Article Type: Research Article Article Citation: Md. Ferdaus Ahmed, Md. Jahedur Rahman, Md.
Nazrul Islam, Md. Jafar Ullah, and Nirod Chandra Sarker. (2020). EFFECT OF
CASING MATERIAL MANAGEMENT ON YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF MILKY WHITE
MUSHROOM (CALOCYBE INDICA). International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 8(10),
333-337 . https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i10.2020.1880 Received Date: 13 October 2020 Accepted Date: 31 October 2020 Keywords: Casing Material Management Technique Milky White Mushroom
(Calocybe Indica) General practice in Bangladesh is, after harvest producers leave the non-effective fruiting body of milky white mushroom in the spawn packet as it is. But every fruiting body primordia take some nutrient from the substrate, and the dried & rotten primordia may encourage other competitive fungi or harmful microorganism to grow on the upper surface of the substrate which may affect the fruiting body formation and yield in the subsequent flushes. Therefore, the present study was under taken to know the effect of casing material management technique on yield and yield attributes of milky white mushroom. Five different casing material management technique were practiced in this experiment, such as T1= removal of dried non effective fruiting bodies after each harvest; T2= removal of dried non effective fruiting bodies and filling the casing hole with fresh casing material after each harvest; T3= scraping the upper surface of the substrate after each harvest; T4= scraping the upper surface of the substrate and adding 10% fresh casing material after each harvest; and T5= no disturbance of the casing material (control). Number of effective fruiting body (NEFB), number of flushes, days to total harvest and size of fruiting body were significantly affected by casing material management technique but economic yield and biological efficiency among the treatments were insignificant. Considering all the parameters removal of dried non effective fruiting bodies and filling the casing hole with fresh casing material after each harvest (T2) was the best technique for casing material management.
1. INTRODUCTIONCasing is
an important cultural practice of milky white mushroom cultivation. Casing
means covering the cultivation substrate with a layer of soil or soil like
material after spawn run which enhances the transformation of vegetative stage
to reproductive stage (Pani, 2012; Suess and Curtis, 2009). Casing the surface
of composted substrate fully colonized by mycelium of mushroom is an essential
function in stimulation and promoting the development of fruit bodies (Farsi et
al., 2011). Recent studies on the constraints in the cultivation of milky
mushroom indicated casing is the most important factor affecting the yield. The
production of Calocybe indica depends
on top dressing after the substrate has been fully colonized with mycelium.
After complete mycelia formation casing is done to provide a reservoir of water
for the developing fruiting body. Milky
white mushroom produces numerous fruiting body primordia during first flush and
decreases in the following flushes. Among the fruiting body primordia some are
grown vigorously to produce effective fruiting body and rest of the primordia
remain as non-effective fruiting body which ultimately become dry or rotten.
General practice in our country is, after harvest producers leave the
non-effective fruiting body in the spawn packet as it is. But every fruiting
body primordia take some nutrient from the substrate, and the dried and rotten
primordia may encourage other competitive fungi or harmful microorganism to
grow on the upper surface of the substrate which may affect the fruiting body
formation and yield in the subsequent flushes. Therefore, the present study was
under taken to know the effect of casing material management on the yield and
biological efficiency of milky white mushroom. 2.
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at Mushroom Development
Institute (MDI), Department of Agricultural Extension, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
from May to July 2020. 2.1. TREATMENTS
Five different casing material management techniques were
practiced in this experiment such as T1= removal of dried non
effective fruiting bodies after each harvest; T2= removal of dried
non effective fruiting bodies and filling the casing hole with fresh casing
material after each harvest; T3= scraping the upper surface of the
substrate after each harvest; T4= scraping the upper surface of the
substrate and adding 10% fresh casing material after each harvest; and T5=
no disturbance of the casing material (control). 2.2. SPAWN PREPARATIONRice straw
was used for the cultivation of milky white mushroom. The straw was chopped to
convenient length of 2.5 to 5 cm. The substrate was mixed with
appropriate amount of water and then filled in net bag. The net bag filled with
substrate were placed in the sterilization cum inoculation chamber. Door of the
chamber was closed and tightened with the help of screws. Water heater was
turned on to produce steam that flows in to the chamber. When the temperature
of the chamber rises to 600C, the steam flow was adjusted to
maintain a constant temperature of 700C – 800C up to 90
minutes. After 90 minutes water heater was turned off and kept it for about 20
hours. After 20 hours substrate was taken out and used for preparation of spawn
packet. Pasteurized
substrate was filled into the polythene bags (12”x16”) and inoculated with 20% sawdust
mother culture by thorough mixing. Then the spawn packets were transferred to
the culture house for mycelium run. After 16-25 days the substrate was
completely colonized by the mycelium and polythene cover was opened. 2.3. CASING AND AFTER CARELoamy soil
was used as casing material and was sterilized at 650C for 4 hours.
