CROP DIVERSIFICATION IS ONE OF THE REFERENTIAL PATTERNS FOR ENHANCED CROP PRODUCTION: A SECONDARY STUDY ON PURBA & PASCHIM MEDINIPUR DISTRICT IN WEST BENGAL

Crop diversi ication is a planned innovative approach to maximize land usage with optimumcrop production to aim atminimizes losses of seasonal and other impacts on crop. India being one of the biggest countries of agricultural economy and West Bengal, although tiny in size, is one of the biggest producers of few agricultural produces like rice, potato, oil seed etc. Within West Bengal, undivided Midnapore retained a signi icant role in agricultural produce. After division of the district in to Purba & Paschim Medinipur during 2000, most of the cultivable land is within Paschim Medinipur. Although Puraba Medinipur has some pocket areas that has good reputation of cultivation. The Crop diversi ication is the need for the hour for small cultivable area. In this particular scenario, this study has tried to focus on the state of crop diversi ication in the Purba Medinipur district with a comparative study on Paschim Medinipur district because of its history of its erstwhile geographical tie up. At the same time, it has also attempted to ind out the effect of crop diversi ication on crop production. In this particular aspect this study has focused on the condition of this particular aspect on undivided Midnapore district also. It has found that crop diversi ication on the basis of principal food crop in Purba Medinipur district has signi icantly positive relationship with production but has insigni icant negative relationship in between crop diversity of rice with its production. In Paschim Medinipur and and undivided Medinipur there has been positive relationship between crop diversity and crop production in both principal food crops and rice. This has attracted to conclusive remark that division of district has impaired the scope of crop diversi ication of Purba Medinipur district but it has suf icient space to improve it as the relationship has indicated positive direction to that end although negative direction in rice crop would be matter further research


