Article Type: Research Article Article Citation: S. N. Mozumder,
M. I. Haque, M. M. Zaman, and M. Shahiduzzaman. (2020). EFFECT OF SHADE AND
SOWING METHOD ON ERYNGIUM FOETIDUM PRODUCTION. International Journal of
Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 8(12), 251-261. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i12.2020.2714 Received Date: 09 December 2020
Accepted Date: 31 December 2020
Keywords: Eryngium Foetidum Leaf Production Shade Sowing Method The experiment was conducted at two Regional Spices Research Stations at Gazipur and Magura during July 2012 to June 2014. Experiments were conducted following split plot design with six treatment of two factors of three different shades such as 1) Black mosquito net, 2) Cucurbit trellis and 3) Control (open) and two sowing methods such as i) line sowing with 10cm spacing and ii) Broadcasting were placed in the unit plot. The maximum number of harvested plants (655/m2) and fresh yield (28.52 t/ha) were obtained from broadcast sowing under nylon net shade at Joydebpur while line sowing without shade gave the minimum number of harvested plants (293/m2) and fresh plant yield (16.20 t/ha) at Magura. The maximum gross return (Tk. 4944.2 thousand/ha), net return (TK. 4438.2 thousand/ha) and BCR (1099) was obtained from nylon net shade in broadcast sowing and these was lowest (Tk. 1586.4, 1196.3 thousands/ha and 4.07, respectively) came from line sowing under cucurbits trellis. Cultivation of Eryngium under cucurbits trellis gave early returns that better for fresh leaf production. Open sunlight is less costly but it is not suitable for quality leaf production. Broadcasting sowing under nylon net shade seems better for leaf production and profit.
1. INTRODUCTIONEryngium foetidum also known as Eryngium, Bilatidhonia, Bangladhonia, culantro, cilantro, spiny
coriander or long coriander is a high valued perennial aromatic herb belongs to
the family Apiaceae (Umbellifarae). Cultivation and consumption is increasing
rapidly throughout the world due its medicinal, nutritional, aromatic and
economic value (Wong, 1994). In 1999, world production was 9000 Metric tons
while in 2008 it raised to 500,000 Metric tons (Ekpong, 2008). Vietnam,
Puerto-Rico, Syria, Mexico, Srilanka, India and Bangladesh exporting Eryngium to the ethnic markets of UK,
Canada, USA and Middle East. At present the local demand and export scope is
rapidly increasing. But Bangladesh is not able to keeping pace with the demand
and competition in the export market due to poor yield and seed scarcity of Eryngium. Although farmers of Hill
tracts, Faridpur and Kishoreganj areas commercially cultivated this important
high valued culinary herb obtained high return (Tk. 1.5-3.0 million/ha)
(Mozumder et al, 2009). They face
problems of higher seed cost, low germination rate and low yield with poor leaf
quality that reduces their profit. Quality and yield of Bilatidhonia can be
increased using improved cultivation techniques and making cucurbits trellis to
provide optimum shades. In traditional cultivation system farmers obtained very
low (6-10%) seed germination. For this they have to use a large amount of seeds
(40 kg/ha) which required a high cost (Tk. 1,00,000/ha @ Tk 2,500/kg seed). On
the other hand, seeds are always not available in the market. Therefore, seeds
are appeared the major limiting factor for expanding cultivation of this
valuable crop (Mozumder, 2003). Seeds are the major prerequisite for expansion
of intensive cultivation of Eryngium
to meet up the local demand and increase export. Improvisations Eryngium cultivation using line sowing
treating growth regulator is essential to increase farmers profitability and
livelihood through intensifying crop diversity, mitigating local demand and
increased export to the foreign market. It required the standardization of
improved Eryngium leaf production
techniques at different agro-ecological zone of the country with a view to
increase its production and profitability selecting proper sowing method and
optimum shade. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe
experiment was conducted at two Regional Spices Research Stations at
