SOIL FAUNA FOOD WEB IN SEVERAL LAND USE TYPES OF SUPER WET TROPICAL RAIN FOREST AREA

Changes land use in the super-wet tropical rainforest area has resulted in changes pattern of soil fauna food webs that show the diversity of ecosystems. Various soil biodiversity studies tend to prioritize the diversity of soil fauna, without examining how changes in the pattern of food flow are running. The results showed that the abundance of the highest number of functional individuals of soil fauna in each type of land was predator. The diversity of functional types of soil fauna in forest and mixed gardens is also dominated by predators and on open area types and monoculture gardens dominated by herbivorees. While the parasitoid and detritivore groups were spread evenly on each type of land. This shows that the pattern of food webs in each land type of super wet tropical rainforest area reaches a balance in the type of forest and mixed gardens and begins to be disrupted in open area and monoculture gardens. The highest trophic level of food webs is the main controller of ecosystem balance. Changes in vegetation type of land in super wet tropical rain forest area will cause fragmentation of functional habitat of soil fauna which causes imbalance of energy flow in food webs.


Introduction
The main purpose of soil ecology is to understand population dynamics and soil fauna communities. In the soil fauna community it is fundamentally related to the relationship between food and the predator's style in finding prey. To illustrate the complex arrangement of feeding relationships in the food web of the soil fauna community, it has been found in the form of simple The materials used in this study included Prophylin glycol, alcohol 96% and aquadest while the tools used included glass cup plastic, mica dish, machete, label paper, P-vott 100 tube ml, tissue, cotton, tweezers, petri dishes, microscopes, cameras and identification books (Borror 1992 and Insect of Australia) / web taxonomy.
The method used in this study is the survey method, where the determination of sample points is done by purposive random sampling based on land toposecurity (low, high and medium) on each type of land, while sampling soil fauna is done by installing pitfall trap traps and using methods handsorting.
Identification of soil fauna was carried out in the laboratory using a stereo microscope by observing all parts of the soil fauna morphology and calculating the number of each soil fauna. then identification of conduct by using the Borror book (Introduction to Insect Types) and Insect of Australia.
Each of these morphological identification results was followed by the identification of functional soil fauna based on food sources in each of these soil fauna. Furthermore, visualization of food nets is made through each type of land.

Functional Soil Fauna in Several Types of Land Super Wet Tropical Rainforest Areas
Soil fauna as an executor of a series of ecosystem processes in a region, causes this component to have an important role in maintaining ecosystem stability. Some types of land that have been formed by humans in the super wet tropical rain forest area cause degradation in the soil fauna group. The degradation of the abundance of soil fauna will affect the functioning of ecosystems in each type of land, where the level of evenness of soil fauna will be disrupted resulting in some soil fauna dominating on a land type.
Functional soil fauna reflects the condition of the ecosystem of a land, where the presence of soil fauna is important to understand from the aspect of its nutritional type function. The process of eating and being eaten in the groove of the soil fauna food chain forms the characterization of the ecosystem of a land type so that this needs to be given attention to detailing the ecosystem conditions of a land type. Forests as natural habitat Soil fauna is a productive place for soil fauna. According to [13] Certain regions of the world are known as centers of biodiversity, because they contain a high diversity of various levels of diversity, both the level of diversity of genes, species and ecosystems. Tropical rainforests are the peak point of biodiversity. Furthermore, according to [14] the interaction between soil fauna and its environment in tropical rainforest areas will form a mutualistic relationship in building the ecosystems of each land. [15] mentions that soil fauna groups are agents that assist in the supply of nutrient trees (symbiotic organisms) and recycling of primary production (decomposers), in which groups of soil fauna will carry out their activities alongside trees to ensure availability of nutrients. This is mainly due to the discovery of a mutualistic relationship between soil organisms, their immediate environment, and key processes such as litter decomposition, root growth, and forest dynamics.