INTRODUCTION
Crop diversity is planned to have more diversi ied crop of choice with a given land area so that usage of land can be optimize with minimum risk of crop loss as well as income loss. The reported cropped area in India was 198.36 million hectares out of total reported land underutilization to the tune of 307.82 m.h. during 2014-15 (Agriculture statistics, GOI, 2018. It has estimated more than 64.44% land that has been under crop cultivation. The net area sown was 140.13 m.h and area sown more than one was 58.23 m.h. The gross irrigated area was 96.46 m.h. More than one irrigated land was 28.07 m.h. during that time. The crop diversi ication is meant for more economic production of crops under the patronage of Govt. policy. Marketing facilities and technological inputs for diversi ication are being taken care by the Govt. initiative. In West Bengal the total area under cultivation was estimated about 56 lakh hectares. The Net cropped area was 52.5 lakh hectares and the Gross cropped area is 99.73 lakh hectares with cropping intensity of 190 % (2018-19). Matirkatha.com (n.d.) In Purba Medinipur 2.9 lakh hectares area was under cultivable land in which net cropped area was 2.8 lakh hectares and gross cropped area was 5.33 hectares with cropping intensity of 187%. In Paschim Medinipur these have been 4.17, 3.86 and 8.32 lakh hectares respectively with cropping intensity of 216 %  Matirkatha.com (n.d.) Rice, wheat, jowar, bajra types other cereals, Gram &Tur like pulses and potato being the principal food crop in both Purba & Paschim Medinipur district. Rice itself the staple food for most of the inhabitants of both the district. Again, rice has been cultivated on the basis Aus, Aman and Boro basis. So, crop diversi ication is a matter to be identi ied critically so that its impact plays crucial role in production of those particular crop included in the crop area of both these two districts under discussion 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Das (2012), pointed out that in order to agricultural sustainability crop diversity is must. The adverse environmental impact as well as technological backwardness is major two constraints for crop diversi ication. In order to ind valid inference to their study, they used tools like Gibb's -Martin Index of crop diversi ication.
Where, x= percentage of total cropped area occupied by each individual crop in hectares.
The value of indices has been classi ied into four groups ranging from High, Medium, Low and Very LowDiversi ied crops.
International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 33 Crop diversi ication is one of the referential patterns for enhanced crop production: a secondary study on purba & paschim medinipur district in west bengal Singh* et al. (2016), pointed out that risks related to yield and price risk have negative in luences on farmer's decision on area (acreage) of production. They further pointed out that Minimum support price (MSO)s are also playing very crucial role during decision taken by farmer for crop diversi ication.
They have analyzed growth rate by using exponential model Y=ab t, t-time period, Y = Area/ production/ productivity, a= constant, b= regression coef icient, they have chosen Modi ied Entropy Index (MEI) as diversi ication measure. Shiyani et al. (1998), interestingly found that relatively more crop diversi ication was there during earlier years than the later years. Where N is total number of crops and P i represents acreage proportion of the i-th crop in total cropped area. As diversi ication increases, the Her indahl Index decreases. The value lies between o and 1. Zero means maximum diversi ication. One means no diversi ication for this index.
Ogive Index (0.1.) Tress (1938) used this index to measure diversity in the industry. It measures dispersions from benchmark of equal proportion of each crop. For example, if there are N crops, the norm used for measuring deviations is 1/N. The formula of computing Ogive Index is as follows: Like H.I index it is also measure concentration. More of O.I indicates less of diversi ication.
Entropy Index (E.L) Entropy Index is regarded as an inverse measure of concentration having logarithmic character. This index has been widely used by many research workers to measure diversi ication (e.g., Hackbart and Anderson, 1975;Singh etal., 1985;Gupta and Tewari. 1985).
Entropy Index is speci ied as: The value of index increases the diversi ication also increases. The upper bound value of this index equal to logN. where N= No. of crop, which is normally greater than one. However upper limit of this index is chosen on the basis of base of logarithm i.e no. of crop.
Modi ied Entropy Index (MEI): As discussed earlier Composite Entropy Index (C.E.I): It is measured as follows: I= M E I × {1-(1/N } The C.E.I. has two components, viz., distribution and number of crops, or diversity. The value of Composite Entropy Index increases with the decrease in concentration and rises with the number of crops/activities. Both the components of index are bounded by zero and one and thus the value of C.E.I. ranges between zero and one Wedananta1 (2020), has described how inequality in income distribution and community welcome impacted by inancial inclusion, investment propensity and capital expenditure of people. This study is pertinent for distribution nature of methodology for distribution as well as for inequality measurement.
"Crop diversi ication and new varieties" (2011), stated that before taking crop diversi ication strategy for farmers, cautious market studies should be needed so that new variants would enable greater income generation than present varieties. It was also suggested while taking decision of crop diversi ications strategy that would be fully suitable to the available land, labour and capital resources already with the farmers. Makate et al. (2016), found that crop diversi ication having positive relationship on land size, farming expertise, assets, location advantage, agricultural extension service, output price information. They also suggested that increased diversity would improve crop productivity, income, food security and nutrition to the households. M (2020), stated that crop diversi ication enable improved productivity in small irm size, income, resilience with climate change,employment, soil quality etc. At the same time it warned about market demand, uncertainty in price and supply inputs,fear of increased complexity etc which could be jeopardized the whole process.
Vedantu.com (2021) referred agricultural diverdsi ication as change in cropping pattern or shifting towards non-farming operations like poultry farming, animal husbandry etc. These practices enable farmers to increase production to their farm size and higher income level

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The crop diversi ication is one of the basic subsistence farming technology which is require to add on facilities using present area of farming with varietal, economic and pro itable farm producing ability. By this scenario, this particular study aims at

DATA BASE AND METHODS OF THE STUDY
The Data taken for this study has been secondary in nature. It has taken from the District Statistical Handbook, Bureau of Applied Economics & Statistics, Govt. of W.B. The study has been conducted on the availability of the data. The study period is 1990 to 2013. No data still available in this particular area after this period in Govt sources. This study is being conducted in view to search the effect of crop diversity on the production of the crop. Among the crops there are two sub-groups have been chosen; principal food crop and rice itself. In order to ind out the change in diversi ication of crops, if any, there has been an inter temporal analyses of diversi ication and its effect on production on the basis of division of Midnapore district in the year 2000. There are two sub analyses: one for undivided Midnapore i.e., prior 2000 conditions and after 2000 i.e after division of district into Purba Medinipur and Paschim Medinipur. Study has been started analysis on Purba Medinipur irst, then Paschim Medinipur and at last on Undivided Midnapore.
In order to identify the crop diversi ication level, we have consulted four measures, namely, Her indal Index (HI), Transform Her indahl Index (THI), Entropy Index (EI) and Gibb's Martin Index (GMI). As Her indahl Index (HI) has measure level of concentration, so we use Transform Her indal Index (THI) as its representative, although HI calculated to show the similarity with Gibb's Martin Index of diversi ication in this study. Another Entropy Index has been calculated to have better idea of diversi ication with multiple techniques. In order to use diversi ication index in statistical analysis an average of THI and EI has been used as yardstick measure for diversi ication over the period.
In order to identify the testable hypotheses, a simple linear regression model has been itted Yt= a+bXt, Y= Output/ Production of crop/rice, X= Crop diversi ication Index, a= intercept and b= coef icient of the regression, t= time.
An ANOVA statistic has been used in tabular form to see the level of relationship in term b coef icient and signi icance level of F value. At the same time t value and p value have been observed to have con irmatory idea of the result. A residual statistic for predictive productions has also been itemized to see the relation with actual production and thus on the overall relationship.

