Article Type: Research Article Article Citation: Subhas Chandra
Datta Ph.D.. (2020). HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINES-AAKASHMONI
WILL BE THE BEST VACCINE AGAINST COVID-19: ENRICHING AGRICULTURE SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY COMMUNICATION MECHANISM APPLICATION ISSUES!.
International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 8(11), 333-361. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i11.2020.2458 Received Date: 03 October 2020 Accepted Date: 22 November 2020
Keywords: Homeopathic Medicines Aakashmoni Vaccine Against Covid-19 Enriching
Agriculture Science Technology Communication Mechanism Application Issues Still now, no effective vaccine or treatment for the fifth endemic novel coronavirus COVID-19, forming endemic, is analogous to war, affecting our normal-, private- and professional- life, the planet economy, and also the communities. It is reported from the previous experiments, the homeopathic biomedicines; Aakashmoni or Acaciasides, or Acacia auriculiformis-extract, is being employed traditionally to beat various medical complications. Present pretreatment with ultra-high-diluted homeopathic biomedicine-Aakashmoni, prepared from the fruits of acacia A. Cunn, mixed with water at a particularly low dose, were applied by foliar spray once daily for 15 days @ 10 ml/plant, against present, root-knot-, leaf spot-, powdery mildew-, mosaic- and tukra- mulberry diseases, during a field trials and silkworms rearing. Pretreatment- investigations have confirmed that ultra-high-diluted homeopathic biomedicine Aakashmoni highly effective in ameliorating different mulberry diseases by inducing their natural defense-response against pathogens-infection and leaving no residual toxicity within the leaves to affect the expansion of silkworms also. Presently, no appropriate antiviral drugs are discovered to treat COVID-19. So, to concur matters, “Four Confirmed-Suggestions for Vaccine and Clinical Trials with Homeopathic Biomedicines-Aakashmoni at an especially low dose, Against COVID-19 at by Boosting system for the development of Science and Technology Communication Mechanism Application Issues” forming the ‘Best Vaccine’, which not only shows the clinical, physical, chemical, biological and physiological effects but also on relative molecular mass, explaining the confirmation of mechanism and action of the homeopathic medicines supported scientific experimentations and proofs, and also the future clinical-scientists develop all aspects of clinical-case-reports globally by publishing with the sincere hope that the crisis of human civilization will soon be over and also the whole world may retain in normal forms by fighting against the COVID-19 war.
1. INTRODUCTIONIn television or newspapers or social media is always
informing that there is currently no proper effective treatment for novel
coronavirus disease- COVID-2019 which was first detected on 31st December 2020
in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of China, a cluster of cases of pneumonia of
unknown cause, was informed by WHO and was identified as the causative virus by
Chinese authorities on 7 January [1]. Our normal life is on hold due to the
escalating novel coronavirus COVID-19 emergency. The ongoing spread of the
COVID-19 pandemic is having profound effects on our private and professional
life, the world economy, and the social organization of the communities we live
in [2]. The recent
emergence of this virus, which is causing an outbreak of unusual viral
pneumonia in patients and different animals which will help to understand the
biology and potential risk of coronavirus that exist in richness in wildlife
such as bats [3]. The novel
coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19 is now likely to become the fifth
endemic coronavirus in the human population. Recently, scientists are working
to decipher its genome to help us stop other coronaviruses from entering the
human population. They don’t know “the
procedure of transfer of the novel coronavirus which causes COVID-19 made the
leap from animals to humans” is a puzzle and scientists are trying to solve as
humanity comes to grip with the deadly pandemic sweeping the globe and it is
concluded that "coronaviruses can jump species boundaries and adapt to new
hosts, making it straightforward to predict for the more emergence in the
future." How we respond to that will require more research to assist
develop public health policy. They point to policy and other measures to help
prevent other coronaviruses from becoming a health danger to humans [4]. It is reported
that wildlife contains many coronaviruses that could potentially emerge in
humans in the future. A very important lesson from this pandemic to help
prevent the next one is that humans must not expose them to wildlife, for
example by banning 'wet markets' and the trade in wildlife and the pangolins
play a vital role in the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 which causes the COVID-19, is
still unknown. It is also interesting that the pangolin viruses contain some
genomic regions that are very closely related to the human virus and the
receptor-binding domain is the most important which dictates how the virus can
attach and infect human cells " -said by Professor Holmes[5]. A new
coronavirus (CoV) identified as the COVID-19 virus is
the etiological agent responsible for the 2019-2020 viral pneumonia outbreak
that commenced in Wuhan [6], [7],[8], [9]. For this, WHO
responds to the outbreak, the Research and Development Blueprint has been
activated to accelerate diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics for this novel
coronavirus[1]. Whenever turn
on television news, some expert is saying “There is currently no effective
treatment for coronavirus.” Currently, there is no targeted therapeutics and
effective treatment options remain very limited which
plays a pivotal role in mediating viral replication and transcription, making
it an attractive drug target for this virus [10], [11]. It is reported
in a chapter entitled “Genetic Resistance to Coronavirus Infection- A Review”[12]. In another
study, it is reported that 2019-nCoV is sufficiently divergent from SARS-CoV to be considered a new human-infecting betacoronavirus, and our phylogenetic analysis suggests
that bats might be the main host of this virus, an animal which is used at the
seafood market in Wuhan might represent an intermediate host facilitating the
emergence of the virus in humans. Especially, structural analysis suggests that
2019-nCoV might be able to bind to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor
in humans. The future evolution, adaptation, and spread of this virus warrant
urgent investigation[13]. Recently, in
‘India Today’ discuss the “Trade in the time of COVID-19: The economic impact
of coronavirus on India and beyond” shows the estimates of India’s aggressive
21-day lockdown could bring the country’s growth down to 2.5 % from the 4.5 %.
The effect of coronavirus is likely to be seen long after medical science
offers a cure or at least a vaccine [14],[15]. In a joint
report from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank estimates
the impact of such a pandemic at 2.2 percent to 4.8 percent of global GDP (US$3
trillion) [14],[15]. That was well
before the world knew of Covid-19. So, the effect of the virus is likely to be
seen long after medical science offers a cure or at least a vaccine for
Covid-19 (the disease caused by the new coronavirus). That’s
because the economic cost of shutting down large swathes of the world is going
to be steep[14],[15]. It is reported that the novel coronavirus infection became a
pandemic because it thrives on asymptomatic patients of Covid-19 and different
health agencies the world over has been firm in dealing with symptomatic
Covid-19 patients. It will be faced when the real challenge has been to
identify those Covid-19 patients who don't show any symptoms which have forced
affected countries to revise their death toll because novel coronavirus is
still an unknown enemy to humans. It may be possible for the symptoms which are
currently atypical for Covid-19 may evolve into key indicators of novel
coronavirus infection in months and years to come because, as the World Health
Organization warns, this virus is going to stay among humans for a long time [16]. In theory, challenge trials could enroll
volunteers who are at low risk of harm from the virus that causes
COVID-19—dubbed SARS-CoV-2—such as young adults who rarely develop serious
symptoms after becoming infected naturally. “Now this pandemic situation is
analogous to war, in which there is a long tradition of volunteers risking
their health and lives on dangerous missions for which they know about the
risks and are willing to do so to help save the lives of others,” the letter
states. “The delay of every week in the deployment of a vaccine to the seven
billion humans on earth will cost thousands of lives.” Foster counters that
testing a vaccine in health care workers who are needed in a hot spot also has
risks, as it might take them out of work for a time. He hopes the letter “just
makes the FDA a little less scared,” stressing that “it’s pretty clear that the
only way we’re really finally going to get out of this (pandemic) is when we
have an effective vaccine” [17]. Antimalarial
drugs widely used against COVID-19 heighten the risk of cardiac arrest. How can
doctors minimize the danger? [18]. In the Drug Target Review’s hub for COVID-19 research hub,
reported that no vaccine currently available for this coronavirus which has
spread swiftly across the globe, resulting in devastating effects on the
world’s economy and an ever-increasing number of fatalities. To support
collaboration in this field, they have gathered the latest news and updates
relating to COVID-19 drug discovery efforts [19]. More than 100 treatments and vaccines are in development to
stem the COVID-19 pandemic, and some onlookers have worried that this sprawling
and potentially duplicative effort is wasting time and resources. Hoping to
bring order to the chaos, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and major
drug companies today announced a plan to stage carefully designed clinical
trials of the drugs and vaccines they have decided are the highest priorities
for testing and development[20]. On 30 January
2020, Global research and innovation forum: towards a research roadmap;
following the recommendations of the Emergency Committee, the Director-General
of WHO declared that the outbreak constitutes a Public Health Emergency of
International Concern (PHEIC). The world scientists on COVID-19 met at the
WHO’s Geneva headquarters from 11 to 12 February 2020 to assess the current
level of knowledge regarding the new virus, agree on critical research
questions that need to be answered immediately, and ways to work together to
accelerate and fund priority research that can contribute to curtail this
outbreak and prepare for the future outbreaks[1]. To move forward, it will require new and more efficient
solutions, science and technology applications, products, and it has to fulfill
all requirements. To meet the challenge of the problems; it is reported that
the clinical homeopathic biomedicines; Aakashmoni or Acaciasides (A&B) or Acacia auriculiformis -extract, prepared
from the funicles or fruits of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. (Plate 1), is being used traditionally
to overcome various medical complications and it has been used to treat several
medical ailments due to its low toxicity and high efficacy and presence of
effective bioactive phytoconstituents of this biomedicine and more than
thirty-five diseases are effectively controlled with these biomedicines by
inducing their natural immunity in animals [21],[22] and it is highly
effective in ameliorating different diseases like root-knot, leaf spot, powdery
mildew, mosaic and tukra diseases in different plants and root callous by using
their defense-response against pathogen infection and leaving no residual toxicity
in the leaves to affect the growth [22],[23],[24],[25],[26],[27],[28],[29],[30],[31],[32],[33],[34], [35],[36],[37],[38],[39],[40],[41], [42],[43],[44],[45],[46]. Recently, I
published a paper entitled “Enriched Science and Technology Communication
Economy in Agriculture by Use of Acaciasides as
Potential Bio-Agents Against Various Pathogens” [35], [47]. Biomedicines
(any phytomedicines- or agents- of biological origin derived from plants
source) provide a new class of biological compounds that stand as a suitable
and useful alternative to conventional but hazardous methods of chemical
control against pathogens [22],[25],[35]. Our main aim was to further investigate new and more efficient solutions, technologies, and products for controlling disease, by using ultra-high diluted homeopathic biomedicine-Aakashmoni with pretreatment, prepared from the fruits of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn, mixed with water at an extremely low dose, was applied by foliar spray once daily for 15 days @ 10 ml/plant, against naturally occurring, root-knot-, leaf spot-, powdery mildew-, mosaic- and tukra- diseases of mulberry (Morus alba L., cv. S1), in a field trials and silkworms rearing, by inducing their natural defense response for preventing diseases and resource productive economies applications. The main purpose of the present investigation is to confirm the efficacy of pretreatment effects with the Aakashmoni at an extremely low dose, against various mulberry plants-pathogens. Recently there is no
targeted therapeutics and effective treatment options remain very limited. So,
the effect of the virus is likely to be seen long after medical science offers
a cure or at least a vaccine for COVID-19. Now it is planned to publish four
confirmed-suggestions for current outcomes and therapies on coronavirus disease
(COVID-19) outbreak that helps the readers as well as a scientific community to
take measures or treatment opportunities or discover the best vaccines to avoid
new coronavirus. Our main goal is to limit infections. To overcome the
situation, the confirmed-suggestion for
clinical study may be arranged in near future or as early as possible by the
researcher for the discovery of the best ‘Vaccine’ or at least treatment by
using ultra-high diluted homeopathic biomedicines- Aakashmoni
30C at an extremely low dose, which may kill the COVID-19 by boosting our
immune system which may significantly solve or help or advance the current
problem of the COVID-19 infections and clinical practice and acts as an
indispensable source to access the pharmacological developments globally. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS2.1. PREPARATION OF HOMEOPATHIC AAKASHMONI MOTHER TINCTURE
Air-dried and powdered fruits or funicles
of Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. (Plate
1) were extracted with 90% ethanol at room temperature (25 ± 2°C) for 15
days and was filtered for collecting extract. Later, the ethanol from the
extract was removed by evaporation at room temperature (25 ± 2°C). The residue
was dried in a desiccator over anhydrous calcium chloride [22],[23],[32],[35],[46],[47],[48]. The
crude residue was dissolved in 90% ethanol at 1 mg/ml concentration and were
formed homeopathic mother tincture of A.