Gazipur (AEZ 28) and Magura (AEZ 11) during July 2012 to June
2014. The location 1 (Regional Spices Research Center, Gazipur) of the
experimental site was about 40 km North to Dhaka city with 230 59’
North latitude and 90.29o East longitude and an elevation of 12.10 m
from the sea level. The experimental field belongs the ‘Shallow red brown
terrace’ soil of Salna series under Madhupur tract (AEZ 28) and the soil was
Piedmont plain having medium loamy to moderately fine texture (sandy clay loam)
with pH value 5.9. The location 2 (Regional Spices Research Center, Magura) was
about 180 km West to Dhaka city with 23.29’18’’ North latitude and 89 o24’08’’
East longitude and an elevation of 9.15 m from the sea level. The soil of the
experimental field was medium loamy to moderately fine texture (loam) having pH
value 6.8. The land was prepared thoroughly by ploughing and cross ploughing
followed by laddering and harrowing to have a good tilth. Experiments were
conducted following split plot design with six treatments comprising two
factors with three replications. The
first factor “A” is comprised of three different shades such as 1) Black
mosquito net (2 mm loop) shade, 2) Cucurbit trellis and 3) Control (no shade)
was placed in the main plots. The second factor “B” is comprised of two sowing
methods such as i) 10 cm line sowing and ii) Broadcasting were placed in the unit
(sub) plot. The experimental land was fertilized with decomposed cowdung @ 15
t, 200 kg-N, 120 kg-P and 150 kg K /ha, respectively (Islam et al., 2003). The total amount of
cowdung, TSP half of MOP and one fifth urea were applied as basal during final
land preparation. The rest of urea and MOP were applied as top dressing in four
equal installments at 7, 10, 13 and 16 week after sowing. All seeds were primed
for 72 hours (8 hours soak and 4 hours drying for 6 times) and treated with
growth regulator (GA3 500 ppm + Kinetin 50 ppm). The unit plot size
was 3x3m (2 beds in each plot). Seeds of a released Eryngium variety (BARI Bilatidhonia-1) were sown on November 22 at
Joydebpur and December 05 at Magura maintaining the treatment space and sowing
system. Being seeds were very small, they were mixed with coarse sand for
sowing uniformly. Broadcasting is the traditional sowing system of Bilatidhonia
where line spacing was not maintained. The line spacing of 10 cm was maintained
by making small furrows (2-3 cm width and 1.0-1.5 cm depth). Seeds of 1g/m2
(10 kg/ha) were sown in the bed and mixed with upper surface (0.1 - 0.5 cm) of
the soil. For line sowing, same rate of seeds was sown continuously in furrows
and covered with thin layer (0.1 to 0.3 cm) of soil. After sowing, the beds
were covered with dry straw and frequent irrigation was provided with watering
cane with finely meshed nozzle to keep the soil and mulch moist. One
pre-germination weeding was done at 7 days after sowing. The straws were
removed and second weeding was done at the 15th day after seed
sowing when few seedlings are visible on soil surface. Fifty-percent of viable
seeds of all plots sprouted at 22 days after sowing. The number of seedlings/m2
was counted and percentage of germination was calculated from that data
compared with number of sown seeds/m2. Weeding and mulching were
done when necessary and top dressing of fertilizers were applied according to
fertilizer application schedule (Islam et
al., 2003). Black mosquito net was hanged with bamboo poles and GI wire for
net shade and trellis was made with bamboo poles and nylon rope for the second
treatment of factor A. Data were collected on days to germination and rate (%),
number of seedlings /unit area, plant height, number of leaves. weight of
single plants, and weight of cucurbits, fresh yield of Eryngium and cucurbits (t/ha), value of fresh Eryngium and cucurbits. Data from different research stations were
collected calculated and analyzed using open source computer software R. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONDifferent
shade methods and sowing methods showed significant variations on most of the
quantitative and qualitative parameters in both locations. Effect
of shade method Days to
germination, number of seedlings/m2 and germination rate were not
