Article Type: Research Article Article Citation: Slamet Mardiyanto Rahayu, and Arista Suci Andini. (2020). STUDY OF TSUNAMI MITIGATION BASED ON
VEGETATION IN SERENTING BEACH, MANDALIKA SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE, LOMBOK ISLAND. International
Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 8(12), 60-68. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i12.2020.2473 Received Date: 17 November 2020
Accepted Date: 25 December 2020
Keywords: Mandalika Serenting Beach Tsunami
Mitigation Vegetation Serenting Beach is one of the beaches in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (MSEZ), Central Lombok Regency. The MSEZ is located in the southern part of Lombok Island and faces the Indian Ocean. The Mandalika Special Economic Zone is prospected to expedite the sector of tourism at Province of West Nusa Tenggara which is very potential. A few hundred kilometers to the south part of Lombok Island is one of the large tectonic plates meeting zones which is a major source of potential tsunami earthquakes. With the geological conditions of Lombok Island which is prone to tsunamis and the existence of environmental degradation in Serenting Beach, MSEZ, it is necessary to conduct research about study of tsunami mitigation based on vegetation in Serenting Beach, MSEZ, Lombok Island. Based on the research, there are several types of plants that need to be planted as a tsunami disaster mitigation effort in Serenting Beach, MSEZ, namely: Casuarina equisetifolia, Pandanus odoratissimus, Cocos nucifera, Hibiscus tiliaceus, and Terminalia catappa. The government and various related parties need to provide education to the public, tourism managers, and tourists to take an active role in protecting vegetation and not through illegal logging.
1. INTRODUCTIONThe beach
is a natural potential that is often used as a tourist attraction. Indonesia,
with its diverse natural wealth and its tens of thousands of islands, certainly
has many beaches [1]. Coastal is an area that has an important
function for human activities. This area often functions as a settlement,
industry, port, aquaculture, agriculture and tourism [2]. Serenting Beach
is one of the beaches in the Special Economic Zone (MSEZ) of Mandalika. The Special Economic Zone (MSEZ) of Mandalika is a National Strategic Project and one of the
Special Eonomic Zonez
(SEZs) developed by the Government of Indonesia, in collaboration with the
Provincial Governments of West Nusa Tenggara and Regency of Central Lombok in
the Tourism Sector to accelerate the growth of this sector in Province West
Nusa Tenggara [3]. MSEZ is part of Central Lombok with an area
of 1,035.67 hectares and overlooks the Indian Ocean. MSEZ is prospective to
expedite the tourism development in Province of West Nusa Tenggara which is
very promising [4]. MSEZ
proffer maritime tourism offering stunning beach and charming underwater. Each
year, the community at Central Lombok commemorate the Bau
Nyale ceremonial, which is a ceremonial that
collecting sea worms which is believed to be the incarnation of Princess Mandalika. This ceremonial is a unique local culture and
draws both internationa and local tourist. MSEZ has
an environmentally tourism development concept with the development of tourism
objects and attractions that are oriented towards the environmental values preservation
and communities quality [4]. Indonesia,
Sri Lanka, India and the Maldives are countries that
are prone to tsunami disasters [5]. The MSEZ is located in
Central Lombok Regency, located on the island of Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara
Province, Indonesia. Several hundred kilometers to the south part of Lombok
Island lies one of the junction zones of large tectonic plates, which are the
main source of earthquakes with the potential for tsunamis. Lombok is also
vulnerable to tsunamis from the back arc fault, which
faces the northern part of Lombok Island. The frequency of shallow and large
earthquakes in Nusa Tenggara is relatively high, naturally there is a potential
risk of a tsunami affecting the southern and northern coastal areas of West
Nusa Tenggara. Apart from the subduction zones of the Sunda
Fault and the Back Arc Fault, two other sources of tsunami hazard have been
identified, namely underwater landslides and volcanic activity. Underwater
landslides are often associated with earthquakes. If an avalanche occurs during
an earthquake, it can increase the tsunami energy and therefore increase the
lift effect by tectonic movements in the subduction zone or back arc (also
caused by earthquakes) [6]. Tsunami
disasters that can occure naturally and cause major
damage that endangers human life and socio-economic conditions [7]. There has been an earthquake accompanied by
a large tsunami in several areas in Indonesia, such as in Palu
Bay [8], Aceh [3], [9], [10] and Banten [11]. Based on this, efforts to reduce or
minimize the impact caused by the tsunami considering its very
large destructive nature are very important. Based on the Home Affairs
Ministry Regulation No. 33 of 2006 regarding Prevalent Guidelines for Disaster
Mitigation means that disaster mitigation activities in the regions are bring
out to specify the prospect for disasters in the area and to anticipate their
handling. Risk reduction through mitigation is carried out before a disaster
occurs, so that the community can avoid disaster risk [12]. Over the past twenty years, some shattering tsunami have
increased the consciousness of coastal
communities about the impact that tsunamis have. This has sparked debate about
a nature-based approach to tsunami disaster mitigation [13], [8], [14]. Environmental-based breakthrough are important to sustain risk managementat coastal part [15]. Insecurity will the tsunami disaster make the
coastal area a must has a natural buffer in the form of a good coastal forest
to minimize the effects of the tsunami attack [16]. There have been several studies investigating the
role of vegetation in tsunami run-off [17], [18]. Coastal vegetation is an alternative in tsunami
mitigation. This alternative is sufficient both from
an economic point of view, especially in developing countries like Indonesia [19]. Coastal vegetation recognized
widely as a natural method as tsunami’s wave energy reducer. Coastal vegetation
showed great potential in mitigating the damage caused by tsunami significantly
in developed areas and also saving human lives with
functioning as buffer zones during natural disaster at coastal area. However, a
barrier that made of vegetation not enough to stop a tsunami completely, its
effectiveness depends on structure of the vegetation and extremity of the
tsunami [20]. Other researcher did a
laboratory experiment to analyzed various combination and the effect of
vegetation barrier. They observed that the barrier acts as a buffering zone
when the waves pass through the vegetation barrier and made the wave height
decreases as it passes through the vegetation barrier [21]. Vegetation
is a combination of various types of plants that grow in a certain area.