auriculiformis, named Aakashmoni MT (Original solution or crude extract i.e.
Mother Tincture) and named is coined about Tagore Rabindranath Thakur [28],[32],[36],[40],[41], [42],[43],[44],[45],[46]. 2.2. PREPARATION OF
POTENTIZED LIQUID AAKASHMONI 30C MEDICINE
· The homeopathic mother tincture of A. auriculiformis, named Aakashmoni MT were diluted with 90% ethanol (1:100) proportionate in a round vial. · The vial was filled up to two-thirds of its space, tightly corked. · And then were given 10 powerful downward strokes of the arm. · This process of mechanical agitation is called succession. This was the 1st centesimal potency named Aakashmoni1C. All the subsequent potencies were prepared by further diluting each potency with 90% ethanol in the same proportion (1:100) and the mixture was given 10 powerful downward strokes. In this way potencies up to homeopathic biomedicine- Aakashmoni 30C were prepared[28],[32],[36], [40],[41], [42],[43],[44],[45],[46]. 2.3. PREPARATION OF
MEDICATED AAKASHMONI 30C GLOBULES
· Aakashmoni 30C homeopathic potencies in liquid form can be kept in globules. A vial was filled up to two-thirds of its empty space with sucrose globules of a particular size. · Few drops of a liquid potency of homeopathic biomedicine-Aakashmoni 30C were poured into the vial to just moisten all the globules. · The vial was corked and then shaken so that all globules were uniformly moistened. · The cork was loosened and the vial was turned upside down to allow excess liquid drain out. · After keeping the vial in the inverted position for nine to ten hours, the vial was turned upright, well crocked, and kept in a cool dry place away from light. ·
The globules were then kept in
a clean- and dry- vial, and medicated globules were known to retain their
properties for many years. In this process the drug-soaked globules homeopathic
biomedicine- Aakashmoni 30C was prepared [28],[32],[36],[40],[41], [42],[43],[44],[45],[46]. 2.4. PREPARATION OF AAKASHMONI 30C CONTROL GLOBULES
· A vial was filled up to two-thirds of its empty space with sucrose globules of a particular size. · Few drops of 90% ethanol were poured into the vial to just moisten all the globules. · The vial was corked and then shaken so that all globules were uniformly moistened. · The cork was loosened and the vial is turned upside down to allow excess liquid to drain out. · After keeping the vial in the inverted position for nine to ten hours, the vial was turned upright, well corked, and kept in a cool dry place away from light. · The dry globules were then kept in a vial to retain their properties for many years. ·
In this process the 90% ethanol-soaked
control sucrose globules were prepared. The control globules were prepared in
the same way for comparison to the preparation of medicated homeopathic
medicine-Aakashmoni 30C control globules which were
prepared with the 90% ethanol media [28],[32],[36],[40],[41], [42],[43],[44],[45],[46]. 2.5. PREPARATION OF HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINE-AAKASHMONI 30C PRETREATMENT -TEST AND -CONTROL SOLUTIONS
The drug-soaked globules of homeopathic
medicine-Aakashmoni 30C were then be mixed with
sterile distilled water in the proportion of 7.2 mg globules/ml of water. The
90% ethanol soaked globules were then mixed with sterile tap water in the
proportion of 7.2 mg globules/ml of water and the pretreatment -control solution
was prepared for comparison to the preparation of pretreatment -test solutions[28],[32],[36],[40],[41], [42],[43],[44],[45],[46]. 2.6. MORTALITY TEST
Two sets of cavity blocks with 1 ml distilled water containing 50 larvae (J2) of M. incognita were taken; one set was treated as control and the other was treated as treatment set. To assess the direct effect of homeopathic medicine-Aakashmoni 30C pretreatment - test solution, the water was removed by pipette from all the treatment sets, and immediately replaced by 1 ml of pretreatment -test solutions of Aakashmoni 30C (7.2 mg globules/ml concentration) were added respectively. To assess the direct effect of the control solution, the control set was received 1 ml of control solution and observed with every 30 minutes interval for a period of 12 hours exposure period at room temperature (25 ± 2°C). This mortality test was replicated five times. It was noted that both the control (without Aakashmoni) and treatment (with Aakashmoni) set were received sucrose globules. This mortality test was replicated five times[28],[32],[36],[40],[41],[42],[43],[44],[45],[46],[47],[48],[49],[50],[51],[52],[53],[54]. 2.7. SITE OF THE PRETREATMENT EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS
The field experiment (Plate 2) was carried out at the Sriniketan Sericultural Composite Unit, Government of West Bengal, India where the temperature was 28 + 5°C and relative humidity was 75 + 5 % (Plate 2) [11],[12]. Throughout the year, the whole mulberry field was naturally infected with root-knot disease of mulberry plants (Morus alba L., cv. S1) caused by Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood root-knot nematodes pathogens. And every year in September-October occurrence of four foliar diseases were seen and these were: leaf spot disease caused by Cercosporam moricola (Cooke) fungus pathogens, powdery mildew disease caused by Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst fungus pathogens, mosaic disease caused by mosaic virus pathogens, and tukra disease caused by Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) mealybug pathogens [22],[25],[35],[28],[32],[36],[40],[41],[42],[43], [45],[46],[47],[48],[49],[50],[51],[52],[53],[54].
2.8. ESTIMATION OF THE NEMATODE PATHOGEN POPULATIONSoil and root samples[22],[25],[50],[51] were taken at random from a sericulture field spreading over an
area of 5.6 acres of land to determine the extent and intensity of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood nematode pathogen infestation.
