Article Type: Research Article Article Citation: I Gede Wirabuana Putra, Wayan Maba, I Ketut
Widnyana, and Anak Agung Ketut
Sudiana. (2021). THE MANAGEMENT MODEL OF MASCETI PURA
TEMPLE AREA IN BALI AS A SPIRITUAL TOURISM DESTINATION BASED ON LOCAL WISDOM. International
Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 9(2), 291-298. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i2.2021.3653 Received Date: 26 January 2021 Accepted Date: 28 February 2021 Keywords: Spiritual Tourism Masceti Temple Sacred
Area Local Wisdom Research on the management model of the sacred area of the Masceti temple as a spiritual tourism destination aims to identify the potential for tourism in the sacred area of the Masceti temple to be developed into a spiritual tourism destination based on local wisdom, explore and study community attitudes, and formulate strategies for developing the sacred area of the Masceti temple as a spiritual tourism destination. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with data collection methods through observation, interviews, questionnaires and documentation. The results showed that the sacred area of Masceti temple has the potential for spiritual, cultural and natural tourism. Supporting facilities such as road access and additional services available in the area are included in the good category. The community's perceptions and attitudes agree with the development of the management of the sacred area of the Masceti temple as a spiritual tourism destination based on local wisdom. Based on the I-E matrix, it is shown that the sacred area of the Masceti temple has strong internal and external conditions. The strategy in accordance with these conditions is a growth strategy. The SWOT analysis resulted in the following alternatives a) finalizing the planning of the arrangement of the Masceti temple sacred area and implementing sustainable arrangement, b) arranging the place for selling souvenirs, culinary delights and arranging the parking area, c) improving supporting facilities and infrastructure such as toilets, landfills, yoga places, meditation, holy bathing and construction of Hindu dormitories.
1. INTRODUCTIONThe tourism sector is one of the leading sectors which
contributed 5.25% to Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product (Ministry of Tourism,
2018). The development of Indonesia's tourism sector is supported by the
Government Regulation Number 50 of 2011 concerning the National Tourism
Development Master Plan (RIPPARNAS) 2010-2025. In addition, it is supported by
the target of visiting 20 million foreign tourists by 2019 (Kompas,
2014). Arrival of a tourist will require temporary shelter, food and
transportation. The needs of these tourists can be met by other sectors around
tourist destinations, so that tourism is said to be able to encourage other
sectors (Irma et al. 2015). However, apart from its positive impacts, tourism
activities can have a negative impact on environmental, socio-cultural and
economic aspects. Bali is one of the provinces in Indonesia which has tourist
attractions that motivate tourists to come to visit, such as natural beauty,
culture, crafts, culinary, and recreation. As a tourist destination, the
tourism potential on the island of Bali causes a strong attraction for tourism
visits, both local and foreign tourists. Recently in Bali, the development of
spiritual tourism has started to be discussed a lot, some even predict that
spiritual tourism will soon be 'booming' in the next few years. Spiritual
tourism is an alternative tourism which is being promoted by the government.
World Travel and Tourism Review stated that alternative tourism is an effort to
move away from a mass tourism approach to one in which a more specialized
tourism experience is offered in a more personal and culturally sensitive way (Naisbitt in kusuma et al. 2016)
In addition to experiencing negative impacts on the environment, also to
socio-culture based on local wisdom as a distinctive identity of Balinese
tourism. Considering that the greatest potential of Indonesian tourism,
especially Bali, is nature and culture related to spirituality, to maintain the
sustainability of the existence of the two tourism potentials, especially
spiritual cultural tourism, innovation can be carried out as an alternative
effort to develop unique, new and interesting tourism destinations. The implementation of development in the tourism sector
is carried out by upholding religious norms and cultural values as the
embodiment of the concept of life in a balanced relationship between humans and
God Almighty, the relationship between humans and fellow humans, and the
relationship between humans and the environment; uphold human rights, religious
culture, and local wisdom. Tourism should provide benefits for the welfare of
the people, justice, equality, preserving nature and the environment; ,
empowering local communities, ensuring integration between sectors, between
regions, between the center and regions which
constitute one systematic unit within the framework of regional autonomy, and
strengthening the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (Kemenbudpar, 2009). The purpose of this research is to identify the
tourism potential of the Masceti temple sacred area
to be developed into a spiritual tourism destination based on local wisdom, to
explore and study people's attitudes towards developing the management of the
sacred area of the Masceti temple as a
tourist destination, and formulate a strategy for developing the sacred area of
the Masceti temple as a spiritual
tourism destination based on local wisdom. The problems that exist in the
sacred area of Pura Masceti are the
unfulfilled needs of visitors, the existence of inadequate facilities and
infrastructure, and the lack of order in the management system of tourist
destinations. In addition, the role of stakeholders to participate in promoting
these destinations is basically still low. The arrangement of the sacred area
of the Masceti temple is expected to be
an alternative to the development of environmentally friendly spiritual tourism
by preserving existing local wisdom so that it can be a different attraction from
other tourist objects. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis research is a qualitative descriptive study. The
research location is the sacred area of the Masceti
temple, Medahan Village, Blahbatuh
District, Gianyar Regency, Bali - Indonesia Province.
