THE LINGUISTIC STUDY OF LACUNAR PHENOMENA

The article opens the current observation on lacunology studies where lacunae are regarded as results of change, innovation, substitution and transfer. Lacuna can be interpreted as empty place in contrasting languages, zero verbalization in the written and oral discourse, null transfer or the explicit substitute instead of the lacunar original. The paper has revealed how lacunae, rare words or hapaxes, can found in texts and corpus data. In terms of translation debates it relates to domestication and foreignization area of translation techniques. Lacunae are very closed off and inaccessible and only the ''outside'' parts of the lacunar artifacts or phenomena, often implicit, so translations must preserve lacunae to be lacunae or reveal the lacunae thus eliminating them. The ''inside'' and the ''outside'' of lacunar artifacts and phenomena depend upon a translator. The commentary can be added in the book, a footnote added in the article and the extensive commentary may be missed in speech. Thus, the techniques of elimination and adding work or fail.


Introduction
Lacuna is a signal of the specificity of a particular linguistic community compared to another. By gaps, or lacunae, linguists understand: the absence of a semantic structure of the word that would provide the designated object or phenomenon the completeness of the description (the term lacunema is also used); fragmentary presentation of the information in the sentence, which is reflected in the incompleteness of the composition of the subjective and the predicate (omission of minor members of the sentence) (the term gap is also used); the reduction of the syntactic structure (the term ellipses is also used); a virtual element that can be extrapolated only indirectly, intertextually; incomprehensible slot, virtual semantic, cognitive, the contextual lacunemma.
Lacuna is often seen as lacking unit, zero verbal nomination, absent meaning, nonexistent concept in one language, culture and society which with no corresponding equivalent [ [12]]. Http://www.granthaalayah.com ©International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH [102] Lacunae are systematized by linguists according to the following parameters: lacunae in language (the results of reduction, elision); lacunae in speech (caused by cognitive discord resulting in pauses); extralinguistic nature (aphasia).
In Translation Studies lacuna are units that have a single-word nomination in another language [[13]]. Lacunae are empty spaces in the system of language, vague concepts. Today, we believe that lacuna is a semiotic sign containing a zero plan of expression and a hidden or implicit plan of content. The modern linguistics, translation studies and nonverbal semiotics have birth to a new science that is becoming viral todaythe lacunology, science with studies pauses in speech, cultural and linguistic gaps, lacunae of cognition, zero transfer. The expansion of many various methods and disciplines interfering resulted in the development of lacunology studies.
There are different layers of lacunarity. The grammatical lacunarity is traced as categories like the article category in English or Gender category in Ukrainian that emerge as zero in contrast. This phenomenon is considered to be a throwback to the synthetic background of the Ukrainian language and analytic background of the English language. The analytic design of English, its simplified wording stays lacunar for the Slavic speech model. Also, the word order syntax of the English language is standard in contrast to the Slavic languages.
The ethnographic elements are considered by linguists as gaps of transfer to another culture: they are not easily translated, so they are rendered ''with the phrase, not by a word'' [ [11]].
Lacuna is a unique phenomenon which mirrors zero reflection of non-equivalent vocabulary.
Lacunae are quasi-comparable units that can refer to various referents of ethnic cultures. The phenomenon of the lack of specific elements in the culture of one ethnic group against another in English termed as gap. The cultural or linguistic facts can cause gaps or broad interpretation. Ethnographic specifics must be fully rendered in the target culture [ [11]]. The implicit gaps are results of loss of some background information. The specifics of the social lacunae in terms of Anthony Pym can be rendered or some part of the original can be transmitted but the other part should be left in the commentary in the original with the footnote, not just translated. Some element of the culture cannot be translated. These gaps, or empty spaces in translation, are called the cultural specifics that can be lost in translation [ [2]]. At the current moment, the lacunae theory is often associated with translation studies where lacunae are interpreted as `translation gaps` caused by irrelevance in the target text of translation where the specific or vague information is often substituted by ''zero equivalents''. The ways to eliminate lacunae are associated with such terms as the non adequacy of translation, methods to hide lacunae are described by the terminological such synonymic notions as: Lacunae usually have zero exteriorization [ [11]]. The content of the lacunae filled by borrowing, transliteration, compare: Eng. gastropub -Ukr. ''гастропаб''. The gap can be compensated by an equivalent replacement, Cf.: Eng. earworm, Ukr. набридлива мелодія (obsessive melody).
Lacunar neologic elements at first are transmitted descriptively, and laterwith the help of equivalents, e.g.: Eng. man cave (a room or space (as in a basement) designed according to the taste of the man of the house to be used as his personal area for hobbies and leisure activities) may be translated into Ukrainian as ''барлога/барліг'' or ''cвяте місце'' differently depending on the context and connotations meaning "Cage" or "Holy place". While transfer of information certain difficulties in translation (horror hows) arise causing lacunae.
The lacunarity is syncretically associated with the concept of "implicitness", it refers to the interpretation of the multi-vectored nature of semantic gaps in indirect and additional interpretations. The lacunarity is embodied in the uniqueness and idiomacy of the national culture, the mentality of people. In the ''mirror'' of a culture, we see only a partial reflection, clarity of which depends on the quality of the elimination or compensation processes. To transfer every specific element from one text into another is important for students and future translators to form translator's linguistic and cultural outlook, derived from scientific and naive outlook of the world (for example, knowledge of industry terminology and names of everyday objects). The formed knowledge intertwines, creating a holistic view of the world. A different interpretation and consequently its translation or retranslation of the text arises from the thesaurus volume, thus resulting in gaps of "functional ambiguity" and the ambiguity of interpretation [ [11]]. The source texts obviously present problems for any translator who has to render a text from a particular language or culture. Indeed, the cultural phenomenon can be lacunar to another culture. So the question is whether to preserve specifics by giving the italics of the lacunar artifact (e.g. tet-a-tet) without translating (1), to cut the lacuna off (2) or to compensate the