Later, two areas (in the same locality and climatic condition) each measuring
0.02 ha; one naturally root-knot disease infected untreated field and other
naturally root-knot disease infected pretreated field, were demarcated in the
mulberry field where there were no soil differences as well as environmental
factor [22],[24],[25],[27],[28],[32],[36],[28],[36],[43],[44],[50],[51],[52],[53],[54],[55],[56]. 2.9. PREPARATION OF FIELDSThe first 0.02 ha nematode infected
(2863 + 55 J2 /1 kg of soil) sandy soil area (18889.76 x
1066.80 x 45.72 cm3) was mixed with the yard manure (2:1 vol/vol). Every day,
at least 40 random sampling of moist rhizospheric
soil (200g of soil i.e., each sample collected by making a hole of 1.8 cm wide
and 6 cm deep) were done in the nematode infected area for 30 days and were
assessed the M. incognita population
[22],[24],[25],[27],[28],[32],[36],[28],[36],[43],[44],[50],[51],[52],[53],[54],[55],[56] and this naturally infected soil-filled area, demarking untreated
field, was replicated thrice. The other 0.02 ha (18889.76 x 1066.80 x 45.72
cm3) naturally M. incognita infected
sandy soil field was also prepared by mixing yard manure (2:1vol/vol), removing
weeds, irrigating water and interchanging among the soil for uniform
distribution of manure and nematodes in the naturally infected field which was
estimated by regular soil sampling like a same process of previous one. This
naturally infected soil-filled area, demarking the pretreated field, was also
replicated thrice,[25], [32],[35] 2.10. PLANTATION OF MULBERRY CUTTINGMature three years old mulberry cutting, Morus alba L., cv. S1 (average 25cm length and 20g fresh weight) collected from the same sericulture field, were planted with a gap of 45cm throughout the experimental fields where there were no soil differences and climatic conditions. The planted mulberry cuttings were allowed to grow for a period of three months. Regular rhizospheric soil and root sampling (at random) were done for estimation of the nematode population during this three month growth period of mulberry in all fields[25],[26],[27],[28],[29],[32], [35],[50],[51]. At least 80 number at random rhizospheric soil sampling (200g in each sample) were collected from rhizospheric root-soil area of root (10-15cm X 10-15cm) and at least 40 number at random root sampling (2g fresh root in each sample) were collected from newly formed roots (or gall roots) for determining the intensity or presence of nematodes in all the pretreatment experimental fields. 2.11. DIVISION OF GROUPS AND PLOTSAfter three months of growth of mulberry, the M. incognita population was estimated in the rhizospheric soil as well as roots fields [25],[26],[27],[28],[29],[32],[35],[50],[51] (at least 40 at random sampling in each area) of mulberry plants in each area of the mulberry field. The M. incognita infected mulberry plants were achieved growth of 50-60 cm in height. The infected mulberry plants were divided into 16 plots (Plate 2), each measuring the area of 472.44cm X 533.4cm X 45.72cm. The mulberry plants divided into two plant groups; untreated plant groups and pretreated plant groups and each group has 8-plots (20plants/plot). At first all the plants were pruned, manured with NPK, and irrigated every 7 days. Rhizospheric soil was interchanged among the plants to keep the nematode infestation as uniform as possible in the naturally infected field. After pruning, the plants were allowed to grow for a period of 137 days when their root-knot, leaf spot, powdery mildew, viral and tukra diseases were assessed [32], [33],[38],[39],[56],[57]. The field trial was replicated three times. 2.12. PRETREATMENT WITH AAKASHMONI 30C
· Seventy six days after pruning, of mulberry plants, all the homeopathic pretreatment were done by foliar spray @10 ml/plant (7.2 mg/ml concentration) once daily for 15 days with Aakashmoni 30C –test solutions and -control solution respectively [28],[32],[36],[41],[42],[43],[45],[46]. · Pretreatments were given in such a way that all the leaves of the plants were completely sprayed with solutions. During spraying, the soil surface underneath each plant was covered with a polyethylene sheet. Aakashmoni 30C pretreated groups were received 10ml/plant test solutions (7.2 mg Aakashmoni globules / ml concentration) respectively times [28],[32],[36],[41],[42],[43],[45],[46]. · The infected untreated with Aakashmoni (control) groups were similarly received 10 ml/plant pretreated -control solutions only (7.2 mg 90% ethanol soaked globules/ml concentration) times [28],[32],[36],[41],[42],[43],[45],[46]. · It is noted that the infected untreated with Aakashmoni (controls), were not untreated, but treated with the solution made from sugar pills soaked in the alcohol medium. The infected untreated (control) was only pretreated with the solutions made from sugar globules in the alcohol medium (i.e. without medicine Aakashmoni). At fifteen days after the second treatment all the parameters of diseases were assessed again for each group times[28],[32],[36],[41],[42],[43],[45],[46]. All the data were used for statistical analysis by Student’s t-test. 2.13. ANALYSIS OF RESIDUE
A thin layer chromatography plate (TLC) was made with silica gel. Mulberry leaves, collected one day after the last pretreatment were homogenized in a blender and extracted with ethanol. The residue was applied at one end of the plate as a small circular spot. The initial spot should be compact for reproducible Rf- values and zones should always be placed at the same distance from the surface of the developer. Here, the residues run in thin layer chromatography plate (TLC) with the standard from the homeopathic medicine- Aakashmoni 30C -pretreatment test substances [22],[25][26],[27],[28][30],[31],[32],[35],[36],[46]. 2.14. PLANT PATHOGENS CAUSED MULBERRY DISEASES· Root-knot Disease: Rhizospheric soil and root sample were taken at random from all the infected plots. Meloidogyne incognita populations (10 samples / plot in each plant group) were estimated in the rhizospheric soil as well as roots[22],[25][26],[27],[28],[30],[31],[32],[35],[36],[46],[50] of infected mulberry plants. Total number and surface area of leaves of all plant groups were counted [22],[25][26],[27],[28][30],[31],[32],[35],[36],[46]. Total number of root-galls / plant were counted in the infected roots of mulberry plants[22],[46],[51][52][53],[54],[55],[56],[57],[58]. The total protein content of the leaf and root samples (10 at random sampling/plot) from each of the 16 plots was determined,[57],[58], [59]. All the data from experiments were counted for statistical analysis by the student’s t-test. In this field trial, sacrifices of mulberry plants were not done due to well-reported pathological characters from our previous experiments[22],[25][26],[27],[28],[30],[31],[32],[34],[36] [37],[46]. · Foliar Diseases: Every year in September-October occurring, the different foliar diseases, observed in the sericulture field, were: leaf spot disease caused by Cercosporam moricola (Cooke) fungus pathogens, tukra disease (Plate 3) caused by Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) mealybug pathogens, powdery mildew disease (Plate 4) caused by Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst fungus pathogens and mosaic disease (Plate 5) caused by mosaic virus pathogens. All the diseases identified according to their characteristic symptoms by the experts concerned[22],[25][26],[27],[28],[30],[31],[56],[60],[61],[62]. Diseased leaves of each type were counted in each plot [22],[25],[26],[27],[28],[30], [31],[56],[60],[61], [62].The percentage of disease infection based on diseased leaf surface area [22],[25],[26],[27],[28],[30],[31],[33],[59],[63],[64].
· Rearing of Silkworms: The eggs of a mother moth of the multivoltine ‘Nistari’ race (Bombyx mori L.) supplied by Regional Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Berhampore-742101, India, after hatching (93% hatching rate) and brushing 1st stage silkworm larvae in the rearing tray, the larvae were divided into two batches (180 silkworm larvae/batch) and reared [22],[25],[26],[27],[28],[30],[31],[33] [34],[35],[59][63],[64],[64],[65]. The larvae of infected untreated batch (control) were fed with the leaves of pathogens infected diseased leaves of mulberry plants from infected untreated (control) plots and the larvae of the infected pretreated batch were fed with the leaves of homeopathic biomedicine- Aakashmoni 30C -pretreated leaves of mulberry plants from infected treated (control) plots. Fresh leaves were given to the larvae 4- times daily. Mulberry leaves were used for feeding fifteen days after the last pretreatment with Aakashmoni 30C. The larvae were kept inside the rearing chamber at 27±2°C and 70 ± 15% RH. The fresh weight of the larvae and that of the leaves served were recorded daily for each batch until the larvae started spinning. The consumption of fresh leaves [(Fresh leaves served – Dry leaves residues - Fresh leaves initially consumed) X Moisture loss], number of feeding and number of feeding day to cocoon formation, number of escaping feeding during molting, molting span days, and mortality rate were recorded. The fresh silk gland weight of mature 5th instars larvae (Plate 6) (before start spinning), starting time to spinning (Plate 7), span of spinning, fresh cocoon weight, fresh shell weight, silk layer ratio (SR % = Shell weight / Cocoon weight X 100), effective rate of rearing (ERR % = Number of cocoon harvested / Number of silkworms hatched X 100), sex ratio percentage (Number of male adults emerged / Number of female adult emerged X 100) and egg-laying capacity of mother moth were determined [9][10],[11],[12][13],[14][15],[17],[18],[46]. For statistical analysis by student’s t-test, ten mature 5th instars silkworm larvae for fresh silk gland weight and ten cocoons for fresh shell weight were dissected out in each batch including a replica of all batches [22],[25][26],[27],[28],[30],[31],[33],[34][35],[59],[63],[64],[64],[65]. All the data from the rearing trial were used for statistical analysis by the student’s t-test.
2.15. SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS
The activity of students, researchers,
regulators, teachers, staff, community, photographers, visitors, different
scientist, academicians, clinicians, administrators, institutions, farmers,
NGO, and media personnel, -campaign or -aware or -make the news or -publication
regarding the importance of “Pretreatment with Ultra High Diluted homeopathic Aakashmoni 30C, at an Extremely Low Doses, Use as Potential Cost-Effective Biomedicine Against Various
Pathogens: Enriching Science and Technology Communication Applications Economy
and Healthcare-, Defense response- and Immunity- as well as Biodiversity
Conservation- Issues” in different audiovisual media (TV channels), social
media, web pages, newspapers, and journals are recorded. It is a platform to
promote and discuss different new issues and developments by publishing case
reports in all aspects of Clinical Homeopathic Medicine for all over the globe [22],[25][26],[27],[28],[30],[31],[33],[34][35],[59],[63],[64],[64],[65]. 2.16. FUTURE SUGGESTIONS IN RESEARCH
It
will be achieved from typical analysis or justifications of literature review,
research articles, specifies hypotheses, backgrounds, problems, brief review of
the key literature, reports of clinical research trials or fields, note of any
relevant controversies or disagreements in the trials or field, important
references and data or conclusions from the work, extensive discussion of
relevant literature as well as present investigation results. Especially,
emphasize the new and important aspects of the study and the conclusions that
follow from them. For experimental
studies it is useful to clarify the main findings, then explore possible
mechanisms or explanations for these findings, compare and contrast how the
research is different from previous reporting and how the observations will
significantly advancement of the current problem or knowledge of the subject,
state the limitations of the study. Emphasis of claiming priority of work that
has not been completed. Then new hypotheses will arise and clearly label them
as such trials for education and prevention are the ultimate keys to extending
good health globally [22],[25][26],[27],[28],[30],[31],[33],[34],[35],[36],[37],[40],[41],[42],[43],[45],[46],[47],[52],[65]. 3.