Casing material was covered over the mycelium on the substrate up to 4 cm
thickness. Watering was done at regular interval to maintain moisture at 60 to
70%. Primordia initiated at 7-14 days and developed in to fruiting bodies. 2.4. CASING MATERIAL MANAGEMENTIn T1,
after each harvest non effective fruiting bodies were removed by hand picking;
in T2, non effective fruiting bodies were removed and the holes of
casing material were filled with fresh casing material after each harvest; in T3,
after each harvest upper surface of the substrate was scraped gently with
finger; in case of T4, after
each harvest upper surface of the substrate was scraped gently with finger and
added 10% fresh casing material; and in T5, casing material was allowed
to remain undisturbed. The
fruiting bodies were harvested at 7-8 days of primordia initiation and data
were collected on days to primordia initiation, length of stalk, diameter of
stalk, diameter of pileus, thickness of pileus, number of effective fruiting
body (NEFB), number of flushes, days to total harvest, weight of fruiting, yield
and biological efficiency (BE). The BE was measured by the formula; Fresh
weight of mushroom BE= ------------------------------------- x 100 Dry
weight of substrate. 2.5. DATA ANALYSISThe
experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4
replications. The data were statistically analyzed following SPSS (version
20.0) computer program. Difference among the treatment means were determined by
Tukey’s Test (Tukey, 1977) at P
≤ 0.05. 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION3.1. NUMBER OF EFFECTIVE FRUITING BODY, NUMBER OF FLUSHES AND DAYS TO TOTAL HARVESTNumber of
effective fruiting body (NEFB), number of flushes and days to total harvest of
milky white mushroom was significantly affected by casing material management
technique (Table-1). Both number of effective fruiting body (8.83) and number
of flushes (2.81) were highest when non effective dried fruiting bodies
were removed after each harvest
(T1) and were lowest (4.65 & 1.63) when upper
surface of the substrate was scrapped with hand and 10% fresh casing material
was added after each harvest
(T4). Highest time (65.08 days) was required for total harvest
(spawning to last harvest) of milky white mushroom when upper
surface of the substrate was scrapped after each harvest (T3) and lowest time
(53.15 days) was required when the casing material was allowed to remain
undisturbed (T5). Days to spawn run and days to fruiting body
primordial initiation were also significantly varied in this study (Table-1).