significantly influenced by different shade method (Table 1.a). Early
germination was recorded at Joydebpur (16.8 days) compared to Magura (20.5
days) in all treatments. The number of seedlings (1059/m2) and
percentage of germination (46.46) was higher at Joydebpur than those of Magura
(620/m2, 27.17 resp.). The mean days to germination over location
and treatment (18.7), seedlings/m2 (826) and germination percentage
(36.24) was very near to the previous report with similar variety using 2g/m2
seeds resulted 16.3 days to germinate, 1268 seedlings/m2 and 28.12%
germination, respectively, (Mozumder, 2009). Table 1a: Effect of shade method on germination
performance of Eryngium
Number of
harvested plants/m2 and plant yield were significantly influenced by
different shade method in both locations except single plant weight at
Joydebpur (Table 1.b). More number of plants (605/m2) was harvested
from the nylon net shade at Joydebpur while it was lower (305/m2) from
open sunlight at Magura. The
maximum plant yield (33.00 t/ha) was obtained from nylon net shade at Joydebpur
and it was lowest in control (16.94 t/ha) at Magura. This report resembled with
the report of Moniruzzaman et al.
(2000) that Eryngium yield reduced in
open condition. Table 1b: Effect of shade on field performance of Eryngium
Means
followed by same letter or without letter in a column are not differed
significantly at 5% level. *, ** and
NS indicate significant at 5%, 1% level and not significant respectively. Mean of
two locations in respect of leaf characteristics of Eryngium under different shade method are furnished in Table 1.c.
Longer (15.0 cm) and more leaves/plant (6.95) was found under nylon net shade
while wider leaves (2.29 cm) were found in control plot. Quality of leaves
(appearance and softness) under black nylon net and cucurbit trellis were
superior compared to control plot. The wholesale price of Eryngium produced under shades were BDT 100/kg for good quality
soft and succulent leaves while price of leaves produced in open sunlight were
only BDT 60/kg due to shorter spiny and low quality leaves. Consumers always
prefer soft succulent and tender appearance of leaves that caused higher price
of leaves grown under shades compared to that grown in open sunlight. Table 1c: Effect of shade on leaf characteristics of Eryngium (mean of two locations)
Means
followed by same letter or without letter in a column are not differed
significantly at 5% level. *, ** and
NS indicate significant at 5%, 1% level, and not significant respectively. Table 1f: Effect of shades on gross income from
produces
Means
followed by same letter or without letter in a column are not differed
significantly at 5% level. *, ** and
NS indicate significant at 5%, 1% level and not significant respectively. Significant
effect of shade methods observed in both the locations in respect of gross
return, net return and benefit cost ratio (Table 1.g). The maximum gross return
and gross margin was obtained from nylon net shade (Tk. 3383.8 and 2933.8
thousands/ha, resp.) and it was lowest in control plot (Tk. 2450.1 and 2200.1).
The highest BCR was also found in control (7.87) closely followed by nylon net
shade (7.52) which was significantly lower in cucurbits trellis (7.16). The GR, NR and BCR of Joydebpur (3244.6,
2881.2 thousands/ha and 8.64) were better than Magura (2504.5, 2141.2
thousand/ha and 7.52, respectively). Though the returns are lower in control
plot but BCR was higher due to less variable cost involvement (Tk 2,50,000/ha)
compared to nylon net (Tk. 4,50,000/ha) and cucurbits trellis (Tk.
3,90,000/ha). This result support the
result of Moniruzzaman et al., (2000)
that Eryngium cultivation under shade
provided better returns and quality leaves compared to open sunlight. Table 1g:
Effect of shades on economic performance of Eryngium
Means followed by same letter or without
letter in a column are not differed significantly at 5% level. *, ** and
NS indicate significant at 5%, 1% level and not significant respectively. Nylon net
shade provides uniform reduction of sunlight that ensures quality leaf, higher
plant yield and moderate seed production of Eryngium.