RESULTS
3.1. TOXICITY TEST ON MORTALITYIt was observed that homeopathic biomedicines-Aakashmoni 30C had no direct toxic effects on nematodes mortality within the
exposure period of 12 hours at room temperature (25 ± 2°C). For this reason, no data were
presented in the results section. 3.2. ANALYSIS OF RESIDUES TOXICITYMulberry leaves collected fifteen days after the last pretreatment, did not contain any toxic residue of the homeopathic medicines-Aakashmoni 30C - pretreated test substance by thin-layer chromatography plate (TLC). 3.3. ROOT-KNOT DISEASETable 1: shows the pretreatment effects of homeopathic medicine-Aakashmoni 30C on M. incognita pathogens infected mulberry plants in a field trial replicated thrice (P<0.01 by ‘t’- test). All naturally infected plants (Pretreated plant group) pretreated with Aakashmoni 30C showed increase number and surface area of leaves, and higher protein content in leaves and root than infected untreated (control) plants (untreated plant group). In all infected Aakashmoni 30C -pretreated plants, the population of root-knot nematodes decreased significantly in rhizospheric soil and as well as in roots than infected untreated (control) plants. The number of root galls also decreased significantly after Aakashmoni 30C- pretreatment. Table 1: Effects of pretreatments with ultra-high diluted homeopathic medicine-Aakashmoni 30C, at an extremely low dose, on root-knot diseases infected mulberry plants in a field trial replicated thrice
3.4. FOLIAR DISEASESTable 2: shows the pretreatment effects of homeopathic medicines Aakashmoni 30C on leaf spot, powdery mildew, mosaic viral and tukra diseases of mulberry plants in a field trial replicated thrice assessed initially (Day- 0) and after a period of 30 days (Day -30) by ‘t’- test (P<0.01). Aakashmoni 30C with pretreatment significantly reduced the number of leaves infected with leaf spot, powdery mildew (Plate 4), mosaic virus (Plate 5) and tukra (Plate 3) as compared to the untreated condition (Day- 0). The percentage of control achieved was 62.08% for leaf spot, 77.89% for powdery mildew (Plate 4), 64.91% for mosaic virus (Plate 5), and 38.42% for tukra infection as compared to the untreated level (Day- 0). In case of infected untreated plots leaf spot, powdery mildew, mosaic viral and tukra diseases showed naturally 27.80 %, 17.76 %, 29.37 % and 21.20 % reduction respectively, in 30 days (Day -30). Table
2:
Effects of pretreated with ultra-high diluted
homeopathic medicine-Aakashmoni 30C, at an extremely
low dose, on leaf spot, powdery mildew, mosaic and tukra diseases of mulberry
plants in a field replicated thrice assessed initially (Day-0) and after a
period of 30 days (Day-30)
3.5. EFFECTS ON FEEDING SILKWORMS
Table 3: shows the pretreatment effects of
homeopathic Aakashmoni 30C on diseased infected
mulberry plants in a silkworm rearing and field trial replicated thrice on the
feeding, growth, and mortality of silkworms (P<0.01 by ‘t’-test). The
average consumption of leaves by the 5th instars (Plate 6), the average number
of feeding to cocoon formation (Plate 7), the average number of feeding day to
cocoon formation, the average number of escaping– feeding during molting and
average molting span days were less for Aakashmoni
30C -pretreated plants than for infected untreated (control) ones. The average
mortality rate percent (%) was nil with Aakashmoni
30C -pretreated plant groups and 56% with infected untreated (control) one.
However, the average fresh weight of the 5th instars larvae was higher with Aakashmoni 30C -pretreated plants than with infected
untreated (control) one. Table 3: Effects of disease-infected and ultra-high diluted homeopathic medicine-Aakashmoni 30C-pretreated, at an extremely low dose, mulberry plants in a field on the feeding and growth of silkworms in the silkworms rearing trials (replicated thrice)
3.6. EFFECTS ON SILK PRODUCTION
AND REARING PRACTICES
Table 4: shows the effects of feeding Aakashmoni
30C -pretreated mulberry leaves on silk production, spinning characters, and
rearing practices in a silkworm rearing (Plate 7) and field trial replicated
thrice (P<0.01 by ‘t’-test). The average fresh silk gland weight, average
fresh cocoon weight, average fresh shell weight, and average shell ratio (SR %)
were higher with Aakashmoni 30C -pretreated plants
than with infected untreated (control) one. Notably, average starting time to
spinning day and average span of spinning day (i.e.
duration of span) were fewer with the Aakashmoni 30C
-pretreated than with infected untreated (control) ones. The average effective
rate of rearing (ERR%), average sex ratio percentage, and average egg-laying
capacity were significantly higher with all Aakashmoni
30C -pretreated groups. Table 4: Effects of disease-infected and ultra-high diluted homeopathic medicine-Aakashmoni 30C-pretreated, at an extremely low dose, mulberry plants in a field on the growth of silk gland, spinning time, cocoon, shell, rearing, sex ratio and egg laying
capacity in the silkworms rearing trials (replicated thrice) 3.7. Future Suggestions in Research
The results fulfill the goal of a research proposal because the present Pretreatments with homeopathic biomedicines-Aakashmoni 30C need to justify future research and to present the practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted by the future researcher for conducting the research consistent with requirements of the professional or academic field and a statement on anticipated outcomes and or benefits derived from the study's completion. 3.8. SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONSThe students, researchers, teachers, staff, community, photographers, visitors, different scientist, administrators, institutions, farmers, NGOs, and media personnel campaign, aware, discuss, arrange workshops and seminars, make news and publish as abstract regarding the importance of “Pretreatment with Homeopathic Medicine-Aakashmoni 30C, use as Against Various Plant Pathogens: Enriching Science and Technology Communication Applications Economy in Agriculture-, and Healthcare-, Defense Response-, Vaccinations- and Immunity- as well as Biodiversity Conservation- Issues” in different national- and local- audiovisual media (TV channels), different social media, web pages, newspapers and different -national and –international Journals as well as Congress Proceedings also. 4. DISCUSSION 4.1. DIFFERENT POSOTIVE EFFECTS
The ultra-high diluted homeopathic
biomedicine-Aakashmoni 30C, ones again not only
reduced root-knot, leaf spot, powdery mildew, viral, and tukra diseases but
also improved the nutritive value (especially protein) of the pretreated leaves
of the naturally infected plants [28],[32],[36],[40],[41],[42],[43],[45],[46]. Homeopathic medicine-Aakashmoni 30C
-pretreatments directly influences on the consumption of leaves, number of
feeding, and number of feeding day to cocoon formation, and indirectly effects
on molting stage in the infected treated groups from this trial. And due to the
ill development of infected untreated (control) batches silkworm larvae took
more time to molt which is proved from the number of escaping feeding during
molting. Higher nutritive value especially protein of treated plants
contributed to higher growth of silkworm larvae, silk gland weight, cocoon
weight, and shell weight which increase silk production significantly for
commercial purposes [28],[32],[36],[40],[41],[42],[43],[45],[46]. 4.2. ECONOMICAL GROWTH WITH climate stabilityThe improved health of the larvae, cocoon weight, silk gland, and shell weight from the Aakashmoni 30C -pretreated groups of infected plants might have resulted in the fewer starting time to spinning and span of spinning day and the total elimination of the mortality rate. Or, the Aakashmoni 30C might have infused into mulberry leaves a substance that has conferred disease resistance on growing silkworm larvae by releasing defense-related natural products by plants[22],[25],[26],[27],[28],[32],[33],[34],[35],[36],[37],[38],[39],[40],[41],[42],[43],[54],[55],[66]. For this, the effective rate of rearing (ERR %) is very high in all Aakashmoni 30C -pretreated treatment batches which enriches the sericulture industry in many ways, especially for commercial purposes, and which increased agriculture, economies, social structures, and ecosystems and may hold lessons for a future of increasing climate stability. 4.3. DEFENSE RESPONSE ON GROWING SILKWORM LARVAEThe mulberry leaves did not contain any
toxic residues of the Aakashmoni
30C -pretreated test substances by the thin layer
chromatography (TLC). Rather, the Aakashmoni
30C might have induced natural defense response in the
test plants against all above mentioned pathogens and has conferred defense
response on growing larvae[22],[25],[26],[27],[28],[32],[36],[37],[38],[39],[40],[41],[42],[43],[45],[46],[54],[55],[66],[67],[68]. 4.4. DIVERSE DISEASE RESISTANCE MECHANISMSThe present study clearly showed that
ultrahigh diluted homeopathic drug- Aakashmoni 30C
was pretreated as effective or potential biomedicine at extremely low doses and
it had no direct toxic effect on plants but to the pathogens of mulberry
plants. The Aakashmoni 30C could induce some
resistance in mulberry against pathogens infection. It can be assumed that Aakashmoni 30C could induce the synthesis of some
antagonistic substances in the pretreated plants. Lectins accumulated in gall regions of root of Hibiscus esculentus infected
with M. incognita[28], [32],[35],[36],[40],[41],[42],[43],[45],[46],[69]. Systemic
acquired resistance can be induced by in different crop plants by localized
virus infection, non-pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms, or their culture
filtrates or by salicylic acid [22],[25],[26],[27],[28],[32],[36],[37],[38],[39],[40],[41],[42],[43],[44],[54],[68],[69],[70],[71],[72].
