SOCIO-ECONOMIC UPLIFTING ANALYSIS OF ESBN FISHERY OF THE COASTAL VILLAGES, KUMIRA AND KATTOLI, CHITTAGONG, BANGLADESH

The study was conducted in 2 ESBN fishing villages namely Kumira and another is South Kattoli coordinates namely, 22°30'58.9"N and 91°41'37.1"E for Kumira and 22°21'06.6"N and 91°45'27.8"E for South Kattoli during January to December, 2005 and further study is conducted in January to June, 2018. It was found, in 2005 Kattoli and Kumira has largest portion of the 20-30 age group, 55% and 58% respectively and according to survey, in 2018 it was found 30-40 age meal uptake by thee meal has a increasing trend in the study area. Overall the wealth is increasing in the study area.


Introduction
Bangladesh is endowed with vast inland and marine water resources where large numbers of fishermen are engaged in fishing. Fisheries sector provides full time employment to an estimated 20 million people comprising of full-time fishermen, small fish traders, fish transporters, processors, packers etc, (World Bank 1998). Beside this, about 10 millions people are directly or indirectly involved in fishing and /or related occupation . Fishery resources play a very important role in economy of Bangladesh and about 80% of the animal proteins contributed by the fisheries item. About 10.7% million people are directly on indirectly related with different fishery activity (Khan, 1982). The marine fisheries comprise with two subsectors-artisanal fisheries and industrial fisheries. Small-scale artisanal fishing is carried out mostly by traditional mechanized boats and industrial fishing is done by trawler. The number of motorized boats used for small-scale marine fishing are same for the period 1985-86 to 1988-89 but from other sources (World Bank, 1998; Chong et al., 1991, Islam andElahi, 1993) indicate that the actual number of boat is more than 5000 and most of them are unregistered. It appears that 1.3 million fishermen were engaged in fishing, of which 60%and 40% in inland and marine fisheries respectively. In inland capture fisheries, number of fishermen increased by 6% from 1979-80 to 1988-89 but in the same period, the marine fishermen increased by 50% which indicates that more fishermen are getting engaged in small-scale marine fishing . In Bangladesh, marine fisheries are dominated by small-scale marine fisheries. It contributes about 96% of the total marine catch and provides employment to 497000 fulltime and 2525000 part-time fishermen (Chong et al., 1991). Fishers live in unhygienic condition without proper drinking water and sanitation facility, about 32% of the households are solely dependent on ESBN, 62% combined other fishery or non-fishing activities, and 11% labor household in the village surveyed. This is a family-oriented enterprise; they do not know anything else but to go to set their net respective of availability to catch or not. In Cox's Bazar area the catch is comparatively high, as much as seven times and 92% fishermen of this area live above the poverty level, having an average income of taka 100000 per annum (Khan, 1994). The estuarine set bag-net fishery (ESBN) of Bangladesh is one of the country's most important traditional fisheries, a large population of small-scale fisher-folk having been dependent on it for a long time. Because of the interactive nature of many of the marine fisheries, it was necessary, for the assessment and management of any one fishery, to consider the other fisheries exploiting the same resources. The ESBN fishery engages about 55,000 fishermen, and around 85-1000000 fisher folk are dependent on it for their livelihood. The majorities of these fisher-folk, particularly the women, are illiterate, live under temporary roofs because of the destructive effects of frequent cyclones and have poor amenities except for, perhaps, primary schools . A study has shown that ESBN owing households are 82 percent of the total number of households in the study area, but only 25 percent of ESBN owners have other fishing gears (Mustafa, 1994). Set bag nets have been used in the rivers (freshwater), estuaries and coastal marine waters of Bangladesh. The estuarine set bag nets contribute about 20 percent of the total fish landings of the country. But many studies have shown that set bag nets land a lot of juveniles, especially shrimp, and if this practice goes unregulated there is bound to occur serious biological degradation of fishery resources (Thomson et al., 1993). An empirical study was sponsored in 1989-90 by the Bay of Bengal Programme (BOBP) to provide, using an interdisciplinary framework of analysis, a better understanding of the complex sets of interrelationships in the biological and socioeconomic spheres of the Bangladesh estuarine set bag net fisheries and the people involved (Bay of Bengal News, Issue No.47.1992, Khan (1993) for details. The present study was conducted to analyze the socio-economic uplifting of the fishermen to reveal the livelihood strategy of the fishermen.

Study Area and Periods
The study was conducted in 2 ESBN fishing villages namely Kumira and another is South Kattoli coordinates namely, 22°30'58.9"N and 91°41'37.1"E for Kumira and 22°21'06.6"N and 91°45'27.8"E for South Kattoli during January to December, 2005 and further study is conducted in January to June, 2018.