Nylon net shade required higher cost but it provided uniform sunlight that
caused more yield and quality leaf resulted higher returns. Cucurbits trellis
provided un-uniform dense shade that resulted better quality leaves but lower
seed yield due to insufficient photosynthetic activities. On the other hand,
better seeds produced in open sunlight but leaves become spiny, quality
deteriorated and fresh plant yield reduced in both the locations. Open field provided 100% sunlight resulted
higher seed yield getting maximum sunlight for maximum photosynthetic
facilities. Though the BCR was higher in open sunlight but gross return and
margin were higher in nylon net and cucurbits shade having quality leaves with
higher plant value. So, for light shades are suitable for both leaf and seed
production but open sunlight might be used only for seed production. Effect
of sowing methods All
germination related parameters significantly influenced by different sowing
method at Joydebpur except days to germination but all are insignificant at
Magura (Table 2.a). The broadcast sowing method resulted higher germination
percentage (46.73) and seedlings/m2 (1065) compared to line sowing. Table 2a: Effect of sowing method on germination
performance of Eryngium
Means
followed by same letter or without letter in a column are not differed
significantly at 5% level. *, ** and
NS indicate significant at 5%, 1% level and not significant respectively. Fresh
plant was only obtained from the plots where thinning was done at 120 DAS in
both broadcast and line sowing. More
number of plants was harvested from broadcasted plots compared to line sowing
in both the locations that resulted higher fresh plant yield (Table 2.b).
Single plant weight was not differed significantly due to different sowing
method or thinning. Among two locations, more number of harvestable plants
283.9/m2 and fresh plant yield (14.48 t/ha) were recorded at
Joydebpur compared to Magura (173.5/m2 and 11.10 t/ha,
respectively). Single plant weight was slightly higher at Magura (3.33g) than
Joydebpur (2.53g). Dense population caused lower single plant yield at
Joydebpur. The maximum fresh yield (28.52 t/ha) was obtained from broadcast
sowing while line sowing gave lower yield (23.90 t/ha). Table 2b: Effect of sowing method on field performance
of Eryngium
Means
followed by same letter or without letter in a column are not differed
significantly at 5% level. *, ** and
NS indicate significant at 5%, 1% level and not significant respectively. Leaf
characteristics were not varied with different sowing methods of Eryngium (Table 2.c) in both the
locations. Leaf size and number of leaves/plant as well as qualitative
parameters was similar in broadcast or line sowing with or without thinning.
Appearance of leaves, softness and consumers acceptability seems unchanged with
various sowing methods in both locations. Table 2c: Effect of sowing method on leaf
characteristics of Eryngium (mean of
2 locations)
Means
followed by same letter or without letter in a column are not differed
significantly at 5% level. *, ** and
NS indicate significant at 5%, 1% level, and not significant respectively. Economic
performance of Eryngium was greatly
influenced by sowing methods and thinning (Table 2.f). The highest mean plant
value (Tk. 2571.7 thousands/ha) was obtained from broadcast followed by line
sowing and thinning (Tk. 2125.1 thousand/ha) and no returns were found from
without thinning. Thinning provides more profit due to dual return from both
fresh plants and seeds. Returns from vegetables were equally distributed because
all sowing methods provided with similar shade facilities. The highest seed
value (Tk. 1874.3 thousand/ha) was obtained from line sowing without thinning
and it was lowest in broadcasting with thinning (Tk. 1340.6 thousands/ha). All the returns were higher at Joydebpur
compared to Magura but the treatment values showed similar trend. Table 2f: Effect of sowing methods on produced return
in Eryngium cultivation
Means
followed by same letter or without letter in a column are not differed
significantly at 5% level. *, ** and
NS indicate significant at 5%, 1% level and not significant respectively. Different
sowing methods and thinning resulted significant variation in gross return
(GR), gross margin (GM) and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in Eryngium cultivation under both the locations of Joydebpur and
Magura (Table 2.g). The maximum gross return and gross margin was obtained from
broadcast sowing with thinning (Tk. 3983.2 and 3619.9 thousands/ha) and it was
lowest in broadcast sowing without thinning (Tk. 1828.4 and 1465.1
thousands/ha, respectively). Table 2g:
Effect of sowing methods on economic performance of Eryngium
Means
followed by same letter or without letter in a column are not differed
significantly at 5% level. *, ** and
NS indicate significant at 5%, 1% level and not significant respectively. The
highest BCR (10.66) was found in broadcast sowing with thinning closely
followed by line sowing with thinning (10.1) which was significantly different
from broadcast and line sowing without thinning (5.13 and 5.55, respectively).