Plant-derived natural products have important functions in ecological
interactions. In some cases these compounds are
deployed to sites of pathogen challenged by vesicle-mediated trafficking. Polar
vesicle trafficking of natural products, proteins, and other, as yet uncharacterized, cargo is emerging as a common theme
in investigations of diverse disease resistance mechanisms in plants [66]. Sequestration implies the involvement of a specific transport
process. For example, the defense-related triterpene glycoside avenaacin A-1 is synthesized [73]. 4.5. AAKASHMONI 30C SYNTHESIS VARIOUS ANTIGENS FOR DEFENSEIt is reported that a plant plasma membrane
ATP binding cassette-type transporter is involved in antifungal terpenoid
secretion [74]. Functional analysis has confirmed a role for this transporter in
disease resistance [75]. Though, M. incognita is known to share
common antigens with its host plants [76]. It appeared that during natural infection with the nematode, host
plants showed minimal defense responses to the nematode because of this
antigenic similarity [75]. It is reported that the pure compounds acaciasides
(A&B) contain two triterpenoids saponins [25],[32],[35],[48],[54] and these saponins provide defense to the test plants against
pathogens [77],[78], [79],[80],[81]. Aakashmoni 30C must be responsible for
the defense resistance of the mulberry. The ultrahigh diluted drug –Aakashmoni 30C may synthesis various antigens particularly
(low molecular weight proteins; 5kd to 25kd) and induce defense responses
involving several pathogenesis-related proteins in which the naturally infected
plant pathogens fail to tolerate
[25],[32][35],[48],[53],[54]. It is observed that in lady’s finger plants treated with NE
(nematode extract) i.e. pretreated showed the highest number of root proteins (no. 24) but in
inoculated untreated root was 18 number and uninoculated untreated root was 11
number [25],[32],[35],[37]. Those showed that NE served as a stimulus for the expression of many
proteins particularly the defense-related proteins which later provide
resistance to pathogen- nematodes infection. However, in the test plant were
treated with NE after inoculation i.e. post-treated with live nematodes did not
show much increase in the number of proteins (23) in root [25],[32],[35],[37]. 4.6. AAKASHMONI 30C EXPRESSION OF SOME DEFENSE GENEThose showed that nematode pathogens infestation somehow serve as a repressor for the expression of defense gene in plant[25],[28],[32],[35],[36],[37],[40],[41],[42],[43],[45],[46]. From this point of view, it can be assumed that ultrahigh diluted pretreated-homeopathic biomedical drug –Aakashmoni 30C at an extremely low dose, serve as a stimulus for the expression of many new induced defense-related PR-proteins by systemic acquired resistance which provides defense-resistance to various pathogens causing major diseases of plants. It can be told that Aakashmoni 30C acquiring systemic resistance could serve very effective eco-friendly phytomedicine and promoted growth of test plants by inducing their defense responses of the host plants by expression of some new proteins against many plant pathogens infection causing major diseases and this ultrahigh diluted pretreated homeopathic-biomedical drug conserved our biodiversity and makes pollution free environment. 4.7. AAKASHMONI AS UNIVERSAL POTENTIAL PHYTOMEDICINESNow the key question is, whether plant-derived natural products, ultra-high diluted pretreated- homeopathic drug –Aakashmoni 30C at an extremely low dose, can be used as potential biomedical by inducing defense- response against various plant pathogens causing major mulberry diseases in a field trial and silkworms rearing. It is surprising that all naturally infected Aakashmoni 30C -pretreated plants not only are less affected by pathogens but also have a better growth than infected untreated (control) plants. The positive effects of growth may be responsible for defense resistance against pathogens. Aakashmoni 30C might have induced synthesis of many new proteins which have stimulated increase photosynthesis rate, stomata- activity and water retention capacity of Aakashmoni 30C -pretreated plants [28],[30],[31],[32],[33],[34],[35],[36],[37],[38],[39],[40],[41],[42],[43],[45],[46],[82]. The positive effects of growth on disease-infected pretreated plants might not only be responsible for defense resistance to pathogens but also improved growth of silkworm larvae and silk gland weight, cocoon weight, shell weight, effective rate of rearing (ERR%), sex ratio percentage and egg laying capacity of mother moth with zero mortality rate were higher with all Aakashmoni 30C -pretreated groups which increase silk production for commercial purpose. It is proved from the results that silk production is higher in all Aakashmoni 30C -pretreated plants than infected untreated treated (control) plants. Now the answer is, ultrahigh diluted pretreated- homeopathic medicine –Aakashmoni 30C at an extremely low dose was not only highly effective in ameliorating different mulberry diseases but also enriched sericulture industry as well as agriculture industry. And it is also noted that pretreatment with, ultrahigh diluted homeopathic medicine- Aakashmoni MT and -Aakashmoni 30C at an extremely low dose, and Acaciasides (A&B) bioagents at low dose, show more or less same results [25],[28],[32],[35],[36],[37],[40],[41],[42],[43],[45],[46]. 4.8. FUTURE SUGGESTIONS IN AAKASHMONI RESEARCH·
Identical
genetic material: We’re not completely human, at
least when it comes to the genetic material inside our cells. We all may
harbor, as many as, one hundred forty-five genes which have jumped from
bacteria, other unicellular organisms, and viruses and made themselves at home in
the human genome. All, the scientists indicated hundreds of genes that appeared to
have been transferred from bacteria, archaea, fungi, other microorganisms, and
plants to animals, they report online today in ‘Genome Biology’. In the case of humans, they
found one hundred forty-five genes that seemed to have jumped from simpler
organisms, including 17 that had been reported in the past as possible horizontal gene transfers [83]. The genomic sequencing showed that this
pathogenic coronavirus is 96.2% identical to a bat coronavirus and shares a
79.5% sequence identity to SARS-CoV [84],[85],[86] ·
Structure and function of
genetic material: The genomics of plant and animal
is a vast area of research for the biological issues covered because it
continues to deal with the structure and function of genetic material
underpinning all organisms [87]. Approximately, ten percent of the human genome is made of bits of
virus- DNA. Mostly, this viral DNA is not always harmful. In some cases,
researchers have found that actually it has a beneficial impact. When viruses
infect us, they can embed small chunks of their genetic material in our DNA[88]. The viral content of human genomes is more variable beyond our
imagination. Millions of years ago, into the primordial genetic material of our
progenitors, parts of human DNA are of viral origin were inserted and have been
inherited by successive generations. Thus, the genomes of modern humans are not
thought to vary much. ·
Common virus-derived
sequences: HERV (Human endogenous retroviruses) are
by far the most common virus-derived sequences in the human genome and mobile
DNA shows a mechanism that has introduced more inter-individual variation in
HERV content between humans than previously appreciated[89]. It is known that the “Human Genome Is Full of Viruses and Our
body requires viruses, but viruses don’t always require a body” [90]. ·
Structure-based design of
antiviral drug:
It is reported in a chapter entitled “Genetic Resistance to Coronavirus
Infection- A Review” where three host resistance mechanisms: genetic control at
the level of the, -cellular receptors, -macrophage and -acquired immunity.
However, they would like to stress that those ‘levels’ are purely operational
boundaries. In reality, a host can be infected with a virus several times
during its lifetime, and thus all available innate and immune resistance
mechanisms will be called into play at once. Also, they have included a general
outline of the methods used to identify host resistance genes in mouse models
of infection [12]. SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent
responsible for the pandemic COVID-19 outbreak and the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is a key enzyme that plays an important
role in helping in viral replication and transcription. Structure-based design
of antiviral drug candidates targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease [91]. ·
Immune system creates a
blueprint:
Once the virus infects the host cell, it takes over the host cell’s machinery
to produce more viruses. The host cell essentially becomes a virus factory.
When the human body is attacked by germs, the immune system kicks into gear to
fight off the assault. Germ fighting white blood cells in the body are called
up to destroy the intruder. These cells target specific sites on the virus,
working to destroy the infection. Also, a healthy person’s immune system
creates a blueprint of the attacking agent. With this blueprint, the body
effectively remembers the germ - enabling a person to fight for reinfection by
the same or similar viruses [92]. ·
Use as traditional medicine: In the
evolution of human history shows the evidence that people is
using traditional medicine for therapeutic purpose. The reports from the World
Health Organization (WHO) claim that 70%- 80% population is primarily dependent
on animals and plant-based medicines because of limited or no access to medical
services. The drugs obtained from wild plants and animals are not only used as
traditional medicines but also as raw materials in the formulation of modern
allopathic and herbal preparations [1],[14]. It is reported that as an internal treatment, the innate response
of the patient's immune system to the presence of an invading microorganism has
been studied, highlighting anti-microbial peptides as the host's own defense
molecules. This work shows a compilation of the most relevant and current
antimicrobial peptides that could be used as potential therapeutic agents
against microorganisms located in the skin and related to acne disease [93]. But in a case report of a congenital immune deficiency disease
–WHIM syndrome is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder and it is an acronym
for some of the characteristic symptoms of the disorder; warts,
hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis.
This case report provides data of a patient with recurrent respiratory and
cutaneous infection who was diagnosed with WHIM syndrome was presented with
chronic productive cough, fever, pleuritic chest pain, chills and sweating also
[94].
