methodology, the paper argues that fragmented governance structures limit effective responses to interconnected planetary crises. The study concludes that integrated, ecosystem-based strategies are essential for addressing climate change and biodiversity loss simultaneously.

VARIOUS DIMENSIONS OF WOMEN'S EXPLOITATION IN MAITREYI PUSHPA'S NOVELS

2026-02-04T10:54:44+00:00

The status of women in Indian society has always been a matter of concern. In ancient times, women were considered divine, but with the passage of time, their status gradually deteriorated. In a patriarchal society, the interests of men are considered paramount, and women are merely seen as a means of fulfilling men's desires. Today, a woman, regardless of her caste, religion, or community, has to face oppression and exploitation by men. Women who are victims of sexual harassment, rape, social ostracism, abduction, murder, and economic and mental exploitation never receive justice in society; instead, they become targets of criticism from influential people in society.
According to Vrinda Karat, "A woman, regardless of her class, caste, or religion, has to endure exploitation. Her labor is not considered labor; she has to endure everything from insufficient food to sexual exploitation." (1)
Even before India's independence, the government enacted numerous laws to improve the status of women, and social reformers made tireless efforts to protect women's dignity. The Indian government passed the Special Marriage Act in 1994, the Marriage Act (Sharda Act) in 1995, and a law for the abolition of dowry in 1961 against atrocities and exploitation of women, but the exploitation and atrocities against women have not decreased. Maitreyi Pushpa has depicted the miserable and exploited condition of women at the hands of men in her novels.