CROP DIVERSITY IN FOOD CROP IN PURBA MEDINIPUR DISTRICT
The crop diversity in Purba Medinipur district has been identi ied on the basis of principal food crops cultivated simultaneously or seasonal basis in the same or different crop ield throughout the year. It is found that HI is shown much higher igure that re lects higher concentration of crop rather diversi ication. The diversi ication level is found very low; around 7% to 19% depends on the different measures on diversi ication used in this particular case. The THI are found almost identical in every year during 2000 to 2013. According to THI, it has been found ranges between 47% as lowest during 2001 and 2012 to the highest 52% during 2005 and 2006. The mean value in this case was 8% and s.d being .022. According to EI, it has been found varied through 13% during 2000 to 8% during 2013 with mean of 9% and s.d being .031.These two indices have been almost similar trend throughout study period. The GHI has also same result as HI/THI revealed.
In Rice variant, the diversi ication has shown much higher than the total principal selected food crops. According to THI /HI it has been almost varied between 47% to 52% though out the study period with a mean of 49% and s.d 0.18. The EI has shown little gloomy in this particular case. It has been exhibited almost around 34% over the study period with a mean of 34% and s.d being .007. The GMI has exactly the same as HI. So, it can be said that crop diversi ication in Purba Medinipur district was signi icantly low after division of district though positively signi icant relation with the production and for particular Rice, diversi ication level was better but insigni icantly related with the production.

THE CROP DIVERSIFICATIONS IN PASCHIM MEDINIPUR AFTER DISTRICT DIVIDED
The picture of crop diversi ication in paschim Medinipur during this time i.e after division of district has been re lected in the Thus, we found that so far principal food crop is concerns, the crop diversi ication in Pachim Medinipur has been much higher than the Purba Medinipur. The diversi ication of principal food crops in Purba Medinipur was signi icantly low as result suggested. But diversi ication for rice is slightly higher in Purba Medinipur than Paschim Medinipur.

THE CROP DIVERSIFICATIONS IN UNDIVIDED MIDNAPORE DISTRICT BEFORE DIVISION OF DISTRICTS
The situation of crop diversi ication before division of district of Midnapore has been tabled in Table 3 . It has been evident that the scenario of diversi ication has been almost similar if those indices have been averaged and sorted out. The THI have been found little lower than the Paschim Medinipur but higher than the Purba Medinipur district. It has been 18% on an average for both THI and EI in Undivided Midnapore where it has been 23% and 22% respectively for Paschim Medinipur and 8% and 9% respectively in Purba Medinipur. Thus, Entropy Index (EI) has been also found lower than Paschim Medinipur but higher than Purba Medinipur. The result for Her indal and Gibb's Martin index are same in this case also. The diversi ication in rice in undivided Midnapore has been found higher than Paschim Medinipur but lower than Purba Medinipur on an average for the study period. The THI and EI in undivided Midnapore district have been found to be 44% and 33% on an average with s.d being 0.024 and 0.014 respectively. The same for Paschim Medinipur have been 43% and 32% with s.d being 0.03 and 0.01 respectively. For Purba Medinipur those indices have been 49% and 34% on an average for the study period and s.d being 0.007 and 0.017 respectively.
Thus, we ind that crop diversi ication in undivided Midnapore has matched the result of the gross trend of indices as a whole. The indices for principal food crops are found lower in undivided Midnapore than Paschim Medinipur but higher than the Purba Medinipur but for rice diversity it has been changed. It has been lower than Purba Medinipur but higher than Paschim Medinipur.