·
Low toxicity with high efficacy of the of major bioactive
phytoconstituents: It is reported that the acaciasides (A&B) from fruits of A. auriculiformis,
is being used traditionally to overcome various medical complications like sore
eyes, aches, rheumatism, allergy, itching, and rashes. Besides, it has also
been proven for many pharmacological activities like central nervous system
depressant activity, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antifilarial, anticestocidal,
antimutagenic, chemopreventive, spermicidal, wound
healing, hepatoprotective and antidiabetic activity due to its low toxicity (LD50 = 3741.7
mg/kg) and high efficacy and the various phytochemical
investigations reveal the presence of chief constituents as flavonoids and
triterpenoid saponin glycosides. The low toxicity and the presence of major
bioactive phytoconstituents like flavonoids and triterpenoid saponin glycosides
are responsible for a therapeutic remedy for various diseases and
pharmacological activities respectively. It has been
used to treat several medical ailments due to its low toxicity and the presence
of bioactive phytoconstituents[95]. Isolated
saponins (acaciasides -A&-B acylated triterpenoid
bisglycoside) were screened for their antifilarial activity and results were found to be
significant[96]. A US-patent claimed the potential of acaciasides (A&B) isolated from A. auriculiformis for the prevention of HIV infection and as a vaginal contraceptive [97]. · Human trial with saponin-based vaccine: Recently, in the Drug Target Review 2020, NovavaxInc, which contributed to the development of other epidemic vaccines, has announced it is currently in pre-clinical animal trials for several multiple nanoparticle COVID-19 vaccine candidates. The biotechnology company has announced its efforts to help in creating a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. The company stated they have used their recombinant protein nanoparticle technology platform to generate antigens derived from the coronavirus spike protein and their previous experience working with other coronaviruses, including both MERS and SARS, allowed them to mobilize quickly against COVID-19 and successfully complete the critical preliminary steps to engineer viable vaccine candidates, as said by Stanley Erck, President and Chief Executive Officer of Novavax which adjuvant is saponin-based and it has shown a “potent and well-tolerated effect”[98],[99]. · Successful vaccination: It requires four components; knowing the vaccine target, what kind of immune response, how to generate that response, and understanding responses in the people who we want to vaccinate. Human Immunomics Initiative (HII) aims to decode the underlying mechanisms and rules of how the human immune system fights disease with advances in computing and artificial intelligence, genomics, systems biology, and bioinformatics [100]. And should follow the guideline of WHO entitled “Vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccines” [101]. It is reported that long-stay stress in emergencies can be responsible for this condition in a case study of Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy disease which shows that, that’s why it’s so important to Reduce Wait Time in the emergency as much as possible [102]. SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes Covid-19, enters human cells by binding of its viral spike protein to the membrane-bound form of them aminopeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2) [103]. Studies in animals have suggested that angiotensin-converting–enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) may up-regulate ACE2 expression [104], thus increasing the availability of target molecules for SARS-CoV-2. Ultimately, one or more randomized trials will be needed to answer definitively the question of whether ACE inhibitors or ARBs pose harm to patients with Covid-19 [105]. · Fulfill the target: Here, the results and discussion fulfill the goal for the research suggestions because the present pretreatments with ultra-high diluted homeopathic medicines -Aakashmoni MT or -Aakashmoni 30C liquid or -Aakashmoni 30C globules, prepared from the fruits of A. auriculiformis, mixed with water at an extremely low dose, need to justify future research and to present the practical methods in which the proposed study should be conducted. The plans for conducting research are governed by standards of the results in which the solutions or problems resides, therefore, the guidelines for research proposals are more exacting and less formal than a general project proposal [28], [32],[35],[36],[40],[41] [42],[43],[45],[46],[47]. 4.9. SUGGESTIONS FOR
VACCINE
4.10. NOW FIRST SUGGESTIONIn homeopathic biomedicines, Aaakashmoni MT (original solution or crude extract i.e., Mother Tincture) may be used in vaccine formulations to regulate immune function by acting as -antioxidants and -scavenge oxidative stress. Because, it is already well-known that the presence of chief constituents as flavonoids and two acylated triterpenoid bisglycoside saponins present in pure compound-acaciasides (A&B) isolated from the crude extract of A.auriculiformis fruits[14],[22],[25],[37],[39],[41],[48][53],[77],[99],[106],[107],[108],[109],[110],[111],[112],[113].So, the adjuvant Aaakashmoni MT may be used with recombinant protein nanoparticle antigens derived from the coronavirus spike protein and combine these antigens with its adjuvant Aaakashmoni MT for the final formulation of the vaccine and it may be shown a “potent and well-tolerated effect” through stimulating the entry of antigen-presenting cells into the injection site and enhancing antigen presentation in local lymph nodes, boosting immune responses [32],[35],[98],[99]. In a letter as an e-mail, the Science Advisory Board Net, at Express Cells, for their business of creating better knock-in cell lines for drug discovery, toxicology, and other biologic research and add for purchase SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein (NC_045512.2), SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein (NC_045512.2), TMPRSS2 (NM_001135099.1), ACE2 (NM_021804.3), BSG (CD147) (NM_001728.3), SARS-CoV Nucleocapsid Protein (MK062179.1), SARS-CoV Spike Protein (MK062179.1), MERS-CoV Nucleocapsid Protein (NC_019843.3), MERS-CoV Spike Protein (NC_019843.3)[112] and the readily available coronavirus spike proteins may be helped to use for vaccine preparation which may fight against “COVID Toes among kids: New symptom of novel coronavirus infection” [113]. Here, vaccination or treatments, is the use of remedies against diseases either earlier in an epidemic or given routinely to prevent diseases. When the latter is used it involves mostly the users just like any conventional vaccination which administers the antigen in an inactive state to gain immunity towards the disease and is given before the onset of disease or disease symptoms in an individual as a prevention rather than cure [114] and in a clinical study shows the efficiency of triple antibiotic mixture and propolis as intracanal medication in revascularization process in immature apex [111],[114],[115]. It is obligatory that information on ClinicalTrials.gov, a resource provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) or other agencies of the U.S. Federal Government, is provided by study sponsors and investigators, and they are responsible for ensuring that the studies follow all applicable laws and regulations[20],[100],[116]. It is also studied the cost-effectiveness of emergency care interventions in low and middle-income countries like India [117]. But it will not be -cost-effective and not easily -prepare able and -available. 4.11. NOW SECOND SUGGESTION The adjuvant homeopathic medicines -Aaakashmoni MT may be used with anti-Human antibodies like IgG (A80-104A, A80-105A), IgM (A80-100A, A80-101A), & IgA (A80-102A, A80-103A) and offer treatments or vaccine preparation of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) and it may also be accelerated the discovery to improve lives [100], [116],[117],[118]. After getting successful clinical trials, the -WHO, -ClinicalTrials.gov, -U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) and - National Institutes of Health (NIH), may be permitted for the use as a vaccine for treatments [20],[100],[116],[117],[118]. But it will not also be -cost-effective and not easily -prepare able and -available. 4.12. NOW THIRD SUGGESTIONUltra-high diluted homeopathic medicines -Aakashmoni 30C liquid @ 10 drops mixed with 10 ml of sterile distilled- or pure drinking -water, maybe orally administered once daily (before taking any food) for 15 days, against naturally occurring virus infections15-days before symptom onset OR illness onset (as a vaccine) OR onset of symptoms where patients in hospital-associated COVID-19 infections has been reported (treatments)[119]. In the case of treatment, depending on the disease intensity, the dose may be increased 3-4 times a day. It is moderately cost-effective and easily -prepare able and –available drug [117]. After getting permission from the -WHO, -ClinicalTrials.gov, -U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) and - National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Aakashmoni 30C liquid, may be directly used for “Clinical trial or as a homeopathic vaccine” because ultra-high diluted homeopathic medicine -Aakashmoni 30C liquid, have actually no drug molecules (due to cross the Avogadro number i.e., 6.023 X 1023) [20],[100],[116],[120]. It is well known that Avogadro limit washed out by nano-associates of water which continue as information carriers in serial dilutions and end up with the generalized concept of medicines and these structures, in their turn, influence near-matching bio-molecules to serve as medicines, like antibiotics, leading to a generalized concept of medicine[120],[121]. 4.13. NOW FORTH SUGGESTION Ultra-high diluted homeopathic medicine globules -Aakashmoni 30C @ 10 medicated globules (7.2mg), maybe
orally administered once daily for 15 days, against naturally occurring virus
infections15-days before symptom onset OR illness onset (as a vaccine) OR onset
of symptoms where patients admitted in hospital with COVID-19 infections has
been reported (treatments) [119]. In the case of treatment, depending on the disease intensity, the
dose may also be increased 3-4 times a day.
It is the most cost-effective and easy -prepare able and –available drug
[117]. The homeopathic medicine Aakashmoni
30C globules may also be directly used for “Clinical trial or as a Vaccine”
after getting permission from the; -WHO,
-ClinicalTrials.gov., -U.S. NLM and -NIH
[20],[100],[116],[121]. 4.14. NOW RECENT POSITION OF VACCINESRecently, scientists in Israel, Netherlands
claim progress in COVID-19 monoclonal antibody— 47D11 trials ‘Such a
neutralizing antibody has the potential to alter the course of infection’. But
both the treatment -efforts are also in initial stages[122]. In 6th May 2020, E-TOI News focus, “Italy
claims to develop first COVID-19 vaccine: Here is the current status of all the
potential coronavirus vaccines”[123]. Italian scientists have claimed to develop a vaccine that has
successfully generated antibodies in mice that work on human cells [123]. Oxford University initiated a phase-1 human clinical trial of its
vaccine on April 23, where two volunteers were injected and Elisa Granato is one of the first ones to get injected with the
vaccine. The vaccine -ChAdOx1 nCoV-19- was developed under three months by the
University’s Jenner Institute. It uses a weakened strain of common cold virus
(adenovirus) that causes infections in chimpanzees. For the vaccine to work,
scientists have taken the genetic material of the novel coronavirus present on
the surface of the virus and put it in the virus [123]. India applied the very old theory for
vaccine preparations and plasma therapy is being treated as yet another
complementary treatment to help the COVID-19 patients recover[123]. Several hospitals across India have dived in to use plasma therapy
for treating the coronavirus patients with the emergency consultancy of Health
Minister, Government of India and they apply the HIV-drug combo, has been one
of the most touted treatment plans for the COVID-19, which antiviral drug
combination was initially found to be effective in treating the coronavirus
patients. Prime Minister Narendra Modi reviewed India’s status in developing a
vaccine for the novel coronavirus, drug discovery, diagnosis, and testing on
Tuesday. It was found that as of now more than 30 vaccines are in
different stages of development while a few are ready to go to clinical trial
stages. It is also important to note that the Pune-based Serum Institute of
India is the world’s largest vaccine maker and India produces 60 percent of the
world’s vaccines [123]. The world has
joined hands to find a vaccine for the novel coronavirus and scientists and
medical researchers across the globe are scrambling for the first breakthrough.