Changes in land use in the super wet tropical rainforest area have caused a decrease in functional abundance of soil fauna (Fig. 1). according to [16] in agricultural practices, increasing the capacity of land to support high productivity causes loss of soil fauna useful to sustain the process of soil ecosystems in the agricultural area concerned. This can reduce the quality of the land. Furthermore [17] changes in forest land types will ultimately reduce the ability of soil ecosystem functions, such as decomposition and recycling of nutrients, which will be significantly reduced. According to [18] the scale of soil ecosystem quality will vary with the abundance of soil fauna, where the presence of human interference with functional processes that are irrelevant in the hierarchical position in the ecosystem is caused by symmetrical patterns of relationships between microbes, soil fauna, humus form and vegetation type. At present, knowledge has been reviewed and According to [19] the abundance of functional individuals of soil fauna occurs due to the availability and variety of sources of nutrition, the interaction of biotic factors with biotic and abiotic such as climate, temperature and light intensity and land management, which directly affect agricultural productivity [20]. Species losses in ecosystems tend to be biased towards predators. According to [21] predators become a group of soil fauna that has a strong influence on ecological communities by controlling species abundance and dynamics at lower trophic levels. The high abundance of functional predators of soil fauna is due to the abundance of available food nutrients. According to [22] Predators tend to have extensive service provisions, where this group is able to regulate and control prey populations. According to [23] as an indicator of high species wealth that guarantees a balance of conservation, this group tends to be an early indicator of environmental damage that can cause loss of trophic level species at the bottom [24].
The abundance of herbivoreous individuals ranks second after predators in each land type in the super wet tropical rain forest area, except for mixed garden land types where the amount of detritivore is more than herbivorees. In the type of forest land found 192 the number of herbivorees, in the open land type found 107, in the type of mixed garden land 105 and in the type of monoculture garden land found 100 individual herbivoree fauna land. According to [25] Variations in the texture of vegetation can form herbivoreous soil fauna communities through effects on abundance, diversity, and distribution of host plants and natural enemies. Furthermore, [26] Throughout the Zone gradient or ecosystem type, herbivoreous wealth can be directly related to plant density, wealth, diversity, and sources of nutrition. In the landscape of tropical rainforest ecosystems there is a direct monotonous correlation between the wealth of herbivoreous soil fauna and the total abundance of plants and plant species richness. According to [27] the density of herbivorees that increases in open land types, mixed gardens and monoculture gardens is characterized by high densities in natural forests. [28] stated that the destruction and destruction of associated habitats would cause the loss of almost half of the herbivoreous soil species and potentially cause local extinctions. [29] states that in some cases, but not all, high densities of herbivorees are called epidemics, especially in areas of agricultural and plantation crops. We consider the outbreak to be a dramatic increase in the abundance of soil herbivorees that occur relatively in a short period and this is often associated with giving wounds to plants that exceed the aesthetic threshold. In many cases, herbivorees are associated with cultivated plants that have economic value and are considered pests.
The functional group of detritivore soil fauna has a varied abundance of individuals, where the highest abundance of detritivore is found in mixed garden land types, namely 152, in type 121 forest land, in open land type 74 and in monoculture land types 66. [30] says that detritus is a food source that supports trophic food chains in almost every heterotrophic field, has a high abundance of detritivore soil fauna. According to [31] detritivore soil fauna groups are the main "key" for nutrient mobilization in higher microbial and plant tissues. According to [32] functional density of soil fauna and metabolic rates of decomposer soil fauna is comparatively high in tropical rainforests but very little information is available on the functional roles of the diverging in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. Their contribution to ecosystems can only be assessed indirectly from performance criteria such as density, succession and diversity with regard to input of organic matter and inorganic nutrient output. [33] the impact of decomposer soil fauna on increasing nutrient availability in soil can be determined from the level of soil nutrient abundance. It is known that the incorporation of organic matter in the soil results in excessive growth of saprotrophic organisms. According to [31] changes in the type of natural forest land help in increasing the characteristics of edafics even though they occur at slow speeds for soil conservation by increasing nutritional status and the stability and diversity of the decomposer community. In general, decomposer fauna acts as a catalyst for microbial activity and hence can increase the progress of litter decomposition. The results showed that the abundance of parasitoid in several types of land super wet tropical rain forest area was open type 18, type of forest land area with the number 13, mixed garden land types with the number 11 and monoculture land types with a number 10. According to [34] The ability of soil fauna parasitoid to invade new parts of an area depends fundamentally on the abiotic and biotic elements of the environment being attacked. Large-scale human disturbances, such as expansion of agricultural land, have the potential for large-scale loss and fragmentation of natural habitats [35]. Loss of habitat and habitat fragmentation, according to [35] is one of the main causes of loss of biodiversity. The parasitoid soil fauna group has been predicted to be affected by habitat fragmentation. This is usually due to low population density which can increase the risk of extinction [36]. According to [35] general patterns have not yet appeared from the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on functional types of soil fauna and their interactions with prey. According to [38] states that this can happen probably due to the generally functional types of herbivoreous, predatory, detritivore and parasitoid soil fauna that tend to make microhabitat or more important niches.