IMPLICATION OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION ON PRODUCTION OF CROP
The implications of crop diversi ication on production have been segregated into three parts as per methodology of the study has taken care. These have been measured on Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur and Undivided Midnapore before division of district. In each part there are sections -a) Identifying the relationship between diversi ication index and principal food crop production b) Identifying the relationship between diversi ication index and rice production in the district for speci ied study period. 6.1 In Table 4 it has been represented an ANOVA statistics of diversi ication index and total principal food crop. The table suggested that there is signi icant posi-tive relationship between diversi ication index and principal food crops in Purba Medinipur district under study. That means if diversi ication of crop will be increased the production of the food crop will be enhanced signi icantly. In Table 5 , there has been a comparative statistic of predicted and actual crop production that indicated that actual production has been inconsistent and instable. This has pointed out that increased crop diversi ication may stabilize the production of principal food crop.
6.2 In Table 6 , the relationship between diversi ication index and rice has been re lected. The ANOVA statistics has shown that there is insigni icant negative relationship between crop diversity with rice production in the district. The predicted value of rice production has also been established this relationship. Whenever actual production of rice has increased predicted value decreased and vice versa re lected in Table 7 . That implied that although crop diversi ication in Rice in Purba Medinipur has been found higher than Paschim Medinipur, still no positive implication has withstood the position in this respect.
6.3 The ANOVA statistics re lecting relationship between diversity index and principal food crop production in Paschim Medinipur, the foremost cropping intensi ied district, has been positive but insigni icant as we found in Table 8 . Similarly, it has been found that predicted value of production greater in most of the year than the actual production (Table 9 ). So, it can be said that crop diversi ication has positive implication in this district but not signi icantly high.
6.4 The relationship between diversity index and rice production in Paschim Medinipur has been identi ied in Table 10 . It has been positive insigni icant relationship between diversity index and production of rice in the district over the study period. This has been con irmed by Table 11 where the predicted value of production and actual production of rice has been compared. It has been found inconsistent relationship between the two series over the period of observation. But in most cases, it has been similar trend, although actual production has been found larger than predicted value in most of the years. Athough rice diversi ication and rice production in PaschimMedinipur has been insigni icantly positive relationship still it has scope for further improvement.
6.5 In order to evaluate the conditions of such relationship we have tried to ind out similar relationships in the undivided Midnapore district before its division on 2000. Table 12 exhibited that there was a positive signi icant relationship between diversity index and principal food crop production in the undivided Midnapore district before its division in 2000. The predicted value of production Table 13 of principal food crop has been higher in most of the years which has indicated potential scope of further improvement in production with greater diversity in crop production.
6.6 Similarly, we could identify the relationship between rice crop diversity index and rice production through Tables 14 and 15 , where we could ind that there is positive signi icant relationship between diversity index and rice production in undivided Midnapore district before division of district. Moreover, the predicted value of rice production in most of the years have been lower than the predicted values that International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 41 Crop diversi ication is one of the referential patterns for enhanced crop production: a secondary study on purba & paschim medinipur district in west bengal implied that more diversi ication is needed to have more actual production

CONCLUSIONS
Crop diversi ication is aim for sustainable production of crops. In Purba Medinipur district diversi ication indices for crops and rice itself are very low in value. The relationship between crop diversi ication index and production of crop in Purba Medinipur is signi icantly positive which meant for increased crop diversi ication will be increased more production. Though rice crop diversi ication has shown little high still has it scope for further improvement in this ield as relationship found negative but insigni icant. It has indicated that crop diversi ication is not enough to increase rice production in this district. Other parameters have to be considered. In Paschim Medinipore, the largest crop producing district and highest cropping intensity, has been established relatively higher crop diversi ication index on an average for principal food crop was concerned. Crop diversi ication in principal food crop has also shown positive insigni icant relationship with total production, implied that increase diversi ication will surely have positive dimension on production but with limited scope. Another factor will have to be considered. The rice crop diversi ication has also similar trend with the production level in this district also. It has been felt that crop diversi ication as well as land area under cropping has much lower in Purba Medinipur district. After division of district, the scope of crop diversi ication in Purba Medinipur has reduced to a substantial limit. The crop diversi ication in undivided district before 2000 was as combination of both after division of district. The relationship between crop diversi ication and production has shown positive dimension though insigni icant. In the case of rice also this has been true but signi icantly. Thus, it can be said that division of district has serious impact in rice crop diversiication in Purba Medinipur district which turned out negative from positive signi icant relationship before division of the district. This may be due to lesser amount of crop ield available in rice production in Purba Medinipur as well as other principal food crop as a whole. Thus, diversi ication in Purba Medinipur does not reveal good extent and thus has insigni icant impact on production. Again, to mention that the calculated result for both Her indahl Index and Gibb's-Martin Index have been found same throughout study period. So, if one wishes to use Her indahl Index can omit Gibb's Martin Index or vice versa.    Crop diversi ication is one of the referential patterns for enhanced crop production: a secondary study on purba & paschim medinipur district in west bengal