Since the virus spreads easily and is already overwhelming the healthcare
system of most countries, a vaccine is the most effective way of putting a
pause on the spread of infectious disease. At present, almost 80 groups
globally are working at break-neck speed for the same, even though a vaccine
fit for humans normally takes years to develop. Currently, there are 111
potential vaccines for the SARS-CoV-2 which is in different stages of clinical
trials [123].
4.15. NOW ADVANTAGE OF AAKASHMONI 30C While a cure or vaccine for COVID-19 is not
available, in the absence of any side-effects and adverse interactions with any
conventional medicines along with a robust safety profile and repeated
evidence-based successes against viral infections, ultra-high diluted homeopathic biomedicine; - Aakashmoni MT or -Aakashmoni 30C liquid or -Aakashmoni
30C globules, at an extremely low doses, may play an important role in the
fight against COVID-19 [119]. 4.16. NOW PLANNED FOR PUBLICATIONS
Now it is planned to
publish four- suggestions for current outcomes and therapies on coronavirus
disease (COVID-19) outbreak that helps the readers as well as a scientific
community to take measures or treatment opportunity or discovery of vaccine to
avoid new coronavirus. Our main goal is to limit infections. Let us all take
this basic information’s as proposal and also educate
people, help them to fight against this war, the normal life of everyone is on
hold due to this escalating coronavirus emergency, which in a way helps all the
scientist, readers, authors and editors to take necessary and respective steps
to save or avoid this dangerous disease. It is requested all to support this
initiative and help to reach the targeted audience. At this critical time in
the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic, I am proud to be working
alongside the scientific community as a coworker that accelerates research,
discovery, and testing to contain the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. And it also focuses
the future ‘Trends in Medicine Globally’ which serves as an evidence-based
resource covering various experimental disciplines of medicine, innovative case
reports in all clinical practice, and acts as an indispensable source to access
the pharmacological developments. And it also deals with articles related to
the translational research or investigations in all medical disciplines,
epidemiological studies, and general topics of interest to the homeopathic vaccines or social vaccine or
COVID-19 epidemic model biomedical research community [124],[125],[126],[127],[128],[129],[130], [131],[132],[133],[134],[135],[136]. 4.17. NOW THE MOST VITAL QUESTIONN: HOW
THE HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINE AAKASHMONI WILL BE THE BEST OR MOST EFFECTIVE AGAINST
CORVID-19?
Anyone has been struggled trying to understand the ‘idea or message which are trying to communicate is not clear at all’ of this paper to avail. It is started by writing about plants that silkworms feed on being helped by Aakashmoni 30c, and then it speculates that the remedy may be boosting the immune system of the plants, and then it leaps to COVID-19. Acacia extract is useful against different plant diseases, but how does that suggest it will be effective against COVID-19? That's the part that is difficult to understand. The following points may be useful as follows: · 1st cause: It is already reported that the fruits of Acacia auriculiformis, is being used traditionally to overcome various medical complications like sore eyes, aches, rheumatism, allergy, itching, and rashes. Besides, it has also been proven for many pharmacological activities like central nervous system depressant activity, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antifilarial, anticestodals, antimutagenic, chemopreventive, spermicidal, wound healing, hepatoprotective and antidiabetic activity due to its low toxicity (LD50 = 3741.7 mg/kg) and high efficacy and the various phytochemical investigations reveal the presence of chief constituents as flavonoids and triterpenoid saponin glycosides. The low toxicity and the presence of major bioactive phytoconstituents like flavonoids and triterpenoid saponin glycosides[77],[78],[79],[80],[81] are responsible for a therapeutic remedy for various diseases and pharmacological activities respectively. It has been used to treat several medical ailments due to its low toxicity and the presence of bioactive phytoconstituents[95]. Isolated saponins (acaciasides -A&-B acylated triterpenoid bisglycoside) were screened for their antifilarial activity and results were found to be significant [96]. A US-patent claimed the potential of acaciasides (A&B) isolated from A. auriculiformis for the prevention of HIV infection and as a vaginal contraceptive also [97]. · 2nd cause: Recently, in the Drug Target Review 2020, NovavaxInc, which contributed to the development of other epidemic vaccines, has announced it is currently in pre-clinical animal trials for several multiple nanoparticle COVID-19 vaccine candidates. The biotechnology company has announced its efforts to help in creating a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. The company stated they have used their recombinant protein nanoparticle technology platform to generate antigens derived from the coronavirus spike protein and their previous experience working with other coronaviruses, including both MERS and SARS, allowed them to mobilize quickly against COVID-19 and successfully complete the critical preliminary steps to engineer viable vaccine candidates, as said by Stanley Erck, President and Chief Executive Officer of Novavax which adjuvant is “Saponin-Based” and it has shown a “potent and well-tolerated effect as Vaccine” [76][77],[98],[99],[124],[132],[134]. · 3rd cause: It is already confirmed that the clinical biomedicines; homeopathic-Aakashmoni or Acacia auriculiformis –extract or Acaciasides (A&B) or Phytomedicines or Biomedicines or Bioagents, prepared from the funicles or fruits of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn, is being used traditionally to overcome various medical complications and it has been used to treat several medical ailments due to its low toxicity and high efficacy and presence of effective bioactive phytoconstituents of the present medicines, and more than thirty-five animal-diseases are also effectively controlled with these medicines by inducing their natural immunity and it is highly effective (strong biological effects of homeopathy) in ameliorating different virus diseases [21],[22],[24],[25],[27],[29],[30],[31],[34],[35],[36],[38],[39],[40] [41],[42],[43],[44],[45],[46],[47],[65],[74],[75],[93],[94],[95],[96],[97],[104],[105],[112],[117],[126], [127],[129],[130],[131],[133],[135],[136],[137] and it is managing viral infections like COVID-19 [117] forming ‘Homeopathic Vaccination’ also [112]. · 4th cause: The antigenic similarity and plant defence with two triterpenoids saponins [25],[32],[35], [48],[54],[74],[75],[77],[78],[79],[80],[81], humans 100-genes from other organisms [81],[82],[83],[84], horizontal gene transfers [83], genomic characterization and epidemiology [85], complicated relationship with viruses[86],[87] the human genome is full of viruses [88] disease and our genes [90] human immunomics initiative (HII) and artificial intelligence, genomics, systems biology, bioinformatics[100] different phytopharmacological investigations of Acacia auriculiformis [93] [94],[95],[96],[97],[98],[99],[100],[101],[102],[103],[104],[105]and WHO entitled “Vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccines” [101]with “Reduce Wait Time in the emergency as much as possible” [102]and the World Health Organization claim that 70%- 80% population is primarily dependent on animals and plant-based medicines[1],[14] etc. · 5thcause: It is also confirmed that the higher nutritive value especially protein of the homeopathic medicine-Aakashmoni 30C -treated plants contributed to higher growth of silkworm larvae, silk gland weight, cocoon weight, and shell weight which increase silk production significantly[28],[32],[36][40], [41],[42],[43],[45],[46], and the improved health of the larvae from the Aakashmoni 30C -pretreated groups might have resulted in the fewer starting time to spinning and span of spinning day and the total elimination of the mortality rate. The homeopathic medicine-Aakashmoni 30C might have infused into mulberry leaves a substance that has conferred disease resistance on growing silkworm larvae by releasing defense-related natural products [22],[25],[26],[27],[28],[32],[33],[34],[35],[36],[37] [38],[39],[40],[41],[42],[43],[54],[55],[66] and synthesis of different new molecular weight-related pathogenesis-related (PR)-proteins or formation of new proteins[24],[25],[36],[132],[134], and the Aakashmoni 30C homeopathic remedies boost the immune system in all level against coronavirus, are working quite well for covid-19 [137],[138]. · 6thcause: And this homeopathic medicine-Aakashmoni 30C not only shows the clinical, physical, chemical, biological and physiological effects but also on molecular weight [124],[125],[126],[127],[129],[130],[131],[132],[133],[134],[136],. It explains the mechanism of homeopathic medicines and the action of the microdoses based on scientific experimentations and proofs [24],[25],[36],[135],[137]. So the use of the phrase- "Enriching Science and Technology Communications Applications" is emphasized on the suitable interesting scientific issue in this communication for global application, an overview of the works on the potentized high-diluted cost-effective homeopathic drugs[124],[125],[126],[127],[129],[130],[131],[132],[133],[134], [136],[137],[138]. · 7thcause: It is felt grandiose considering from the above results as evidences to write, "It may help for the preparation of a vaccine against COVID-19, by increasing immunity and enriching science and technology communications applications, cost-effectiveness and biodiversity conservations as well as bio-economy-applications issues, reviving human civilizations in the old form" and the Aakashmoni 30C homeopathic are working quite well for covid-19 [124],[125],[126],[127],[129],[130],[131],[132],[133],[134], [136],[137],[138]. · 8thcause: Some evidences from literature history; “Coronavirus Updated Dashboard, Viral Nano-Biotechnology and Potential Global-Personalized-Vaccine” etc., are missing here? And it might also try to offer it as ‘Homeobook’ in every house for betterment of the society with no side effects of potentized high-diluted cost-effective homeopathic drugs. It is clear that modeling requires both reliable data and an accurate understanding of how disease spreads, and that the field of epidemiological modeling requires a diversity of approaches, and support for this field must increase and be coordinated, with a designation of responsibilities among funding agencies with public needs to prep for vaccine side effects for non-homeopathic biomedicines[124],[125],[126],[127],[129],[130],[131],[132],[133],[134], [136],[137],[138]. 5. CONCLUSIONSIt can be concluded that the plant-derived natural products, ultra-high-diluted cost-effective pretreated- ecofriendly easily available homeopathic drug –Aakashmoni 30C, at an extremely low dose, not only used as a potential biomedical drug by inducing defense- response against various pathogens causing major mulberry diseases, which is sometimes devastating to all kinds of -natural and -artificial vegetation in a field, and silkworms rearing, leaving no residual toxicity in the leaves to affect the growth of silkworms, but also conserve our biodiversity which will contribute towards “Sustainable Climate, Health, and Development”. No appropriate antiviral drugs are currently discovered to treat COVID-19. So, to concur the situation, “Four Suggestions for the Best Vaccine and Clinical Trials with Homeopathic Biomedicines- Aakashmoni at an extremely low dose, Against COVID-19 by Boosting Immune System for the Improvement of Science and Technology Communication Applications Economy “Mechanism Issues” forming the ‘Best Vaccine’, which not only shows the clinical, physical, chemical, biological and physiological effects but also on molecular weight, with mechanism and action of the homeopathic medicines based on scientific experimentations and proofs, and the future clinical-scientists develop all aspects of clinical-case-reports globally by publishing in the Journal with the sincere hope that this crisis will soon be over and the whole world may retain in normal forms by fighting against COVID-19 war. SOURCES OF FUNDINGThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. CONFLICT OF INTERESTThe author has declared that no competing interests exist. ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe work has been supported
by Prof. N.C.Sukul and Prof.