This research was conducted to identify the potential for tourism in the sacred
area of the Masceti temple to be
developed into a spiritual tourism destination based on local wisdom, to
explore and study people's attitudes towards developing the management of the
sacred area of the Masceti temple as a
wisdom-based spiritual tourism destination and to formulate a strategy for
developing the sacred area of the Masceti
temple as a destination. spiritual tourism based on local wisdom, the condition
of reality in the observed research location in accordance with existing
phenomena and is prepared based on scientific studies, and finally formulating
alternative strategies. SWOT analysis is a systematic identification of various
factors to formulate a strategy. Strategies based on logic that can maximize
strength (strength) and opportunities (opportunity) but simultaneously can
minimize weakness (weakness) and threats (threat) (Rangkuti,
2000). The data used are secondary data and primary data. Secondary data were
obtained through literature review and documents from related agencies. Primary
data were collected through interviews and observations. Determination of
sampling using purposive sampling with the assumption that the scope of
research is limited to the location of the Masceti
temple area. Respondents who were selected to be interviewed were people whose
daily activities were directly involved in tourism activities at the research
location and those who had knowledge regarding the conditions of tourism at the
research location. Respondents include managers of the Masceti
Beach tourist area, the Gianyar Regency Tourism
Office, Blahbatuh District, Medahan
Village, and visitors. The data collection techniques used were
questionnaires, interviews, observation, literature study and documentation of
stakeholders and community leaders. The analysis technique used in formulating
a development strategy for the management of the sacred area of
the Masceti temple as a spiritual
tourism destination based on local wisdom is descriptive qualitative analysis. 3.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
3.1. THE TOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE MASCETI TEMPLE AREA
The results showed that the potential that exists in
the sacred area of Masceti temple are:
spiritual tourism, cultural tourism, and nature tourism. a) potential for
spiritual tourism, the sacred area of Masceti
temple is known as the Sad Kayangan Temple in Bali.
There is a sacred area in the form of Masceti Beach
which is a place to carry out religious ceremonies for Hindus in Bali. The
existence of the Masceti temple on the north side of
the beach makes the Masceti temple have a sacred fibration / aura, so that many tourists who visit pray,
take holy baths, yoga and meditation. b) the potential for cultural tourism,
the sacred area of Masceti temple is
also used as a place to carry out religious rituals such as the Siwaratri holiday, the implementation of the Hindu dormitories and cultural arts
activities by schools and the community in Medahan
Village. The sacred area of the Masceti
temple is divided into 3 zones based on the Tri Mandala, the Utama Mandala zone
is the Masceti temple area which is used for
religious activities as a place of worship, the Madya Mandala zone is the west
coast area which is a place for parking and merchant areas, while the east is
used as a place to do yoga. meditation, a place to enjoy the sunrise, the Nista Mandala zone is the southern area of Masceti beach such as for melasti
activities and holy bathing. c) potential for natural tourism, such as enjoying
the sunrise, tourist destinations, vast expanses of rice fields, unspoiled
environmental conditions. Seeing from the potential of the Masceti
temple area, the attributes as a tourist destination can be fulfilled,
according to Yoeti's opinion (1985) there are 3 main
characters of tourist objects that must be considered in efforts to develop a
certain tourism object so that it attracts and is visited by many tourists, namely:
a). The area must have what is called “something to see.” This means that there
must be tourist objects and tourist attractions that are different from what
other regions have, the area must have a special and unique attraction. b). The
area must have what is called “something to do”. This means that apart from
being able to see many places, recreational or amusement facilities must also
be provided that can make tourists feel at home longer in that place. c). The
area must have what is called "something to buy". This means that in
that place there must be facilities for shopping, especially souvenir items and
handicrafts of the community as souvenirs to take home. According to Conrady and Buck (2011), dividing the spiritual tourism
category as follows: Interaction with nature & exercise: pilgrimages,
meditative hiking, meditative walking; With counselling : talk with pastoral
worker; talk with shaman; talk with spiritual coach; With music: singing
mantras, chanting, tones; With creativity: mediative painting, ikebana; With
physical exercises: yoga, tai chi, meditative dances, circle dances, and With
spiritual exercises: spiritual excercise (in
silence), contemplation, meditation, trips to shamans 3.2. SUPPORTING FACILITIES FOR TOURISM IN THE SACRED AREA OF
THE MASCETI TEMPLE
Supporting facilities in the sacred area of
Masceti temple are public toilets,
temporary trash cans, parking fields, food stalls and souvenir shops. However,
the condition of the toilets is not well maintained, the trash cans are not
well maintained, the parking lot is still lacking for development needs, the
arrangement of the area needs to be improved to increase the attractiveness of
the beach, improve the quality of toilets, improve the quality of trash bins,
expand parking lots, arrange parking lots, and add to the food products and
souvenirs being sold. Accessibility in the form of a road to the sacred area of
the Masceti temple is in good
condition, while additional facilities in the form of electricity,
telecommunications, clean water networks, and security posts are in good
condition. As for the development needs, it is necessary to improve the quality
of street lighting with additions at several points near the coastal area. The
existence of tourism infrastructure and facilities is very important and
absolute to provide quality services to tourists visiting a tourist attraction
(Habibah, 2006) 3.3. PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES OF THE COMMUNITY
Perceptions and attitudes of the people of Medahan Village towards the development of the management
of the sacred area of the Masceti temple as a
spiritual tourism destination based on local wisdom, it is found that 46%
strongly agree and 54% agree. . From these results, it is found that the
community's perception is in the category of agreeing if the sacred area of the
Masceti temple is developed into a spiritual
destination based on local wisdom on the grounds that it can increase the
economic growth of the community and encourage increased spiritual activity.
