INTRODUCING CRYSTALLIZATION BACKWARD SUCTION TRAPPING LIPIDS AND DEBRIS AS PROPOSED ADDITIONAL FACTOR IN THE GENESIS OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

© 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 215 INTRODUCING CRYSTALLIZATION BACKWARD SUCTION TRAPPING LIPIDS AND DEBRIS AS PROPOSED ADDITIONAL FACTOR IN THE GENESIS OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE


INTRODUCTION
Our manuscript introduces via in vitro experiments the presence of a dominant backward suction (DBS) occurring during the onset of crystallization of Potassium Ferricyanide (K3Fe) attracting tissue particles from a human hair follicle or miniorgan [1] on a glass slide covered by K3Fe in solution. This hydrodynamic DBS phenomenon had also been detected in vivo and reported to be present at the start of diastole during diastole as blood flows into the human coronary arteries [2]. The process of intracoronary lipids crystallization occurs in two major steps, the first is nucleation also defined as the appearance of a crystalline phase of a supersaturated solvent; the second is known as crystal growth, which is the increase in the size of particles and leads to a crystal state [3] Images and video recordings are introduced demonstrating for the first time via an in vitro simulation of lipids crystallization. The data shows via images and video-recordings that when the onset crystallization occurs near tissue (≅ 1 mm) a dehydration triggered DBS or vacuum ensues with enough hydrodynamic force to withdraw lipid molecules from human tissue; these molecules are shown to adhere to the crystals.

PREPARING THE SOLUTION
Commercially available bottled water was tested for impurities via a handheld electrical fields sensor (Lishtot Sensor). A solution was prepared by diluting ≅ 2 grams of Potassium Ferricyanide (K3Fe) crystals in 2 ml of the previously tested for impurities bottled spring water. The solution placed inside a 6-inch 4 mm OD glass tube and withdrawn as needed via pipette.

THE SINGLE SIDE PREPARATION (SSP)
The SSP is an open-air technique where freshly plucked in toto human hairs were placed on a clean 25x75x1mm glass slide; and covered by drops of K3Fe in solution; the liquid was then allowed to evaporate. Prior to evaporation, the drops were gently touched by a wooden toothpick and dispersed as to cover the follicle and shaft (Fig.1). After the hair sample stops drifting and stabilizes, a clean wooden toothpick was used to gently shepherd the hair sample away from the drop edges. As evaporation starts, images and video recordings are made and stored.  [3] care was taken to show in control experiments the dynamics via video recordings in both types as the Potassium Ferricyanide or K3Fe solution crystalizes. An example of K3Fe homogeneous crystallization is when no foreign particles are present in the liquid, ie: Ice formation in clouds. In heterogeneous crystallization, impurities such as dust particles could trigger a regional temporary nucleation process. In homogeneous situations, unimpeded crystallization occurs.

THE FULL ABSORPTION OF BIOELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (BEMR) BY K3FE
The crystallography paramagnetic anisotropy of K3Fe was introduced in 1969 [4] and later demonstrated to fully absorb electromagnetic radiation [5]. Our experiments document the above mentioned "full electromagnetic absorption" property of K3Fe, this manifested in crystals deposition in a semicircular pattern. It occurs within the BEMR reaches of the hair follicle previously determined to be ≅ 3 mm [6] (Fig 4). As of recent, human blood tissue has been documented to be a BEMR emitter; and demonstrated to increase K3Fe crystals adhering to a hair follicle.

HAIR FOLLICLES BEMR TRIGGERING DILUTED K3FE NUCLEATION AND CRYSTALLIZATION IN A SEMICIRCULAR PATTERN DELAYING CRYSTALLIZATION ADVANCE
When the K3Fe is evaporating and a hair follicle BEMR is detected, nucleation ensues thus starting an impeded crystallization pattern of crystals formation. This process slows the crystallization advance (Fig 4 + video). The range of the hair follicle BEMFs triggering nucleation in K3Fe had been previously determined to be ≅ 3 mm. NOTE: In Figure 4 above, the thicker crystallization highlighted by letter C is due to the Backward Suction phenomenon attracting tissue particles. This attraction only occurs near the hair follicle area as shown in (Fig. 5 +  video) below.

Example of DBS in Gray Hairs
The example below, clearly shows a DBS seen during nucleation. This documents the attraction of two different types of particles from a human miniorgan (hair follicle), one type was identified via optical microscopy as lipid molecules; the other theorized to be melanin granules. As a matter of interest to readers of this manuscript the hair follicle had been found to have "circulatory lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) present in the capillary loop of the DP (dermal papilla)" [5] or the most distal area of the follicle as shown in Figure 5 below.
Additionally, hair follicles are usually covered by sebum, the lipid molecules observed being withdrawn during crystallization could also be part of secretion from sebaceous glands. Regardless of the lipid origin a DBS is documented.

DEMONSTRATION OF DBS ATTRACTING LIPID PARTICLES AND UNIDENTIFIED MATERIAL IN GRAY HAIRS
This is better displayed due to the smaller number of particles attracted in gray hairs (Figure 6 below).  For specific details move cursor from 00:50" to 01:06" stronger suction as crystallization nears follicle.

DISCUSSION
The main message herein presented is the introduction of a mechanism linking a DBS phenomenon during crystallization attracting particles from human tissue as an additional factor in intra coronary plaque crystals formation This is supported by similarities in images obtained via different techniques, such as by optical microscopy from this manuscript as shown below (Fig 9); and electron microscopy by others as shown in Figure 1 (not shown) in reference [7].

K3FE CRYSTALS IDENTIFIED AS ANISOTROPIC AND FULLY ABSORBING BIOELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
K3Fe crystals have been identified as anisotropic and found to fully absorb electromagnetic radiation, such as in the case of inherent human hair follicle BEMR [8], The first step in crystallization is called nucleation, the second leads to crystals formation. The emphasis in this manuscript is placed on the nucleation phase of K3Fe in solution covering a hair follicle a.k.a. as a miniorgan. The images obtained show a "back and forth" motion during the water evaporation (dehydration) leading to the onset of nucleation. Only when nucleation occurred near the follicle itself (≅ 1 mm) is that a DBS was documented attracting human tissue particles (Fig 10).

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION CAN BE FULLY ABSORBED USING AN ANISOTROPIC CRYSTAL
K3Fe crystals have been classified as anisotropic, and as such fully absorbing incoming electromagnetic radiation. Our experiments show the hair follicle BEMR triggered K3Fe crystals as result of K3Fe full absorption of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the hair follicles. This mechanism is demonstrated in Figures 4,5,6,7,8 and 10 plus video recordings.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Proposed is a mechanism for the genesis of coronary artery disease and its progression; involving two similar tandem events: A primary Dominant Backward Suction (DBS) suctioning blood tissue and lipids into the coronary arteries during diastole; and a secondary intra arterial DBS associated with localized dehydration triggered by the first stage of crystallization or nucleation attracting and trapping lipids present within ≅ 1 mm of the arterial wall endothelium; this mechanism is inferred in Figures 9 and 10 plus video-recordings. The lipid droplets due to their malleability [9] are adhered to the crystals and stay "deformed but intact", as if removed from circulation. Supporting the findings is correlation between hypo hydration and crystallization localized intra-arterial endothelial function [10], [11]. Additionally, lipids crystals injuring the inner arterial wall have been proposed to trigger chronic inflammation [12], thus starting a vicious cycle leading towards coronary artery disease progression

SOURCES OF FUNDING
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.