Data Collection
A number of methods were used for collecting data for this study. The main data collection technique of the study was a survey having semi-structured question discussion with local people in specific points. The other techniques used for using participatory tools PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) as, Focus Group Discussion (FGD); transect work and seasonal calendar; daily activity; mobility chart; social mapping; key informant interview and photo plate etc.

Sampling of FGD Respondents
The sampling technique was purposive because it was necessary to select those persons who would be able to provide most useful information on the question. Each group consists of 6 -8 persons.

Transect Walk
The transect walk was done in the village across the main road of the village to know the crop type, soil type, land use, trees, birds and animals.

Wealth Ranking
The wealth ranking was done with the help of social map and by card. On the social map an every household were identified with serial number.

Seasonal Calendar
A seasonal calendar was prepared for knowing the method of different socioeconomic activities. Participants of these exercises were fishermen and elderly knowledgeable person from different occupations. This exercise helps to know about the lean season and peak season.

Data Processing and Analysis
Entire collected data were précised and inspected cautiously and documented. Afterward assortment of data, these were revised and notched. In conclusion, significant tables were prepared in accordance with the objectives of the study. Data presented mostly in the tabular form because it is simple in calculation, widely used and easy to understand. Data were analyzed using the Microsoft excel 2007.

Age Group
It was found, in 2005 Kattoli and Kumira has largest portion of the 20-30 age group, 55% and 58% respectively and according to survey, in 2018 it was found 30-40 age group is dominant as 50% and 46% of total fisher population. There were a limited number of 60 and above age group in both villages ( Figure 1).   Secondary education obtainer as 45% and 47% for the Kattoli and Kumira respectively. In both year and study area graduation level education was very few ( Figure 4).

Entertainments
In 2005 only 20% family has electricity, 5% family has Television, 50% family has Cassette player/Radio, 4% family has VCR/CD Player, 1% family has mobile phone in Kattoli. Only 25% family has electricity, 9% family has Television, 45% family has Cassette player/Radio, 12% family has VCR/CD Player, 2% family has mobile phone in Kumira. But in course of time in 2018, 100% family has electricity, 79% family has Television, 100% family has Cassette player/Radio, 60% family has VCR/CD Player, 100% family has mobile phone in Kattoli. Whereas, 100% family has electricity, 91% family has Television, 100% family has Cassette player/Radio, 86% family has VCR/CD Player, 100% family has mobile phone in Kumira ( Figure 8).

Seasonal Calendar
Seasonal calendar provides a general picture of important environmental and socioeconomic trends throughout the year. The information was assimilated, synthesized and triangulated and finally a seasonal calendar of livelihood activities of the study area was formulated ( Figure 9).    Figure 9: Generalized seasonal calendar of two villages.

Mobility Chart
Mobility chart was prepared for knowing the areas where the people goes for their needs and also where they go frequently and their connection with the urban areas. The common mobility chart of the two villages is given here (Figure 10).

Economic Classifications Rich
They have their own house, boats, nets, shops and some of them have goats, hens, ducks, cow etc. most rich households are fish traders. The rich households have an income of 1,00,000 -1,50,000 Tk/year.

Middle class
Most middle classes households have their own house and own nets but most them do not have own boats. They mainly rely on fishing. Their rarely income is 50,000 -60,000 Tk/year.

Poor
They have own nets but no boats. Some of them work as a daily labour in to other boats. Yearly income 25,000 -35,000 Tk/year ( Figure 11).  Figure 12).

Wealth Ranking
In the community we identified four groups of wealth ranking, they are rich, middle class, poor and extreme poor.  has three meals in daily basis where, in 2005, for Kumira village, about 53% fisher had taken three meals daily and in 2018, 82% has three meals in daily basis. One time of the day they starved. Little number (12%) could take 3 times meal per day (Adhikary et al., 2018). This is not following the present study. Siddika et al. (2016) reveals their study in Jessore district and found that maximum labor took nutrias food. After fish farming the highest number (57%) of fish farmer could eat 3 times meal per day. Lowest number (16%) could take 1 time meal per day due to their lack of technical knowledge, multiple ownership, pouching, non-availability of fry and fertilizer etc. They have their own house, boats, nets, shops and some of them have goats, hens, ducks, cow etc. most rich households are fish traders. The rich households have an income of 1,00,000 -1,50,000 Tk/year. Their number were 3-4. Most middle classes households have their own house and own nets but most them do not have own boats. They mainly rely on fishing. Their rarely income is 50,000 -60,000 Tk/year. They have own nets but no boats. Some of them work as a daily labour in to other boats. Yearly income 25,000 -35,000 Tk/year. They have no land and no nets. They lives from hand to mouth. Per capita annual income 15000 -20000 Tk/yaer. Sultana et al. (2015) stated the similar resource aboundance in their study area.