Differences in the environment in which plants live will provide different
vegetation patterns [22]. Serenting Beach,
MSEZ has a diversity of vegetation that has been degraded due to land
conversion into tourist areas, settlements, and various other anthropogenic
activities. It is feared that this will reduce the capacity and resilience of
the area if there is a high wave (tsunami). With the geological condition of
Lombok Island which is prone to tsunamis and environmental degradation on Serenting Beach, MSEZ, it is necessary to conduct research
in the form of a vegetation-based tsunami mitigation study on Serenting Beach, MSEZ 2. MATERIALS AND METHODSFigure
1: Research
location on Serenting Beach (8°54'25"S 116°18'21" E); and the detected
sites Number of
rainy days per month in MSEZ, Lombok Island ranges from 1 to 26 days with
rainfall ranging from 0.4 mm to 448.3 mm. The research was conducted using the
exploration method (roaming) at Serenting Beach,
MSEZ, Central Lombok Regency. The research was carried out by listing the types
of plants suitable for planting as a vegetation-based tsunami disaster
mitigation effort on Serenting Beach. Identification
of plant species refers to The Book of Flora [23] and the Guide to Introduction to Mangroves
in Indonesia [24]. Mandalika
Special Economic Zone (MSEZ), Lombok island has a tropical climate with a dry
summer. The rainy season is quite high throughout the year. The results of the
research were then analyzed descriptively. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSThe
southern coast of Lombok Island, such as Serenting
Beach, MSEZ, is an open sea which directly faces the Indian Ocean. Serenting Beach faces various problems such as unplanned
development, population growth, and various impacts of global climate change
and is vulnerable to disasters such as tsunamis. Figure 2: Vegetation on Serenting Beach, Mandalika
Special Economic Zone (MSEZ) There are
several types of plants that have the potential to mitigate the tsunami
disaster on Serenting Beach, MSEZ, namely: Casuarina equisetifolia,
Pandanus odoratissimus,
Cocos nucifera, Hibiscus tiliaceus, and Terminalia
catappa. Table 1: Types of Plants at Serenting Beach
Coastal
areas such as Serenting Beach, MSEZ, Lombok Island
are characterized by strong wind conditions and contain salt, even occasionally
inundated with sea water. The strong sea breeze to land with a salt content
causes the salt content of the sandy soil around the coast to be higher than in
inland areas. The soil salt content will decrease the farther from the coast.
The dominant sand in the coastal area causes plants that can survive are
drought-resistant plants. These herbs can survive especially in the dry season
with minimal humidity or night dew. Figure 3: Densities of indivdual
plant species potentially in tsunami mitigation at Serenting
Beach Configuration of coastal vegetation with a certain thickness and density
will form a coastal belt that provides many benefits to the environment and
society. Coastal
vegetation has an important role in the development of coastal communities and
protecting the coastal environment. The extent, density, age
and height of coastal vegetation can reduce the negative impact of a tsunami.
Some vegetation functions when a tsunami occurs, for example as a soft-landing
effect, trapping effect, and escaping effect. The important of coastal
vegetation can be observed at Figure 4. Figure 4: The function of vegetation during a tsunami Based on
the research there are ten (10) types of plants on Serenting
Beach, namely: Hibiscus tiliaceus,
Ipomoea pescaprae, Cyperus rotundus,
Robinia pseudoacacia,
Euphorbia serpens, Calotropis gigantea, Pandanus
utilis, Cocos nucifera, Casuarina equisetifolia,
and Terminalia catappa.