This is in accordance with the opinion of Smith and Kelly, (2006) who state
about spiritual tourism as follows: spiritual tourism as one that provides the
visitor with activities and / or treatments aimed at developing, maintaining
and improving the body, mind and spirit
Table 1: IFAS (Internal Strategic Factor Analysis
Summary) Matrix
Source: Primary
Data Analysis Results, 2020 The results of the IFE (Internal Factors Evaluation)
calculation show that the main strength factor is the support of the Gianyar Regency Government and the Village Government with
a score of 0.26, the strategic location of the temple with a score of 0.26,
access to temples is easy and customs shown with a score of 0.26, while the
weaknesses such as institutional governance with a score of 0.06. based on the
internal environmental analysis above, the position of the internal environment
in the development of the management of the sacred area of the Masceti temple as a spiritual tourism destination based on
local wisdom is in the "strong" category with a combined score of
strength and weakness is 3.17 (in the range of values 3.00 -
4.00)
Table 2: EFAS (External Strategic Factor Analysis
Summary) Matrix
The results of the EFE (External Factors
Evaluation) calculation for the development of the management of the sacred
area of the Masceti temple are as a spiritual tourism
destination based on local wisdom with a score of 0.44, while the main threat
is competition between residents with a score of 0.10. Based on the analysis of
the external environment above, the position of the external environment in the
development of the management of the sacred area of the Masceti
temple as a spiritual tourism destination based on local wisdom is in the
"strong" category with a total score of 3,050. Thus, that the
external position in developing the management of the sacred area of the Masceti temple as a spiritual tourism destination based on
local wisdom is able to take advantage of the opportunity factor and be able to
overcome the existing threat factors. Table 3: Weighting and results
of the SWOT questionnaire
Based on the weighting results (Table 3), a strategy
is drawn up based on a combination of strategies that have the highest to the
lowest values, such as the order of alternatives presented in the following
strategies in Table 4: Table 4: The
sequence of alternative SWOT strategies
Based on the
various strategies in table 4, these strategies are broken down into various
development programs that support each of these strategies, including: 1) SO
(Strength-Opportunity) strategy, maintaining the environment of the sacred area
of the Masceti temple, developing and
arranging the sacred area of the Masceti
temple as a tourist destination to support main tourism, namely spiritual
tourism, Making tour packages with the nearest tourist area, maintaining local
wisdom and culture and making rules / joint policies between official village
managers and customary village managers regarding the management of the sacred
area of the Masceti temple 2) ST
(Strength-Threat) strategy, educates the public by providing counseling and training to the community regarding the
management of the sacred area of the Masceti
temple, strengthening institutions, and collaborating with related parties so
that there is synergy for the continued development of the management of the
sacred area of the Masceti temple 3) The WO
(Weakness-Opportunity) strategy, optimizing the role of the Tourism Awareness
group (POKDARWIS) in the management of the sacred area of the Masceti temple, structuring facilities and infrastructure,
improving environmental cleanliness, establishing good partnerships, and
creating an integration map that connects tourist destinations, and finalizing
details structuring the sacred area of the Masceti
temple to support the main tourism 4) The WT
(Weakness-Threat) strategy, community development and empowerment,
strengthening POKDARWIS, improving human resources through courses and skills
training, collaborating with tourism education institutions, awareness and
charm educators, creating a route map for the sacred area of the Masceti temple to see the potential owned, fostering and
growing and developing local products. 3.4. THE GENERAL STRATEGY (GRAND STRATEGY) FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
MANAGEMENT OF THE PURA MASCETI SACRED AREA
In accordance with the
results of the analysis of internal and external environmental factors, the
position of internal environmental factors in the development of the management
of the Masceti temple sacred area is in the
"strong" category with a score of 3.17, and the position of external
environmental factors is also in the "strong" category with a score
of 3.05. The total internal and external factor weight scores place in the
development of the management of the sacred area of the Masceti
temple in cell I in the IFE and EFE matrices, as presented in Table 5. Table 5: Internal-External Matrix of the
Pura Masceti Sacred Area TOTAL VALUE OF IFE
Source: Results of Internal and External Environmental
Analysis Information: IFE = Internal Factor Evaluation EFE = External Factor Evaluation Maulana (2014) states that spiritual tourism has
actually been practiced since time immemorial, people used to travel to visit
places that were considered sacred and sacred, and consulted people who were
considered holy according to community beliefs, the goal was to get answers.
