EFFECT OF CARBENECILLIN AND CEFOTAXIME ON CALLUS INDUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT SOMATIC EMBRYOS OF MALAYSIAN INDICA RICE MR219

How to cite this article (APA): Rahman, Z. A., Othman, A. N., Amran, A. B. A., Basiron, N. N. A., Bakar, N. A., and Seman, Z. A. (2022). Effect of Carbenecillin and Cefotaxime on Callus Induction and Development Somatic Embryos of Malaysian Indica Rice MR219. International Journal of Research GRANTHAALAYAH, 10(2), 71-75. doi: 10.29121/granthaalayah.v10.i2.2022.4509 71 EFFECT OF CARBENECILLIN AND CEFOTAXIME ON CALLUS INDUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT SOMATIC EMBRYOS OF MALAYSIAN INDICA RICE MR219


INTRODUCTION
During the recent decade, significant progress has been made in plant transformation, with Agrobacterium mediation being used in several cases Nauerby et al. (1997). Antibiotics have become commonplace in plant tissue culture for Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer. Antibiotics are given to culture media for reduce the growth of Agrobacterium that could interfere with plant regeneration. They also can identify transformants with antibiotic resistance that is co-transferred with the gene of interest Shaw et al. (1983). Although many antibiotics have been described for effective control of Agrobacterium cells, carbenicillin and cefotaxime, both belonging to the b-lactam group, have minimal toxicity on most plant tissues and have thus become the most widely accepted in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation Mathias and Boyd (1986). Both antibiotics, however, have been shown to have plant hormone-like effects in cultured plant tissues and may alter somatic embryogenesis in a variety of plant species Nauerby et al. (1997). Therefore, the effects of carbenicillin and cefotaxime on callus proliferation and somatic embryos initiation during the plant regeneration process of Malaysian indica rice cv.MR219 were examined.

PLANT MATERIAL AND CALLUS GROWTH
Mature seeds of the rice variety MR 219 were dehulled and sterilized by immersion in 100% ethanol for 1-2 min, then in 1% Vicon for 30 min, rinsed three times in sterile, distilled water and followed by immerse in 100% Clorox supplemented for 40 min. After being rinsed three times in sterile distilled water, the seeds were placed on corresponding embryogenic callus induction media, MS medium supplemented with 10 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L 2,4-D 30 g l-1 sucrose and 0.8% agar, at pH 5.7. Primary Calli obtained after 3 weeks of culture. The Calli were then sub-cultured onto callus induction media containing different concentration of cefotaxime or carbenicillin at 100-500 mg/L, respectively. Calli were then placed in the dark at 26 C ± 2 for 4 weeks before fresh weight of Calli weighted.

SOMATIC EMBRYOS PRODUCTION
Selected embryogenic Calli from previous experiment that treated with antibiotic were cultured on pre-regeneration MS media supplemented with 10 mg/L ABA then incubated in dark at 25±2ºC for 6-8 weeks and were sub-cultured every 2 weeks. To determine the effects of the antibiotics on production of somatic embryos, carbenicillin and cefotaxime were added to the pre-regeneration medium at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/L. All antibiotics were added to the regeneration medium after autoclaving. The effective concentrations of antibiotics were determined. The forming of somatic embryos was collected and recorded. he experiments was carried out three times, with each treatment consisting of ten embryogenic calluses.

CALLUS GROWTH
As shown in Figure 2, maximum callus proliferation was formed on medium supplemented with 200g/L carbenicillin (0.42g) or 300 mg/L cefotaxime (0.49g) (Figure 1a). Antibiotic strongly reduced rice callus proliferation if we applied it more than 300 mg/L. In the presence of 400mg/L carbenicillin or cefotaxime, a slightly inhibitory effect was seen (Figure 1b). The present of both antibiotics more than 300 mg/L decreased the fresh weight of callus up to 0.19g(carbenicillin) and 0.26g (cefotaxime). The highest dose of both carbenicillin and cefotaxime (500 mg/L) completely inhibited (Figure 1c) callus proliferation compared to control (Figure 2). Carbenicillin clearly affected the proliferation capacities of Calli as compared to cefotaxime

SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS
When the cultures were exposed to antibiotic at different concentration, similar trend in number somatic embryos was observed in rice. The number of somatic embryos decreased when the concentration of cefotaxime was increased up to 500 mg/L, after which it started to decline. The frequency of somatic embryos on preregeneration medium was lowest at a higher dosage of both antibiotics (500 mgl-1), i.e., 21 in the present carbenicillin and 13 in cefotaxime. However, the medium containing 200 mg/L carbenicillin and 300 mg/L cefotaxime had the highest incidence of somatic embryos, with 76 and 71 somatic embryos, respectively. It was fascinating to see that using carbenicillin (100-200 mg/L) increased not only callus proliferation but also somatic embryo formation when compared to the control (Figure 3). This revealed that different concentrations of antibiotic used showed a significant difference on somatic embryogenesis. Overall, the highest browning 60 % and 30% in 500 mg/L of carbenicillin and cefotaxime, respectively ( Figure 4).
Previously, Yepes and Aldwinckle (1994) found that 200mg/L cefotaxime produced more shoots per culture when compared to control, and application higher than that the rate of shoot multiplication and elongation was inhibited. The reduction of ethylene production in the cultures by cefotaxime, which is favourably correlated with plantlet differentiation, could be linked to an increase in the number of micro tillers Pius et al. (1993). The higher the concentration of antibiotics supplied; the percentage of browning continues to increase. This indicates that the optimal level should be used to prevent the occurrence of browning. The use of a higher dosage of antibiotic (100 mg/L) in wheat mature embryos accelerated callus browning and hindered subsequent regeneration Yu and Wei (2008).

CONCLUSION
As indicated by enhanced callus fresh weight and somatic embryo initiation in the current study, carbenicillin (100-200 mg/L) and cefotaxime (100-300 mg/L) boost the development of the Indica rice tissue culture system. Carbenicillin and cefotaxime were discovered to be antibacterial as well as having an effect on the initiation of somatic embryogenesis in this investigation. As shown by the increased callus fresh weight and initiation of somatic embryos in the current study, carbenicillin (100-200 mg/L) and cefotaxime (100-300 mg/L) promote the development of the indica rice tissue culture system. Carbenicillin and cefotaxime were found to have both antibacterial effects and an effect on the initiation of somatic embryogenesis in this study. When 200 mg/L carbenicillin or 300 mg/L cefotaxime was used, somatic embryogenesis of indica rice MR219 was found to be most successful.