Materials and Methods
In order to detect gaps in translation (non-translated elements), tertium comparationis is used, which helps to decode the lacuna through the original and translate using another semiotic system, another language, or several copies of the translation. To detect the effectiveness of duplication one compares several duplicate versions that make specific parameters, ethnocultural or other features that are differently accentuated in the translation versions. The analysis of the relayed versions of the translation allows for more precise identification and elimination of lacunar elementsverbal and non-verbal, subject or conceptual units.
An effective method is to detect gaps in parallel enclosures of translated texts. Comments and extra-text links are very informative to create a registry of lacunar units. Any nomination given for the concordance analyzer has a different representation in different discourses. The degree of use of the term "lacuna" (as well as other nominations for the analyzer) is calculated by the frequency list tool in the COCA.
The use of casing data is a modern trend in linguistics, and gives preference to this way of obtaining data for analysis. The modern features of Internet resources are vast and need to be streamlined for comfortable use.

Results and Discussions
The COCAs contain different numbers of "lacuna" nominations in different discourses, for example: academic discourse / academic core (87), artistic discourse / fiction (41), press / magazine (12) show a high level of use of the term "lacuna" when the spoken discourse / spoken (0) and media discourse / news (10) record the least amount of use of the nomination. Translations of legal, medical, scientific and technical discourse / legal, medical, science (65%) show the largest repeated automatic translation due to the high degree of reuse of cliché expressions and typical unambiguous blocks of text. Art discourse / fiction and the translation of other contextually dependent texts (35%) are not effective because of the lack of case-based Http://www.granthaalayah.com ©International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH [106] material in the database. At the time, these types cannot be efficiently translated using automatic translation systems and require translation and editing to a greater extent than informative nonsignificant texts [[16]].
The MonoConcEsy text analyzer can be used to search and analyze lacunae. This program has broad functionality for analysis and is used by us to search for hapaxes and rare words within texts, concordances and enclosures (by Michael Barlow) [[16]]. In order to find the text in the text / concordance / body, you must specify the minimum and maximum frequency of the use of a word that is numerically equal to one.
Hapaxes (rare words) in the investigated data are contextual gaps which are found in the analysis of texts using frequency programs. Few frequencies are rarely used by the author of the word (0.0006%) within this body,

Conclusions & Recommendations
Lacunae are a manifestation of the incommensurability, incongruency, mismatch of cultures and languages The differences arise in comparison, in contact with other cultures. Tertium comparationis works with elements of national-specific nature. The inherent features of lacunar concepts are incomprehensible, unusual, exotic, strange, unfamiliar, enigmatic.
The lacunae (gaps) are often associated with the problem of translation difficulties that can be attributed to a lack of room not in the target culture, but to lacunae in the source culture. There are some specific elements in the national picture of the world that can not correspond to oneword notion, the lexical equivalent or have some differences compared to the other language.