Soil Fauna Food Web's for Several Types of Land Super Wet Tropical Rainforest Areas
The pattern of soil fauna food web (Fig. 3) illustrates the pattern of relationships between interactions of biotic soil components consisting of producers, herbivorees, predators and detrivors in order to maintain ecosystem balance. Figure 3 shows the diversity of food web patterns on several types of land in the super wet tropical rain forest area. [39] in the mechanism of the food web, plants (land vegetation) play a key role in the two main supporters of life processes in the ecosystem, namely production and decomposition. According to [40] if trees (and possibly longlived plants) groups of soil fauna (especially herbivorees) will benefit from decomposition of substrate above the ground, where different species of plants can create sub-surface environments that will change the composition of soil fauna. In addition, the quality of litter which varies among tree species and plants in general, will affect the diversity of decomposers, food webs and nutrient cycles.  Figure 3 shows that forest land types have higher herbivoreous, predatory and detritivore soil fauna diversity compared to other land types. Forest land vegetation consisting of tall and dense trees, thick litter, various types of shrub plants to several types of grass that grow above the ground, making this land type have a functional diversity of higher soil fauna. The pattern of relationship between food webs illustrated in Figure 3 shows that the group of coleoptera and orthoptera has the highest diversity of species in the functional fauna of herbivoreous soils. Where the diversity of coleoptera and orthoptera is 7 types each. According to [41] the properties of plants affect the presence and diversity of herbivorees and the interactions between predators and those who fall prey which then produce an indirect ecological effect.
Beetles are an important component of any type of agroecosystem land. According to [43] in recent years, significant progress has been made in barcoding associations between producers of plants and insects. [42] mention the majority of pioneering studies in this field were carried out on Coleoptera and Orthoptera [44]. The interaction between herbivoreous beetles and flowering plants has been postulated as the main driver of beetle diversity [45], as 135,000 of the 360,000 species of beetles are phytophagous [46], as interactions between groups of tropical insects and plants have been subjected to many other studies due to the very high diversity of both tropical plants and insects [37].
Predator abundance in each land type is found in the spider soil fauna group. The number of families of this soil fauna group dominates each type of land in the super wet tropical rainforest area. Forests have an abundance of spiders of 13 families, then 8 families of spiders in open land types, 14 spider families in mixed garden land types and 6 spider families in monoculture garden land types. According to [47] the abundance of spiders in a type of land raises the underlying assumptions in most trophic interaction models that all predators are a threat, in which prey responds to a similar way quantitatively, then [48] stated that this approach needs to abstract the mechanistic details of ecological interactions between species in food webs.
Research has shown that interspecific variations among prey and predator species, and even intraspecific variations in predatory species, can have a significant impact on community structure and regulation of ecosystem functions. [49] stated that the interaction of predatory individual species in food tissues can develop a more comprehensive theory of soil fauna community dynamics, where the nature of species interactions in ecological communities can dictate the effects transmitted through food webs both directly and indirectly.
