PHYSICO - MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS OF DOMESTIC WATER USED BY THE COMMUNITY OF COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND ITS ENVIRONS, MAIDUGURI, NORTH – EASTERN NIGERIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i7.2020.226Keywords:
Domestic Activities, Health-Risks, Potable Water, Standard Values, Water SanitationAbstract [English]
This research study focuses on the importance to evaluate the types and their quality, beneficial uses of waters in order to ascertain its assess, contaminations and the impacts of pollution. Study was conducted on Physico - microbiological examinations of domestic water used by the Community of College of Agriculture and its environs, Maiduguri. Methods used were that described by Cheesbrough [1], Gwana et al., [2], and AOAC [3]. 200 mls of water sample from 8 water stations (A to H) were each sampled. Results obtained revealed the colour, odour and taste of the water sampled were normal, except station E, which was brownish in colour and perceived fishy smelt and tasted salty, mean pH values ranged from of 6.6 to 8.2, mean temperature (OC) from ranged from 22.1 to 32.1 OC, mean turbidity (TU) from ranged from 1 to 4 TU. Microscopical examination of the water sampled in each of the stations using parasitological techniques; there was no protozoan cysts, protozoan trophozoites, helminths ovae (eggs) and helminths adult parasites found, except in water station E where larva of Schistosoma species (Bifurcated Cercaria) was seen. For the bacteriological examination, the indicators used were Coliform, Escherichia coli, and Aerobic mesophilic bacteria, values were given in mean coliform unit per mills (CFU / mls) of the water sampled. Stations; A and B, had yielded growth of coliform each with 0, C, F, G and H each had 1, D (5), and E (94). Escherichia coli; station A had 1, and B, C, F, and G had 0 each, 22, 56, and 18 for D, E, and H. Aerobic mesophilic bacteria; station A had 283, B (23), C (103), D (261), E (313), F (51), G (11) and H had 286 CFU / mls. The water stations were found free from health hazards, therefore, fit for consumption and domestic activities, except water from station E. There is a needs to be enlightened the community on safe - drinking water measures in the study area.
Downloads
References
Cheesbrough, M. Water Related Disease and Testing of Water Supply, In: District Laboratory Practice in Tropic Countries, Part Two, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition; 2010, pp. 143 – 157.
Gwana, A. M., Biu, A. A., Mu’azu, A. K., Abubakar, A., Hamra, A. A., Mustapha, B. M. Physico – Chemical Analysis of Domestic Water Used by the Community of College of Agriculture and Its Environs, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Sumerianz Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 2, No. 10, 2019, pp: 82 – 90.
Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, AOAC Press, Gaithersburg, USA, 15th Edition; 1990, pp.
Cainncross, G. and Feachen, R. G. Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropic, In: Wiley, an Introductory Text Book, 4th Edition; 1983, pp. 144 – 149.
Gardon, M. F. Silversion Water and Waste Water Technology, (Silversion), Ohn – Wiley and Sons Ltd, 1st Edition; 1978, pp. 1 – 68.
Gwana, A. M., Mshelia, N. H., Abdullahi, M. M., Auwal, M. S., Bagudu, B. Y., Mala, B. M., Abdullahi, H. M. and Sadiq, A. B. Effects of Domestic Water Wastes on Water from Shallow – Wells in Moduganari, Nigeria, International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 2 (4); 2014b, pp. 185 – 190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20140204.11
World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 1th Edition, Volume 1; 1995, pp. 3 – 23.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2011). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 4th Edition, Volume 1; pp. 23 – 30.
Abdullahi, H. Important and existence of water; In: Effect of Domestic Liquid Waste on Ground Water Quality of Shallow Well, (Cases Study of Moduganari, Maisandari Ward, Maiduguri). A Final Year Project (Unpublished), Department of Agriculture and Bio – Environmental Engineering, Ramat Polytechnic, Maiduguri; 2013, pp. 4 – 8.
Frazier, W. C. and Westhoff, D. C. Food Microbiology, McGray Hill Books Co. 4th Edition; 1988, pp. 63 – 487.
Shmueli, D. F. Water Quality in International River Basin, In: Political Geography 18; 1999, pp. 437 – 476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-6298(98)00106-1
Bonnie, W. R. Microsoft® Encarta ® 2008 [DVD] Remond, W. A: Microsoft Corporation, ©, 2008, 1997 – 2007.
Umaru, B. W., Gwana, A. M., Wanas, L. N. and Halima, M. B. Assessments of Biological Water Quality and Condition Factors of Clarias gariepinus in Lake Alau, North – Eastern Nigeria, International Journal of Natural Resources Ecology and Management, 2 (3); 2016, pp. 14 – 25.
World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 3th Edition, Volume 1; 2004, pp. 34 – 78.
John, H. Microsoft® Encarta ® 2008 [DVD]. Remond, W. A: Microsoft Corporation, ©, 2008, 1997 – 2007.
Philip, M. What is a Special about Water? In: Advance Chemistry, Cambridge University Press, U.K, Low Price Edition; 2004, pp. 558 – 568.
Ekubo, A. A. and Abowei, J. F. N. Review of Some Water Quality Management Principle in Culture Fisheries, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 3 (2); 2011, pp. 1342 – 1357.
Babale, M. L. Limnology and Zooplankton Distribution of Makwaye Lake, Zaria. M.Sc. Thesis, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria; 1989, pp. 51.
Ali, A. N. Ecological study on some water characteristics used in fish farms and their relation to fish productivity. Ph.D. Thesis: Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Egypt; 2007, pp. 306.
Gwana, A. M., Bako, M. M., Auwal, M. S., Bagudu, B. Y., Kadai, K. I., Sadiq A. B., and Halima, M. B. Physico – Microbiological and Chemical Examination of Domestic Water Used by the College of Agriculture Community, Maiduguri, North – Eastern Nigeria, International Journal of Science, Technology and Society, 2 (4); 2014a, pp. 63 – 68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20140204.11
Umaru, B, W., Harana, A. B., Gwana, A. M., Wanas, L. N., Bukar – Kolo, M. Y. and Mohammed, U. K. Examination of the Stomach Contents of Two Fish Species (Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus) in Lake Alau, North – Eastern Nigeria, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 3 (5); 2014), pp. 405 – 409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20140305.23
World Health Organization (WHO). Conference on World Water Quality, Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Conference Reports, Geneva, 1993, pp:
Wikipedia. Drinking Water Quality Standard, In: Wikipedia Encyclopedia; 2013, pp. 1 – 4.
Gwana, A. M., Auwal, M. S., Bagudu, B. Y., and Gazali, Y. A. Study Area and Location, in: Comparative of Parasitological Diagnostic Techniques in the Survey of Haemoparasites of Camel Slaughtered in Maiduguri Central Abattoir, North – Eastern Nigeria, Journal of Science, 1 (2); 2013, pp. 57 – 65.
National Population Commission. Vital Statistic Unit, Census De Facto, Census Report, Gidan Madara, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, 2006.
Stroud, K. A. and Booth, D. J. Statistical Package, In: Engineering Mathematics, www.Palgrave.com / Stroud, Palgrave, GB, London, 5th Edition; 2001, pp. 1130 – 1139.
World Health Organization (WHO) / Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Standard Values of Safe Drinking Water as Reports, Revision 2, Section 973, 42B (b), 2007.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
With the licence CC-BY, authors retain the copyright, allowing anyone to download, reuse, re-print, modify, distribute, and/or copy their contribution. The work must be properly attributed to its author.
It is not necessary to ask for further permission from the author or journal board.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