Both line sowing and broadcasting, thinning facilitate higher returns obtaining
a handsome amount of money by selling of fresh plants that harvested during
thinning. Combined
effect of shade and sowing method Days to
germination, number of seedlings/m2 and germination percentage did
not show significant variation due to different shades and sowing method in
combination of two locations but variations observed in number of seedlings and
germination percentage at Joydebpur (Table 3.a). Eryngium seeds took 16-18 days for germination at Joydebpur while
it required 19-21 days at Magura with mean germination period (18.7 days).
Delayed sowing (05 December sowing) and low temperature resulted longer
germination period at Magura compared to Joydebpur (22 November sowing). Table 3a: Combined effect of shade and sowing method on
germination of Eryngium
Means
followed by same letter or without letter in a column are not differed
significantly at 5% level. *, ** and
NS indicate significant at 5%, 1% level and not significant respectively. The
maximum number of seedlings (1056/m2) and percentage of germination
(46.46) were recorded in broadcast sowing without shade (control) at Joydebpur
while it was lowest (589/m2 and 25.85%) from line sowing under vegetables
trellis at Magura. Moniruzzaman et al.
(2000) found insignificant variation in germination of Eryngium under different shade methods. Mozumder et al.,(2011) also found higher
germination in broadcasting and line sowing 10 cm apart compared to 15 and 20
cm line sowing apart of Eryngium. Number of
harvested plants/m2, single plant weight and fresh plant yield
significantly varied due to the combined effects of sowing method and shades in
both locations (Table 3.b). At Joydebpur, more number of harvestable plants
283.9/m2 and fresh plant yield (14.48 t/ha) were recorded compared
to Magura (178.4/m2 and 11.74 t/ha, respectively). Single plant
weight was slightly higher at Magura (3.33g) than Joydebpur (2.53g). The
maximum number of harvested plants (655/m2) and fresh yield (28.52
t/ha) were obtained from broadcast sowing with thinning under nylon net shade
at Joydebpur while line sowing without shade gave the minimum number of
harvested plants (293/m2) and fresh plant yield (16.20 t/ha) at
Magura. The single plant weight was found highest (7.4 g) in line sowing with
thinning under nylon net shade at Magura and it was lowest in control (4.6 g)
with broadcast sowing at Joydebpur. This report resembled with the report of
Moniruzzaman et al. (2000) that
single plant weight and fresh plant yield of Eryngium reduced in open condition. Higher yield and better quality
leaves were obtained by Moniruzzaman et
al. (2007) with black color nylon net shade that cut off about 50%
sunlight. Table 3b: Combined effect of shade and sowing method
on field performance of Eryngium
Means
followed by same letter or without letter in a column are not differed
significantly at 5% level. *, ** and
NS indicate significant at 5%, 1% level and not significant respectively. Leaf
width and number of leaves per plant were not differed but length and quality
of leaves varied with combination of different shades and sowing method of Eryngium in both the locations (Table
3.c). The maximum leaf length (16.2 cm) were obtained from broadcasting and
line sowing with thinning under nylon net shade while it was minimum (10.8 cm)
in line sowing without shade. Appearance of leaf, softness and consumers acceptability
seems better in nylon shades and cucurbits trellis. Plants grown in open
sunlight showed spiny, hard, small and poor quality leaves that are not
preferred by the consumers. Table 3c: Combined effect of shade and sowing method on
leaf characteristics of Eryngium
Means
followed by same letter or without letter in a column are not differed
significantly at 5% level. *, ** and