Shortest time (15.15 days) was required for completing spawn run and longest
time (11.15 days) was required for fruiting body primordial initiation in T4
but longest time (23.95 days) was required for completing spawn run in T3
and shortest time (7.73 days) was required for fruiting body primordial
initiation in T1. This result supports the findings of Amin et al. (2010)
who reported that number of effective fruiting body of milky white mushroom
varied from 1.57 to 7.75 and total days for harvest varied from 44.0 to 64.75
days as affected by casing material thickness. Table 1: Effect of casing material
management technique on number of effective fruiting body, number of flushes
and days to total harvest of milky white mushroom
In
column figures having same letters do not differ significantly at 5% level
according to Tukey’s test. Size of fruiting body, yield and
biological efficiency: Length
of stalk, diameter of pileus and thickness of pileus were significantly
influenced by casing material management technique but diameter of stalk was
not affected (Table-2). Length of stalk (11.18 cm), diameter of pileus (7.48
cm) and thickness of pileus (2.75 cm) was highest when upper
surface of the substrate was scrapped and 10% fresh casing material was added
after each harvest (T4)
but diameter of stalk (2.95 cm) was highest when upper surface
of the substrate was scrapped after each harvest (T3) which was similar to other
treatments. Stalk length (8.63 cm), pileus diameter (5.23 cm) and pileus
thickness (2.15 cm) were lowest when non effective dried fruiting bodies
were removed after each harvest
(T1) but stalk diameter (2.65 cm) was lowest when the casing
material was allowed to remain undisturbed (T5). Similar result was
reported by Amin et al. (2010) who recorded stalk length ranges from 2.68 to
9.51cm, stalk diameter from 2.39 to 3.05 cm and pileus diameter from 5.05 to
7.75 cm as affected by casing material thickness. Average weight of fruiting body was significantly affected by casing material management technique but variation in yield and biological efficiency among the treatments were insignificant (Table-2). Average weight per fruiting body was highest (85.93g) when upper surface of the substrate was scrapped and 10% fresh casing material was added after each harvest (T4) and was lowest (41.65g) when non effective dried fruiting bodies were removed after each harvest (T1). Highest yield (400.75 g) and biological efficiency (96.85%) were recorded in treatment T2 and lowest (321.90 g & 77.58%) in T5. This result is comparable with the findings of Kerketta et al. (2018) who recorded average weight of sporophore of different C. indica strain from 54 to 82 g. Table 2: Effect of casing material
management technique on size of fruiting body, economic yield and biological
efficiency of milky white mushroom
In
column figures having same letters do not differ significantly at 5% level
according to Tukey’s test. 3.2. NUMBER OF EFFECTIVE FRUITING BODY AND YIELD PER FLUSHNumber of
effective fruiting body (NEFB) was significantly varied among the treatments in
2nd flush but in 1st, 3rd and 4th
flush variation in NEFB among the treatments were insignificant (Table-3).
Highest NEFB were recorded in T1 both in 1st and 2nd
flush (4.31 & 3.56) but it was highest in T2 (1.06) and T5
(0.38) in 3rd flush and 4th flush respectively. Significant
variation of economic yield among the treatments were observed in 1st,
2nd and 3rd flush but in 4th flush it was
insignificant (Table-3). T4 gave the highest yield in 1st
flush (294.75g) but it was lowest in 2nd flush (33.63g). No fruiting body was recorded in 3rd
and 4th flush in T4. T1 produces highest yield
in 2nd flush (115g) but T5 in 3rd (38.94g) and
4th flush (14.13g). Economic yield per flush was varied
significantly and it was decreased gradually from 1st flush to the
subsequent flushes. This result is comparable with the findings of Patel and
Trivedi (2016) who also recorded gradual decrease in yield from 1st
harvest to the subsequent harvest of C.
indica. Table 3: Flush wise number of effective
fruiting body, weight of fruiting body and yield as affected by casing material
management technique
In
column figures having same letters do not differ significantly at 5% level
according to Tukey’s test. Variation
in average weight of fruiting body among the treatments were insignificant
during all the flushes (Figure-1). But fruiting body weight was significantly
varied among the flushes and it was gradually decreased from 1st
flush to the subsequent flushes. Fruiting body weight was highest in T4
during 1st flush (94.98g), in T1 during 2nd
flush (32.46g) and in T5 during 3rd (25.29g) & 4th
(19.0g) flush. This result is comparable with the findings of Patel and Trivedi
(2016) who also recorded gradual decrease in yield from 1st harvest
to the subsequent flushes. Figure 1: Flush wise weight of fruiting body
as affected by casing material management technique 4. CONCLUSIONFrom the above study it can be concluded that casing material management technique influences the yield and yield attributes of milky white mushroom. Among different technique, removal of dried non effective fruiting bodies and filling the casing hole with fresh casing material after each harvest was the best technique for casing material management as it helps to produce highest economic yield and biological efficiency of milky white mushroom. SOURCES OF FUNDINGThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. CONFLICT OF INTERESTThe author have declared that no competing interests exist. ACKNOWLEDGMENTNone. REFERENCES
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