PRESERVING BIODIVERSITY AND AGROECOSYSTEM OF COCOA CROPS

Agroecosystem in cocoa plant was once of the important thing that have to manage intend to make the cacao plantation sustain. Cocoa was the mascot of industrial plant trade in Bali Province including in Tabanan Regency. Cocoa cultivation is almost done by most plantation farmers in Bali. The Bali Government, through the Tabanan Food and Agriculture Office, strongly supports the spread of cocoa cultivation. In 2010, a free seedling assistance policy for farmers was issued in order to obtain uniformity of growth and yield of cocoa plants. The types of cocoa cultivated by farmers vary, so that since 2015 there have been stunting and of cocoa pod rot (CPB). Several studies on cocoa have been carried out, but they have not been able to provide solutions to disease attacks, especially cocoa pod rot. In this regard, this study was conducted to provide solutions in terms of cocoa crop management in order to know how to reduce the percentage of damage to cocoa plants and determine the strategies to manage the Cocoa plant in field. This research shows that the best strategy to reduce the pod rot in cocoa plant is pruning the branch of cocoa. The pruning activity is useful to make the area of cocoa plant well maintained and clean.


Introduction
Indonesia has many vast islands and has very large potential land to develop cocoa as one of the plantation crops and is an important export potential of Indonesia which has world potential (Widnyana, et al. 2019). But according to (Hafsa et al, 2015) cocoa productivity in Indonesia is still low, only reaching 200 kg / ha / year, still far below the productivity potential, which is actually 2 tons ha / year. One factor is the still low production of cocoa in Indonesia due to disease attacks on cocoa plants. Increasing cocoa fruit production is not easy, because the obstacles faced often occur in the field. These problems are pest and disease disorders. Several types of diseases can be found in the cultivation of cocoa plants, but the most important and very widespread spread is fruit rot disease and stem cancer which is caused by the fungus Phytophthorapalmivora. One of [Martiningsih et. al (Windasari and Budhi, 2013).In particular, has a very wide area and is very suitable in the cultivation of cocoa plants so that it produces very high yields, but has recently experienced a decline in cocoa production due to pest and disease attacks. Tabanan Regency, in particular, has recently experienced a decline in the production of cocoa, the problem which are the source of the cause is the attack of pests and diseases and also the lack maintain of the cocoa field. The disease which is becomes dominant is the fungus (P. palmivora) which causes fruit rot and stem cancer, and leaf blight (Marasmiussp.) (Widnyana et al.2019).
In order to solve this problem this research will identify the activities that can be maintained the sanitation of the cocoa plantation in Marga Tabanan. The results of this study are expected to be important information for cocoa farmers to find out the level of damage to cocoa crops and the most harmful types of diseases. Also, to give the best strategy to maintain the sanitation of cocoa field.

Materials and Methods
The study was conducted in Tabanan Regency, Marga District, DesaTua. Materials used in the study were cocoa pods, Cocoa trunks, Cocoa Leaves. In the research process using the tools as follows: Ruler, Notebooks, Pens, Cameras, carpet colors 1m x 1 m, Thermometers, Hydrometers and Plywood measuring 50cm x 60 cm. The implementation of this research location survey aims to observe cocoa plantations belonging to farmer groups in the Old Village and at the same time interact with the owners of the cocoa plantations, to determine the time of observation at the plantations that are the research sites.

Data Collection
Implementation of observations for data collection starts from the population of cocoa plants and the level of damage to cocoa plants due to disease attacks, both fruit rot disease, stem cancer, and leaf blight (Matitaputty et al, 2014). With the following data collection procedures: • Create quetionaire for identify the strength, the weakness of cocoa plantation.
• Analysing with SWOT to get the quadrant of strategy.
• To create the best strategy for cocoa farmer to avoid the pod rot diseases attack.

