BIOMAGNETISM AS FACTOR IN RED BLOOD CELLS DEFORMATION AS FACTOR IN RED BLOOD CELLS

The purpose of this manuscript is to report in vitro experiments showing the role of pulsed biomagnetic fields tissues cross-talk between Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and human hairs. Both tissues have been reported to express magnetic properties, ie: RBCs diamagnetic and paramagnetic forces and the hair follicle pulsed diamagnetic forces. This biomagnetic cross-talk is reported as a novel factor in RBCs deformation. In the in vitro experimental model herein used, other forces such as keratin biomagnetism, hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the hair shaft may also play a role in the deformation. Presently teardrop red blood cells found in blood smears; and oriented in the same direction are attributed to mechanical artifacts introduced during slide preparations. The data presented in this manuscript supports the new principle of biomagnetic cross talk forces as factor in replicating RBCs deformities.as described in Optical Tweezers Trapping.


Introduction
The present paradigm of tissue cross-talk is defined as the molecular communication between body tissues or parts (1). Biomagnetism as a tissue cross-talk theory was implied by D Cohen et al in 1975 by stating "Measurements of the field around the human body can yield new information about the organs which generate current, not available to surface electrodes" (2), this concept has not fully yet reached "mainstream" medical journals. To date few papers have addressed biomagnetism as a factor in tissue cross-talk, one exception is the discovery of a mechanism explaining Low Level Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve reversing fibrosis buildup in the cardiac myocytes (3). The main purpose of this manuscript is to introduce a new finding, which is pulsed biomagnetic fields as factor contributing to the genesis of Dacrocytes; that are deformed red blood cells (RBCs) in the shape of teardrops and observed microscopically in patients blood smears (4). These odd shaped cells are often associated with an abnormal spleen; bone marrow infiltration or hematologic and non-hematologic malignancies. Teardrop cells with tails pointing in the same direction are reported as artifacts (5); that are said to be as result of mechanical distortion during the smear preparation. This manuscript introduces n=4 experiments on different individuals (2 males, ages 44 and 76; and 2 females ages 42 and 72). All participants developed Dacrocytes (in the in vitro experiments) triggered by pulsed biomagnetical cross-talk between two body tissues, namely the hair shaft and blood. The images herein reported correlate with images of RBCs deformation induced by the laser based "Optical Tweezers" method (6).

Material and Methods
Three materials were used as ancillary testing to evaluate the impact of the biomagnetic cross-talk between blood and materials (salt crystals, ground pepper and human skin keratin flakes). Two endogenous materials, such as human hairs and fresh blood drops were also used. Recording equipment used for data storage and further evaluation was a video microscope (Celestron LCD Digital Microscope II model #44341 and images downloaded into an Apple System Photo Application.

Blood Smear Preparation
A finger stick allowed for the milking of two drops of blood, then placed on a clean 25x75x1mm glass slide. The mechanical smear was done as per published instructions from the USA center for disease control.

Standard Blood Smear
It is emphasized that as soon as the smear is done, moisture will evaporate from the thin smear; therefore the particles tested will fail to interface with the RBCs in dry smears. In all experiments herein presented, the materials tested were gently placed on the slide within 10 seconds of smearing.

Symmetrical Blood Repulsion (Salt Crystal)
Non-tissue material particles such as salt crystals and ground pepper flakes were placed on each individual wet smear (n=4) and then viewed in the video-microscope. (Figs 1,2,3 & 4)). Figure 1: Salt crystal placed on wet blood smear slide. S= Salt crystal. Black arrows= Symmetrical blood displacement, giving the appearance of a circular shape. This image obtained immediately (approximately 10 seconds) after gently placing a salt crystal on a wet blood smear.

Asymmetrical Blood Repulsion (Ground Pepper Flakes)
In this smear ground pepper flakes were gently placed on a wet blood smear. There was an asymmetrical repulsion of the thin blood smear by this material. Figure 3: Showing author's RBCs in smear asymmetrically displaced by the minute ground paper flake particles. Example of biomagnetic repulsion of blood by an exogenous material.