NS indicate significant at 5%, 1% level and not significant respectively. Returns
from different components in Bilatidhonia leaf and seed production was greatly
influenced by the combined effects of different shades and sowing methods
(Table 3.f). Table 3f: Combined effect of shade and sowing method on
returns in Eryngium cultivation
Means
followed by same letter or without letter in a column are not differed
significantly at 5% level. * and **
indicate significant at 5% and 1% level, respectively. The
highest mean plant value (Tk. 3429.7 thousands/ha) was obtained from nylon net shade in broadcast sowing and
thinning followed by cucurbits trellis shade with same sowing method (Tk. 3026.4
thousand/ha) and lower returns (Tk. 1188.3 thousand/ha) came from line sowing
and thinning without shade. No returns
were found from plot where thinning was not done. Thinning facilitate more
profit due to dual return from both fresh plants and seeds. Only cucurbit
trellis provided some income (Tk. 213.0 thousands/ha) from vegetables. The
highest seed value was gained from open sunlight and line sowing without
thinning (Tk. 2228.3 thousands/ha) which was closely followed by the nylon net
shade with broadcast sowing methods (Tk. 2130.0 thousand/ha) and it was lowest
in cucurbits trellis with broadcast sowing and thinning (Tk. 961.1
thousands/ha). All values were higher at
Joydebpur compared to Magura might be due to higher plant and seed yield as
well as vegetable yield from trellis probably the result of better germination
and higher plant population. Different
combinations of shades and sowing method and thinning resulted significant
variations in gross return (GR), gross margin (GM) and benefit cost ratio (BCR)
in Eryngium cultivation under both
the locations Joydebpur and Magura (Table 3.g). The maximum gross return and
gross margin was obtained from nylon net shade and broadcast sowing with
thinning (Tk. 4944.2 and 4438.2 thousands/ha) followed by same shade and line
sowing with thinning (Tk. 4409.9 and 3859.9 thousands/ha) and it was lowest in
cucurbits shade and broadcast sowing without thinning (Tk. 1523.6 and 1133.6
thousands/ha, respectively). Table 3g:
Combined effect of shade and sowing method on economic performance of Eryngium
Means
followed by same letter or without letter in a column are not differed significantly
at 5% level. * and **
indicate significant at 5% and 1% level respectively. The
highest BCR (10.99) was found in broadcast sowing with thinning under nylon net
shade closely followed by line sowing with thinning under cucurbit trellis
(10.77) though the lowest BCR (4.07) was found in broadcast sowing without
thinning under same shade. Both line sowing and broadcasting under different
shades, thinning facilitate higher returns obtaining extra returns by selling
of fresh plants that harvested during thinning. Without thinning of all sowing
method and shades gave lower returns because only seed values and vegetables
values (Cucurbits shade) are considered for return calculation. 4. CONCLUSION All kinds
of sowing and shade methods with thinning gave higher returns as well as
benefit cost ratio compared to control (no thinning). For better leaf
production, broadcasting sowing with thinning under nylon net shade found
better and more profitable. Cultivation of Eryngium
under cucurbits trellis gave early returns that can be recommended for fresh
leaf production. Open sunlight is less costly but it is not suitable for leaf
production. 5. RECOMMENDATIONBroadcasting
sowing with thinning plus shade (either nylon or cucurbits trellis) are
suggested for better leaf production of Eryngium. SOURCES OF FUNDINGThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. CONFLICT OF INTERESTThe author have declared that no competing interests exist. ACKNOWLEDGMENTNone. REFERENCES [1] Ekpong, B. and Sukprakran S. 2008.
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