INTRODUCING ANTIOXIDANTS AS ESSENTIAL FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF TISSUE LIFE AS DEMONSTRATED IN HUMAN HAIR FOLLICLES

Hair Follicles have been described as mini-organs having a wide range of functions and relying in tightly regulated molecular signaling for its metabolism, and extensively described to emit biomagnetic fields (BMFs). The ubiquitous enzyme catalase is essential for the eukaryotic cells to maintain toxic Reactive Oxygen Species (such as H2O2) in equilibrium. This manuscript presents a novel optical microscopy technique that utilizes a glass slide sandwich (SDW) where drops of fresh human blood are trapped. Drops of water are placed on the top slide of the SDW, in which a freshly plucked human hair follicle is immersed. In this experimental model, is shown that in water immersed follicles, BMFs interact with the intrinsic BMFs of the blood, this in turn causing vertically detected spatial images resembling two different magnetic profiles (MPs). When hairs are immersed in 35% H2O2 oxygen bubbles (O2) are displayed due to the H2O2 breakdown by the enzyme catalase. When the O2 breakdown ceases is theorized that tissue death has occurred. Results are presented of images and video-recordings correlating the absence of catalase with cessation of MPs.


Introduction
The present paradigm on the causes defines tissue death as: Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions. The causes range from necrosis to Programmed Cell Death. For the experiments, the hair follicle was selected since it has been classified as a mini-organ (1). This manuscript demonstrates via experiments in vitro that catalase depletion is a main factor in the hair follicle death. In the absence of catalase, cell respiration ceases, thus causing the absence of biomagnetic fieds induced magnetic profiles (MPs). This Biophysical mechanism in being introduced and hypothesized as a marker for cell death.

Brief History of Electromagnetic Forces Detection in Living Tissue
In the past, researchers have used highly complex and expensive equipment aiming at the detection of electromagnetic fields in human organs such as the brain and heart (2,3,4,5). Also in that era, a paper published in 1980 introduced "magnetic fields produced by naturally occurring steady currents in the body by using a new magnetic gradiometer in a magnetically shielded room…"finding most of the field over the head is produced by electrical sources associated with the hair follicles of the scalp; this field is produced only as a response to touching or pressing the scalp, in regions where the hair is dense" (6). Three decades later, the findings were duplicated with the introduction of a novel optical microscopy technique using Prussian Blue Stain (PBS) mixed with fine iron particles (7). This novel approach has produced numerous papers confirming the inherent biomagnetism of the human hair, especially biomagnetic fields (BMFs) expressed as spontaneous light rays discharges arising from the hair follicle (Figure 1 + supplementary video) (8) Recently, and of relevancy to this manuscript, is the penetration of the hair follicles BMFs through glass barriers (9), as well as the in vivo external detectability of sub dermal follicles (10), or fronted hair follicles that were documented interacting with their counterparts (11). Seminal papers published 80 years ago by Pauling and Coryell in PNAS "described in detail the magnetic properties of oxy-and deoxyhemoglobin, as well as those of closely related compounds containing hemes" (12).

Materials and Methods
By using a simple slide assembly, utilizing a small sterile needle blood drops from the author were smeared on a 25x75x1mm glass slide (Globe Scientific #1301) and sandwiched by a second similar slide, thus forming a sandwich like structure (SDW) (Fig 1).

Baseline Recordings
On the surface of the SDW top slide (Fig 1), a freshly plucked scalp human hairs was placed, fronted and covered by drops of deionized water (resistivity 18.2 MΩ.cm). Recording equipment used was a video microscope (Celestron LCD Digital Microscope II model #44341 and images downloaded into an Apple System Photo Application.
As the trapped interstitial blood equilibrated in the SDW, a continuous flow of red blood cells ensued and is temporarily seen. At this point a video recording was done (n=4) documented what is theorized to be a human blood/hair follicle MPs interaction (Fig 2). The slides of all the experiments n=10 were viewed and recorded in a video-microscope, the follicle is focused and the depth of field knob is slowly moved inwards. The first magnetic profiles images appeared, which were seen as having a curved cyclotron resonance pattern. As the knob continuous inwards a second magnetic profile image appears; this time is identified as linear Lorentz Forces as result of the Hall effect (  The hair follicle was then transferred to a clean slide and covered with drops of 35% H2O2. Under video surveillance, when the catalase ceased to decompose the H2O2 the hair was transferred to the slide assembly and the experiment duplicated as in the baseline experiments.

Moving Blood and Moving linear Lorentz Forces
In order to display moving blood in the SDW, speed is the essence. The hair is placed on a slide and covered with water, drops of blood are placed on a second slide, the SDW is completed with the first slide and placed on the microscope viewing platform, focused and video-recorded as the focusing knob is slowly moved inwards. For a visual display, the Linear Lorentz Forces are chosen. The figure below documents a static image of the displayed linear Lorentz Forces moving in tune with the moving trapped blood. This is best duplicated seen in the first 10 sec of the blood drops trapping. (Fig 2 and video  And as the knob moved inwards, the second MPs were also identified this time as linear Lorentz Forces as result of the Hall effect. (Fig 4).

Multiple MPs foci seen in Control Hairs
An additional finding was the identification of several MPs foci found in the same hair sample. This is shown in Figure 5 and video https://youtu.be/xHAAjB_DGDI This phenomenon has not been previously described, and its interpretation is unknown at present.

Control experiments in the absence of blood in the SDW.
In all experiments (n=3) performed in the absence of blood in the SDW, the MPs images could not be reproduced. This is shown in Fig 6 below and video recording https://youtu.be/MvLKHWbcIuI  Figure 6: Microphotograph of out of focus hair follicle in slide assembly. Pure water substituted blood in SDW. There is an absence of magnetic profiles For details link to video recording: https://youtu.be/MvLKHWbcIuI

Hairs Exposed to H2O2
After the baseline MPs were recorded, the hairs were then transferred and placed on a clean slide and covered with drops of 35% H2O2. After the H2O2 decomposition ceased, the hairs were rinsed in distilled water and placed again on the slide assembly. Recordings were made attempting to image MPs. The video recording at this stage shows absence of Magnetic Profiles (MPS). See link https://youtu.be/MCR5W76eqe8 Shows post H2O2 treatment unable to produce Magnetic Profiles. Compare with Figure 6 and link https://youtu.be/xHAAjB_DGDI

Discussion
The metabolic process of hair follicles, blood and biological active organisms, maintain magnetic profiles and are piezoelectric ie: convert oscillations to mechanical vibrations and vice versa. The attraction of a magnetic substance to a body part must be based upon electromagnetic interaction. The basis is always piezoelectricity or electromechanical transduction. There is a possible explanation for the mechanism causing the spatial MPs images presented. Is theorized that the intrinsic endogenous BMFs emitted during cell respiration caused by the H2O2 breakdown by the ubiquitous protein enzyme catalase (13) present in the living follicle could interact with the "magnetic properties of oxyand deoxyhemoglobin, as well as those of closely related compounds containing hemes" (14). The water drops serving as a medium for the display of the magnetic particles.

The Role of Resonance Signaling in Medicine
From a Biophysics perspective, resonance signaling has been identified as a potential tool in regulating biological information (15,16), and regenerative medicine. This manuscript introduces a positive correlation between Resonance Signaling and Life. As a corollary the absent of resonance signaling indicates tissue death.