The abundance of spiders in the type of agricultural land is biocontrol in crop pest control, where the main objective of agriculture is to maximize clean primary production. According to [50] research on the role of spiders in agroecosystem land types has focused primarily on the extent to which these predators suppress the density of herbivoreous grazing. [51] predator diversity is also determined by the diversity of herbivoreous prey that can affect the suppression of certain pest species through competition or indirect interactions mediated by host plants or together with predators. [52] one of the reasons for this increased diversity is the invasion of exotic pest species caused by global warming and global trade.
Detritivore is a group of soil organisms that acts as a decomposer that uses plant and animal serasah as well as other organic materials as a source of nutrition. The type of forest land is an area with the most diversity of orders among other types of land. This is because forests have a higher diversity of litter types than other types of land. According to [53] tropical forests, including those in Southeast Asia, are known as hotspots for global biodiversity. This loss of habitat will have an adverse effect on the level of global extinction. Furthermore, [54]) explains that detritivorous soil fauna groups are important ecologies in a type of land that play an important role in the decomposition process of leaf litter. Saprophagous soil fauna is the "key" for nutrient mobilization in plant tissues. when discussing functional diversity, in the decomposer system note that when soil fauna, namely the detritivore group in detrital food webs, is removed from the heterotrophic decomposition system, soil microbial activity can drop dramatically, which results in reduced carbon and nitrogen mineralization.
Such decomposition is an ecological service for the entire ecosystem, where 60-90% of terrestrial primary production is decomposed in soil. Decomposer soil fauna in increasing nutrient availability in the soil, where the incorporation of organic matter in the soil results in the growth of excessive saprotrophic organisms. According to [55] the community complexity of soil fauna structures, their interactions and functions in decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycles are important aspects of litter decomposition studies, especially in tropical forests.
The diptera group is a soil fauna that dominates the diversity of detritivore in each type of land in the super wet tropical rain forest area (Figure 3). In the type of forest land, the diversity of soil fauna was listed by a total of 5 families, in open land areas there was a diversity of detritivore as many as 4 families, in mixed garden areas and monoculture gardens the diversity of soil fauna was detritivore as many as 7 families. [56] state that habitat fragmentation caused by changes in land use and the high level of agrochemical inputs in the field of crops are the main causes of rapid decline in biodiversity and this is commonly found in agricultural landscapes. In recent years, the study of detritivore flies has increased, where the detritivore fly group is the most striking and dominant group of insects compared to other types of insects. According to [57] the Diptera detritivore shows a broad ecological range, where this group acts as a catalyst for microbial activity and hence can increase the progress of litter decomposition. Interests vary relative to the volume of waste and the level of decomposition.
Changes in land use are the first step in the process of human welfare development. Cropping systems on agricultural land must continue to be adapted to meet farmers' needs and new goals in the context of socioeconomic changes [58]. Agricultural land developed to increase productivity to meet the demand for food and fiber has led to a simplification of crop diversity in fields, cropping systems and the level of agricultural landscapes, by increasing dependence on chemical inputs that can reduce beneficial biotic interactions [59]. Understanding the functional role of each trophic level of soil fauna from herbivorees, predators and detritivore in a food web system is an alternative to maintaining ecosystem sustainability in agricultural land types.

Conclusions
The abundance characteristics of the highest functional individuals of soil fauna in each land type in the super wet tropical rainforest area, namely the predator group and the characteristics of the lowest number of functional individuals of soil fauna are the parasitoid group. while from the aspect of the diversity of functional types of soil fauna shows different dominance on each type of land, where forests are dominated by predator groups, open land types are dominated by herbivores, mixed gardens are dominated by predators and monoculture garden types are dominated by herbivores. The food net pattern in each type of super wet tropical rainforest area shows a balance of energy flow that is still stable in forest land types and mixed gardens, where the diversity characteristics of predators have a higher number of herbivorous groups. whereas for open land types and monoculture gardens with high levels of herbivorous diversity indicate that the land has the potential for pest disturbance. So that changes in vegetation type of land in super wet tropical rainforest will cause fragmentation of functional habitat of soil fauna which causes imbalance in the flow of energy in food webs.