The
ten plants can be planted in such a way as to form a park called a tsunami
mitigation park. Tsunami mitigation
parks are one approach in tsunami mitigation based on nature. Tsunami
mitigation parks are built to protect critical infrastructure or at-risk
communities behind the park
[15]. The Casuarina
equisetifolia plant has a habitus in the form of a evergreen tree with a height of 6-35 m. This plant has the
bark of a light gray brown, leathery, and old tree
grooved with lenticel rings clearly visible on the young bark. The branches
droop, the leaves are like needles arranged in 7-8 strands. Male flowers are
located at the end, in the form of elongated ears. Female flowers are compound
cone, round. The fruit is gray or yellow brown. C.equisetifolia is
able to grow on light, sandy soils, grows fast on thin soils and is
tolerant of salt soils and salt winds. It grows well on soils with a pH of
5.0-9.5, is not resistant to tides, does not tolerate shade and is sensitive to
fire. The type
of plant that is most often planted as a tsunami damper in coastal areas is C.
equisetifolia. This is because C.equisetifolia grows fast
and can adapt well to the coastal environment. C.equisetifolia
along the coast served as a protective fortress from the tsunami. The C.equisetifolia forest is also a
place for the development of animals that are very sensitive to signs of a
tsunami, so that they can signal to the community that a tsunami will be coming
[25]. C.equisetifolia
will be able to withstand strong winds, crashing sea waves, and rolling sand
along Serenting Beach, MSEZ. Therefore, C.equisetifolia is very
well used as a windbarrier in coastal areas that are
vulnerable to the danger of strong winds and tsunamis, such as in Serenting Beach, MSEZ. [26] completed a model using 7 years old of Casuarina equisetifolia
and concluded
that trees with high density in Bay at Pacitan
measurement results can decrease the speed and height of tsunami’s waves that
drove up to the mainland. The rate at which it reduces depends on the density
of the trees, the lenght of coastal forest, and also the height of tsunami’s waves. Apart
from playing a role in tsunami mitigation, C.equisetifolia forests are very good for
making land around the coast productive. The tightness of C. equisetifolia leaves can prevent the salt area around
the coast from spreading. C.equisetifolia
trees are able to neutralize winds from oceans
containing high salinity. In addition, hot air in coastal areas can be cooled
by the coolness of oxygen produced by C.equisetifolia
trees. Storms carrying heavy sand can also be blocked by the branches of the C.
equisetifolia tree so
they don't damage the plants. And of course, makes Serenting
Beach in the MSEZ shady and cool. Tourists visiting Serenting
Beach, MSEZ can take shelter while looking at the panoramic view of the Indian
Ocean. Based on
[20], C. equisetifolia dense growing
on beach sand proved to be very effective in providing
protection from tsunami damage due to its density and complex air root structure. [27] examine the disaster at Papua New Guinea
tsunami that caused
by Tsunami in 1998 and obtained
that
Casuarina trees have comparatively greater
resistance than palm trees. However, they point out the need for further
research to understand the interaction of trees, roots, and high
water waves in relation to the use of vegetation as tsunami mitigation
as significant scouring occurs in areas where root systems are damaged, and in
some cases, trees cause damage. addition to the surroundings due to the heavy
water flow. This deficiency is also shown [28]. Pandanus odoratissimus plants are medium to large with a height of up to
15 m. The roots are clearly visible, reaching a height of 1 m or more, with
sharp internodes. Slightly waxy white leaves with
tapered tips and spiny edges. [28] and [18] stated that the Pandanus odoratissimus plant has many aerial roots so that it
can remain upright when there is a tsunami with a height of less than 5 m. This
means that Pandanus is a plant that can play a role in tsunami
mitigation. Coastal vegetation that consisted of Pandanus odoratissimus that growed
densely on the very lenient ground slope could dissolve energy of the tsunami
more efficiently rather than the same vegetation on the relatively steep ground
slope. This case was analyzed by an enhanced one-dimensional numerical model
quantitatively that included variated topography and tsunami characteristics [29]. Take into account the limitations of P.odoratissimus in
reducing tsunami water depth and the other roles that coastal vegetation can
play in reducing tsunami damage. The coastal forest consisting of a dense
combination of P. odoratissimus
and C. equisetifolia
plants is a good tsunami mitigation effort. Combined planting of P.odoratissimus and C.equisetifolia has been shown to be effective in
increasing resistance and trapping floating debris in Kalutara, Sri Lanka [20]. C. nucifera is a humid
tropical plant. It is quite adaptable to differences in temperature and water
supply and is still common in areas near ecological zone boundaries. C. nucifera thrives in a variety of soils, if adequate drainage and aeration are present. C. nucifera is halophytic and well
tolerant of salt. Can grow at a wide range of pH but grows best at pH 5.5-7. C. nucifera plants have stems that can reach 15 m
high. Fully open petals totaling 30–40 leaves, leaf length ranging from 5–7
meters, first flowering ranges from 7–10 years after planting. The fruit of
this plant ripens about 12 months after pollination. C. nucifera is a tree species that is strong against the
tsunami. C. nucifera trees have been shown to be more effective at
resisting waves. In Kerala, India, densely planted C. nucifera gardens
protect the coast [4]. A combination of different tree species is
recommended in a forest for tsunami mitigation efforts. P.odoratissimus has been observed to grow
under stands of C. nucifera and C. equisetifolia
[29]. Hibiscus tiliaceus usually grows
along the coast (such as in Serenting Beach) and near
tidal currents. Based on its ecology, H.tiliaceus is usually
found in secondary lowland forests and barren areas. H.tiliaceus
is often found in humid areas and along rivers. Hibiscus tiliaceues has a tree habitus and can reach
15 m high and the bark is grayish brown. Leaves shaped like a heart with a
tapered tip. The lower surface of the leaves is smooth and slightly white.