Figure Below Human Hair and Blood Cross-Talk Experiments
Hair Follicle Causing Asymmetrical Blood Repulsion Figure 5: Showing image of hair placed on wet blood smear. Notice the asymmetrical blood repulsion pattern. F= Follicle X= Biomagnetic Zone S= Hair shaft (not in contact with blood smear). Notice the asymmetrical displacement of the RBCs, intrinsic hair follicle Pulsed Biomagnetism.

Hair Shaft Experiments Blood Drops on Forearm Covered by Glass Slide (Passive Approach)
This approach could be labeled a non-motion (passive) non-spreading technique, in other words, opposite to the standard smear technique where the blood drops are mechanically spread by a continuous motion; in this technique the blood drops are "passively" placed on the skin, then covered by a 25x75x1mm slide that is tape secured on the forearm and vertically removed 20 minutes later.

Results
A tabletop microscopy method is introduced showing pulsed biomagnetic cross-talk of two human tissues, namely hair and blood causing cells deformities. Molecular tissue cross-talk has been previously identified and the incident of biochemical exchanges rank in the millions (7). Biomagnetical tissue cross-talk has also recently been described in the literature to a lesser degree. Example is the inhibition by the hair shaft biomagnetism on fibrin formation in blood (8). In the present manuscript biomagnetism cross-talk induces molecular changes in one of the tissues, in this case the heterogeneous distortions in RBC shapes. These changes seem to involve the RBC membrane. The mechanism behind these results is discussed below.

Discussion
The hair shaft is composed of 95% keratin, which has been found to have an affinity to the protein enzyme catalase (present in RBCs) (9). The two tissue tested have similar magnetic properties, for example, both keratin and hemoglobin are diamagnetic as well as paramagnetic as described (10,11,12). The hair shaft also being hydrophobic (repelling water), as well as hydrophilic (attracting water) (13). Ground pepper fragments also attracted and deformed RBCs in the smear. Pepper fragments lack keratin; instead they have paramagnetic properties.

Novel Factor Inducing Cells Deformation
This manuscript introduces a novel factor in replicating deformation of RBCs as teardrop shapes and others. These changes were found in in vitro experiments on n=4 individuals. Currently, when a blood test is done and teardrop cells are seen aligned in the same direction, is reported by pathologist as artifacts. This is attributed to a mechanical forces applied when preparing a smear. The present manuscript exhibits via numerous examples, that teardrop RBCs aligned in the same direction were consistently triggered by non-mechanical forces, such as paramagnetisc and possibly diamagnetisc forces; or also possibly hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties in the materials used for this demonstration. The hair shaft consists of 95% keratin that has been shown to bind with the protein enzyme catalase ever present in RBCs. Ancillary testing (Figure 4) shows the asymmetrical complex repulsion of RBCs by keratin. Ground pepper particles also asymmetrically repel RBCs (Figures 3 and S3 and S4), this is attributed to the paramagnetic property of ground pepper "having three paramagnetic species that are located mostly at the seed surface" (14). Both keratin and human RBCs are also known to have paramagnetic and diamagnetic properties. As an additional note, in the small cohort n=4 the two males displayed multiple provoked aligned teardrop cells (50+ bilaterally); whereas the two females average 4 teardrops per field. (Please revisit figure 4 in text and last supplementary images posted after references). There is precedent for sex differences in hemolysis of RBCs as previously published: "Based on our findings, we propose that the sex effect is intrinsic to the erythrocyte, involves membrane function, and is highly conserved in mammalian evolution (15).

Summarizing by Process of Elimination
Using glass slides and microscopy, two tabletop methods are described causing deformation of RBCs. The variety of material used and data presented points at biomagnetic forces present in all three materials as factor in the reshaping of RBCs. Of significance in reaching a conclusion is the attraction of the iron present in RBCs attracted by the paramagnetic ground pepper flakes. The latter eliminates diamagnetic forces present in keratin; although the hair follicle intrinsic pulsed biomagnetism also induces RBCs changes. Herein introduced is a novel tabletop method demonstrating that paramagnetic and diamagnetic forces coss-talk replicate the "Optical Blood Tweezers Trap" effect on RBCs deformation. The questions arise: 1) Are teardrop cells formation sex linked? After all it appears that the RBC membrane is involved in our study. Further research appears to be justified. 2) Are we seen a novel tabletop method biomagnetic cross-talk replicating the "Optical Tweezers Trap" induced RBCs deformation?
The data seem to confirm both questions.