ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND INCOME OF CASSAVA FARMING

Motivation/Background: This study determining the amount of production and income of cassava farming, and level of efficiency of cassava farming in Muna Regency. The total sample was 32 farmers determined by stratified random sampling. Method: The type of data used is primary data obtained through direct interviews with respondents of cassava farmers and secondary data from relevant agencies. Data were analyzed using income analysis and business efficiency. Results: The results showed the average of amount of cassava farm production is 1.141 kg per farmer. The average income received by each farmers is Rp. 6,115,969. Conclusions: The efficiency level of 6.10 which means that cassava farming is efficient and feasible to be developed.


Introduction
Food crops are primer needs of people food and nutrition require. One strategy to overcome food insecurity is to increase food security. Food security policy is an important agenda in economic development. The change of paradigm in economic development policy that initially started from the growth-oriented development paradigm, then development oriented towards equity, and finally the sustainable development paradigm that is more concerned with the preservation of natural resources that can overcome the problem of food insecurity. For example, rice is very risky to food security issue, so it needs efforts to develop alternative food crops such as corn, soybeans, green beans, cassava, taro, and gembili which all can be processed into various foods that have more econimic value [1] .
Province of Southeast Sulawesi is one of the 10 highest cassava development centers in Indonesia. Cassava is one of the tuber-type food plants that has the potential to be developed in Muna Regency. Processed food sourced from cassava plants is one of the staple foods which is processed Http://www.granthaalayah.com ©International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH [161] in various forms and consumed for generations by the local community. Cassava food plants which are optimally cultivated are expected to be one of the sources of increased production to fill the food needs of the community as well as a source of income for farmers. The data on the development of harvested area, production and productivity of cassava farming in Muna Regency and other Regencies/Cities in Southeast Sulawesi Province can be seen in Table 1. Muna Regency is one of the regencies that has potential harvested area, production and productivity to be developed. Sustainability of food security policies with the availability of food through cassava farming is determined by the level of welfare of farmers which was measured by the income received. This should be the subject of government policy, due to farmers are the spearhead in providing food supplies as revealed by the Minister of National Development Planning/Head of Bappenas [3] .

Materials and Methods
This research was conducted in Muna Regency, at the districts of Tongkuno and Kabawo. The location was chosen purposively with consideration of potential research locations in the development of cassava farming. The population of the study was 128 farmers, and because of the population was more than 100 so the sample was taken as much as 25 percent of the population that are 32 farmers [4] . The sampling method uses stratified random sampling. The type of data is primary data obtained through direct interviews using a list of questions to cassava farmers in the form of data on land area, production, price, planting period, use of farming inputs, income, and production costs. Whereas secondary data was obtained through document searches from the relevant agencies. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive. Data analysis to determine the income and efficiency of cassava farming is analyzed using income and business efficiency analysis. Income analysis using the following formulation according to Hernanto: I = TR -TC , where: I: Income, TR: Total Revenue, and TC: Total Cost, while business efficiency uses ratio revenue cost (R-C ratio) [5] .

Overview of Research Locations
Muna Regency is one of the centers of food crops in Southeast Sulawesi Province. Cassava farming has long been endeavored by the local community to fulfill and supply their basic needs. with soil conditions, temperature and rainfall in Muna Regency, cassava plants are quite adaptive and can grow well. Data related to the area of cassava harvest is presented in Table 2.  Cassava Farmers in this study who had an average age of 31-40 years are three people, an average age of 41-50 years are 12 people and an average age of 51-60 years are 13 people and an average age of 61-70 are four people. In general, the age of farmers is still in their productive age in farming. With a productive age, physical constraints experienced will be minimal, so that it will affect the sustainability of cassava farming production.  In running a farm, the experience factor is also very influential in achieving optimal production results. It is due to with the experience they have, the activities of cassava farming will be more effective. In this study, cassava farmers still use traditional methods that are traditionally done from generation to generation. Farming which is usually done in traditional ways has now begun to be socialized by related agencies to be abandoned, and changed to more modern farming patterns, and the application of technology which make increase in productivity. The results showed that most farmers have experienced cassava farming. They had been farming for more than 10 years and included in the medium category. Cassava farming carried out by respondents are known to have an area of 0.5-1.00 Ha were 14 people, and an area of 1.01-2.00 Ha were 18 people. Most farmers use their own land, so there is no need to pay for land rent.

Production Analysis
Production is a result of activities combining various factors of production in the form of capital, while labors, technology and managerial ability to produce benefits [6] . Data about cassava farming production information is very important as a basis in formulating policies. By knowing production data every season/year, there will be a trend of development or decline in the results of farming.
The following presents data on the development of harvested area, production and productivity of cassava farming in Muna Regency in the last 3 years. Based on the data in Table 6, it can be seen that the harvested area and production have always increase over the last three years with an average harvested area was 990 Ha, an average production 27.692 tons, and average productivity was 28.16 tons/ha . Average harvested area growth was 31.48 percent, production growth 13.05 percent and productivity decreased by 14.01 percent over the past three years. With these facts, of course this has become a field phenomenon, when the socialization of food security is incessant, but the productivity of cassava farming actually decreases. Cassava farming is only one harvest per year. So the calculation of the analysis is calculated per year. The total production of cassava farming was 32 farmers, which was 39.010 kg per harvest season, with details of 24.353 kg in Tongkuno District and 14.657 kg in Kabawo District. Average production per respondent was 1.219 kg per planting season.

Analysis of Cassava Farming Income
To find out the income of cassava farming, revenue and production costs was analyzed first and that can be seen in detail in the following table: Based on field facts, all cassava yields are sold in the form of commodities without any processing in the form of products ready for consumption so that the income are received very little. The local people in the study area has not been able to process cassava in the form of processed which has added value so that it can contribute to increasing income. The income received by all respondents in each year was Rp. 195,711,002, while the average income received by each respondent farmer in each planting season was Rp. 6,115,969, while the results of the analysis of business efficiency using the R-C ratio was obtained results of 6.10, this implies that cassava farming is quite efficient and profitable to continue to be endeavored.

Conclusion
The production average of cassava farming was 1.141 kg. The total income received by farmers amounted to Rp. 195,711,002, and the average of income was received by each farmer was Rp.