Bell-shaped flowers are located in the axillary of the
leaves with yellow petals. Mitigation
effects on a simulated coastal forest with Hibiscus tiliaceus trees in Sissano, Papua New Guinea show substantial reductions in
inundation depth and hydraulic strength. The maximum reduction in hydraulic
force for a single site is 275,000 N / m to 900,000 N / m, or about 67%
reduction, with forest barrier of four large H.tiliaceus
trees per 100 m2 [30]. The Terminalia
catappa plant has a shady trunk with branches
that grow horizontally and are stratified. Leaves scattered, mostly crammed at
the ends of twigs, short-stemmed or nearly seated. Upside-down round egg-shaped
leaf blade with a smooth top surface of the leaf and the underside of the leaf
has fine hair and is reddish in color when it falls out. Flowers are small,
collected in a spike near the end of the twig. The fruit is ovoid, faceted or narrow-winged. Coastal forest plant species such
as Terminalia catappa with a height ranging from
25-40 m can play a role in tsunami mitigation. In an effort to suppress casualties and
economic and social losses then must conducted tsunami disaster mitigation
continuous and continuous so that awareness is formed in the community
especially coastal residents for always be aware of the tsunami disaster and do
not panic when faced with events tsunami and can save yourself. Besides being
educational and awareness society towards the environment and potential the
danger that exists, then mitigate it regularly structural must also be done.
Some natural forms of landscapes such as coastal forests can naturally dampen
tsunami waves so the waves are reaching the shore can lower energy, altitude and penetration. In order to reduce the tsunami hazard and at the same time to protect coastal
areas from the threat of abrasion, sea breeze, saltwater infiltration on land,
absorb pollutants, and maintain coastal and marine productivity, it is
necessary to create a coastal protection zone with forest development. mangrove
or coastal forest [25]. Tree
canopy plays a very important role in resisting tidal
waves and backflow. Therefore, in tsunami mitigation at Serenting
Beach, MSEZ, various types of tree plants and having certain canopy shapes need
to be arranged and arranged in such a way as to both the types and the flow of
planting, so that they act in layers as a buffer and breaker of tidal waves. In
addition, in regulating these plants it is necessary to consider aesthetic
factors so that the Serenting Beach area, MSEZ still
has beauty and attractiveness. The paths of the plants are laid out in such a
way as to produce a layered canopy in which the plants with the lower canopy
are placed at the forefront and further back the higher canopy serves to break
the tide and buffer backflow. The government and various related parties need
to provide education to the community, tourism managers, and tourists on Serenting Beach, MSEZ to take an active role in maintaining
coastal vegetation which plays a role in tsunami disaster mitigation and does
not carry out illegal logging 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSWe can
conclude that there are several types of plants that have the potential to
mitigate the tsunami disaster on Serenting Beach, Mandalika Special Economic Zone (MSEZ), namely: Casuarina
equisetifolia, Pandanus odoratissimus,
Cocos nucifera, Hibiscus tiliaceus, and Terminalia catappa.
The government and various related parties need to provide education to the
community, tourism managers, and tourists on Serenting
Beach, MSEZ to take an active role in maintaining coastal vegetation which
plays a role in tsunami disaster mitigation and does not carry out illegal
logging. SOURCES OF FUNDINGThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. CONFLICT OF INTERESTThe author have declared that no competing interests exist. ACKNOWLEDGMENTThanks to the Institute for
Research and Community Service of Al-Azhar Islamic University and the
Directorate General of Research and Development Strengthening, the Ministry of
Technology Research, and Higher Education which have provided grants for the
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