questions - questions that are sometimes difficult to answer. Questions related
to the soul, spirituality or belief or religion motivate people to travel.
Figure 1 depicts the development of the management of the sacred area of
the Masceti temple, the internal
conditions are strong and the external conditions faced are high, so the
strategy that suits these cells is a growth strategy. For this type it is most
appropriate to carry out an intensive strategy and integration. Three
strategies are grouped into intensive strategies, namely market penetration,
market development strategy and product development strategy. a) The market
penetration strategy of marketing efforts is further enhanced to increase the
market share of the sacred area of the Masceti
temple, which can be pursued, among others, through the active role of tour
guides in providing information that can satisfy visitors. The guide is
expected to be able to provide information precisely, quickly, and to be able
to sort out the information. Selection of promotional media and effective promotion
programs can increase the dissemination of information about the sacred area of
the Masceti temple. tourism promotion
can be done through cultural festivals, mass media and electronic media (social
media). b) market development strategy is the introduction of existing products
or services in a new area or consumer group. Market development strategies can
be carried out by promoting such as continuous advertising on mass media,
electronic media (social media), Medahan Village
website, Gianyar Regency website, and other media. c)
The product development strategy is an increase in sales by improving or
modifying existing products or services in the sacred area of the
Masceti temple in the form of activities that can
support the development of the management of the sacred area of
the Masceti temple, including the
arrangement of a centralized souvenir shop, pesraman,
meditation place, yoga places, holy bathing places, wifi
center, information center,
and arrangement of tourist destinations in the holy Masceti
temple area. Local wisdom is a set of knowledge along with certain values
and norms that come from the results of adaptation and the life
experience of a community group in a certain location which then provides a
form of certain patterns of thought and action as a way to live in harmony with
the environment, with others, and with oneself (Djajadi,
2010) Local wisdom can be in the form of tangible (texture, architectural,
traditional artwork) and intangible (value system, singing advice), and in
terms of types of local wisdom consists of governance, value systems,
procedures, and special provisions such as sensitive areas. and sacred areas /
buildings (Darmawan, 2010 in Tamaratika
and Rosyidie, 2017). The incorporation of local
wisdom in tourism development can provide benefits in the economic, physical
and socio-cultural fields of the local location (Tamaratika
and Rosyidie, 2017). The development of tourism in a
tourist destination will always be calculated with benefits and benefits for
the community at large (Barreto and Giantari, 2015) 4.
CONCLUSIONS
1)
The potential for spiritual
tourism that is owned in the sacred area of Masceti
temple is yoga, meditation and holy bathing activities supported by the
opportunity to enjoy the sunrise, views of a vast expanse of rice fields, enjoy
typical seafood culinary delights, and supported by infrastructure such as easy
access to locations, adequate telecommunication networks, electricity networks,
street lighting and water installations. 2)
Perceptions and attitudes
of the people of Medahan Village towards the
Development of the Management of the Sacred Area of Pura Masceti as a Spiritual Tourism Destination Based on Local
Wisdom showed that 54.00% agreed that the area was developed into a spiritual
tourism destination, arguing that it could increase the community's economic
growth and encourage increased spiritual activity. 3) The right alternative strategy for developing the management of the sacred area of the Masceti temple as a spiritual tourism destination, namely a) finalizing the planning of the arrangement of the sacred area of the Masceti temple and implementing sustainable management, b) arranging the place for selling souvenirs, culinary delights and arranging the parking area, c) improving facilities supporting infrastructure such as toilets, garbage dumps, yoga places, meditation, holy baths and construction of Hindu dormitories. SOURCES OF FUNDINGThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. CONFLICT OF INTERESTThe author have declared that no competing interests exist. ACKNOWLEDGMENTThanks are conveyed to the
managers of the Postgraduate Program of Regional Development Planning and
Environmental Management of Mahasaraswati Denpasar
University, the thesis supervisors, and to reviewers who have provided the
opportunity, time, and thoughts in completing the research and writing of this
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