Biodiversity of Diseases
Based on the result of research biodiversity of diseases found in the area of cocoa plants such as:

1) Cocoa rot (P. palmivora)
Symptoms of fruit rot disease in cocoa are blackish-brown spots on the base, middle or tip of cocoa fruit. This disease attacks at all ages of fruit. Rotten fruit is black and hard. Symptoms of the disease are seen when observing at the location related to the opinion of Matitaputty et al (2014), which states that the disease is in the form of small spots on the fruit such as spots that are dirty and thick in parts of the fruit anywhere in each phase of fruit development, including seeds.

2) Cancer of the stem (P. palmivora)
The disease is easily recognized by symptoms of bulging of the stem or branches and blackish/dark, this part will rot and get wet, and discharge reddish fluid such as layers of rust. In the process of this research, I used a ruler as a tool to measure the distance between the surface of the land and cancer.

3) Leaf blight (Marasmius sp.)
The initial symptom shown by the fungus that causes this disease is a change in leaf color from green to yellow starting from the middle of the leaf following the leaf bones. Matitaputty et al (2014), the initial symptoms are characterized by a collection of white fungus threads (mycelium) that string the leaves and twigs. Furthermore, the threads turn brown and eventually turn black, the leaves dry and still hang on branches and some transparent leaves. In advanced symptoms, the leaves become dry and transparent and form clusters of dry leaves on the branches. The leaves did not fall to the ground but were stuck in twigs and hung so that a bunch of dried leaves appeared on the twigs.
Data collection was carried out to determine the diversity of diseases attack on cocoa plants. By observing and then recording the type and attack of disease in fruit, stems, and leaves, caused by P. palmivora and Marasmius sp. Data collection is carried out from one plant to another. This data collection is carried out to find out the plant population, the number of healthy fruit and fruit affected by the disease, population of stem cancer and many cocoa plants that have leaf blight. Further analysis conducted to create strategy for maintaining sanitation of field to preserve agro ecosystem of cocoa plant.
From the results of the SWOT analysis, in order to reduce the attack of paddy rot on cocoa plants in the village of Marga Tabanan is to empower cocoa farmers to always carry out cleaning around the garden and pruning productive branches continuously. Based on the strength (internal factors) of the cocoa petunia that the farmers are very experienced in cultivating cocoa. The marketing of cocoa products is definitely at a competitive price because it has cooperated with a local chocolate company. Although the weakness is that farmers often do not maintain the plants properly and sustainably.

The Role of Farmer on Field Management
The additional data to make plan for further research is how the role of farmer in field sanitation to maintain the sustainable cocoa plantation even on quantity or quality of production. This data observation is very important to create good agriculture practices on cacao plant. Furthermore, the community encouragement is very useful to increase participation and awareness of diseases invation and also early warning detection to reduce the attack of pest and diseases in cacao plantation especially in Marga Village.

Conclusions and Recommendations
1) Fruit of Cocoa plants in Tabanan were attacked fruit rot disease (Phytophthorapamivora), stem cancer (P. pamivora), and leaf blight (Marasmiussp.). The average of fruit rot on cocoa plants in farmer group plantations was 71.17%, where the highest was 82.85% (very heavy category) and the lowest in was 64% (weight category). The average of stem cancer in cocoa plants in farmer group estates is 1.62%, where the highest is 2% (mild category) and the lowest in 0.96% (mild category). The average of blight disease in cocoa was 15.67%, with the highest 2.38% (mild category) and the lowest 1.2% (mild category).
2) The most detrimental disease is fruit rot (P. palmivora) with an average 71.17% (weight category).
3) The strategy to manage sanitation in the field is encourage farmer community to participate in sanitation management.
The results of this study are expected to be important information for farmer groups in the Old Village in cultivating cocoa. Among them must maintain the cleanliness of the land that starts from pruning plants, cleaning weeds and spacing shade plants, because some of these factors can provide fungi (comfort for the proliferation of P. palmivora) and (Marasmiussp.) Which then continues to attack the fruit, stems and cocoa leaves, due to temperature and high humidity.