S.P.Sinha Babu, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati and Joint Director, Sriniketan
Sericultural Composite Unit. I am thankful to the eminent Senior Consultant
Physician & Homeopathist Sri Kalipada Das,
Ex-Teacher and Social Worker and Writer, for inspiration and guidance. I
express my deep gratitude to Mr. Rakesh Khan, Secretary and Mr. Subhendu Bose, President with all Young Green-Members of
the “International NGO named Burdwan Green Haunter
and Students’ Goal” for arranging several awareness programmed on COVID-19 with
“Health Care, Biomedicines, Vaccination, Agriculture, Biodiversity Conservation
and Enriching Science and Technology Communication Economy Application Issues”.
Last but not the least; I am thankful to the eminent educationist Sri Tapaprakash Bhattacharya for inspiration and guidance. REFERENCES
[1]
WHO
(2020) Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) An international randomised trial of candidate vaccines against COVID-19 version. World Health
Organization’s, R&D Blueprint 19 April 2020. https://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/novel-coronavirus/en
[2]
Filetti S (2020) The COVID-19 pandemic requires a unified global response.
Springer Science Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020, Endocrine.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-020-02293-6.
[3]
Chen
Y, Liu Q, Guo D (2020) Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication,
and pathogenesis. J Med Virol 92: 418–423. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681
[7]
Qun Li, et al. (2020) Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of
Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine 2020. [12] Buschman E, Skamene E (2019) Genetic Resistance to
Coronavirus Infection- A Review. Part of the Advances in Experimental Medicine
and Biology book series (AEMB, volume 380), Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Part of Springer Nature. Corona- and Related Viruses pp 1-11. [13] Roujian L, Xiang Z, Juan L, Peihua N, Bo Y, Honglong W, et al. (2020) Genomic characterisation
and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and
receptor binding. Vol 395: 565-574,
February 22, 2020, www.thelancet.com. [15] Mukewar P (2020) Trade in the time of COVID-19: The economic impact of
coronavirus on India and beyond. India Today, New Delhi March 29, 2020 updated:
March 30. [16] Julka A (2020) Coronavirus India News Live Updates 24 April 2020: COVID-19
Cases Soar Past 24000. Grain Mart News, April 24, 2020. [18] Servick K (2020) Antimalarials widely used against COVID-19 heighten risk of
cardiac arrest. How can doctors minimize the danger? Science, Apr. 21, 2020,
3:40 PM, Posted in: Health Coronavirus. Drug Target Review (2020) COVID-19
research hub. https://www.drugtargetreview.com/research_hub/covid-19/. [20] Sukul NC (1994) Control of plant parasitic nematodes by plant substances.
Allelopathy in Agriculture and Forestry, (Edited by S.S. Narwal and P. Tauro), Scientific Publisher, Jodhpur, India pp.183-211. [21] Datta SC, Sinhababu SP, Sukul NC (1997) Improved growth of
silkworms from effective treatment of mulberry diseases by Acacia auriculiformis extract. Sericologia
37(4): 707-712. [23] Datta SC, Datta R (2016)
Prevention and control of root-knot disease of mulberry plants using bioagents
amaranth plants: improving sericulture by protecting climate health, health and development. Journal of Environment & Sociobiology 13:
191-200. [24] Datta SC (1999) Bio-nematicides in
the control of root-knot nematode. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Zoology, VisvaBharati, Santiniketan-731235, West Bengal, India (unpublished). [25] Datta, SC (2005a) Plant Parasitic
nematodes – an agricultural problem and its solutions. Visva-Bharati Quarterly 11 (3&4): 89-100. [27] Datta, SC (2006a) Effects of Cina on root-knot disease of mulberry. Homeopathy 95 (2): 98-102. [28] Datta, SC (2006b) Possible use of
amaranth as catch crop for root-knot nematodes intercropped with okra. Phytomorphology 56(3&4): 113-116. doi:10.1126/science.abc3816. [35] Datta SC, Datta R (2006a) Liquid
homeopathic medicine Cina enriches sericulture industry. Journal of Environment &
Sociobiology 3(1): 55-60. [36] Datta SC, Datta R (2006b) Defence resistance of okra against root-knot disease by bio-nematicides.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society 59 (2): 75-82. [37] Datta SC, Datta R (2007a)
Intercropping amaranth with mulberry for managing root-knot nematodes and
improving sericulture. Sericologia 47(3): 297-302. [38] Datta SC, Datta R (2007b)
Increased silk production by effective treatment of naturally infected
root-knot and black leaf spot diseases of mulberry with acaciasides. Journal of Environment & Sociobiology 4(2): 209-214. [40] Datta SC, Datta R (2011b) Control
of Root-Knot Disease of Mulberry by Homeopathic Medicines: Aakashmoni [Mt, 30c, 200c & 1000c] Prepared from the Funicles of Acacia Auriculiformis. Hpathy Ezine. [41] Datta SC, Datta R (2012a)
Homeopathic Medicines Protect Environment,Health and
Development by Controlling Mulberry Diseases. Journal of Traditional Medicine
& Clinical Naturopathy 1: 104. [42] Datta SC, Datta R (2012b)
Homeopathic medicine Aakashmoni 200C control mulberry diseases enriching sericulture. Journal of
Current Chemistry Pharmacological Science 2: 37-49. [43] Datta SC, Datta R (2012c) Efficacy
of pure compound- acaciasides A and B as potential bioagents against various plant pathogens.
Journal of Environment & Sociobiology 9(1): 17-26. [44] Datta SC, Datta R (2013) Efficacy
of homeopathic medicine-Aakashmoni as potential bio-agent against various plant pathogens. Journal of
Biochemistry & Pharmacology 2: 4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-0501.S1.004. [45] Sukul NC, Sinhababu SP, Datta SC, Nandi B, Sukul A (2001) Nematotoxic effect
of Acacia auriculiformis and Artemisia nilagirica against root-knot nematodes. Allelopathy Journal
8: 65-72. [46] Staff Reporter Agnirath (2020) Corona Vaccine will be prepared from the extract of fruits of Aakashmoni plants- Opinion of the researcher of Burdwan.
15th April 2020 Agnirath News, Burdwan 21(8): 1-3. Reg.No.-WBBEN/2000/2086. [47] Mahato SB, Pal BC, Nandi AK (1992) Structure elucidation of two acylated
triterpenoid bioglycosides from Acacia auriculiformis Cunn. Tetrahedron
48: 6717-6728. [48] Fenner LM (1962) Determination of nematode mortality. Plant Disease Reporter
46: 383. [50] Sukul NC (1987) Soil and plant nematodes. West Bengal State Book Board
Publisher pp.1-271. [51] Datta SC, Sinhababu SP, Banerjee N, Ghosh K, Sukul NC (1998a) Melodogyne incognita extract reduces Melodogyne
incognita infestation in tomato. Indian Journal of Nematology 28(1): 1-5. [52] Sukul NC (1992) Plants antagonistic to plant parasitic nematodes. Indian Review of Life Science 12: 23-52. [53] Datta SC, Datta R, Sukul A, Sukul NC, Sinhababu
SP (2000) Relative attractiveness of four species of vegetable crops for
Meloidogyne Incognita. Environment and Ecology 18: 233-235. [54] Teotia RS, Sen SK (1994) Mulberry disease in India and their control. Sericologia 34: 1-18. [55] Chatterjee A, Sukul NC (1981) Total protein of galled roots as an index of root-knot
nematode infestation of lady’s finger plants. Phytopathology 71: 372-274. [56] Lowry OH, Rossebrough NJ, Farr AR, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin-phenol reagent.
Journal of Biological Chemistry 193: 265-275. [59] Gunasekhar V, Govindaiah, Datta RK (1994) Occurrence of
Altemaria leaf blight of mulberry and a key for
disease assessment. International Journal of Tropical Plant Disease 12(1):
53-57. [60] Govindaiah, Sharma DD (1994) Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infesting
mulberry - a review. Indian Journal of Sericulture 33(2): 110-113. [61] Allen SJ, Brown JF, Kochman JK (1983) Production of inoculum and field assessment of Atemaria helianthi on sunflower.
Plant Disease 67(8): 665-668. [62] Sengupta K, Govindaiah, Pradip K, Murthuza B (1990) Hand book on
pest and disease control of mulberry and silkworm- Disease of mulberry and
their control. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and
Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand pp. 1-14. [63]
Datta SC, Datta R
(2008b) Potentized Artemisia nilagirica
Extract Cina Increases Silk Production and Effective
Rate of Rearing in a Field Trial. Hpathy Ezine.
[64] Field B, Jordan F, Osbourn A
(2006) First encounters – development of defence – related natural products by
plants. New Phytologist 172: 193-207. [65] Datta SC (2010) The Role of Cina in the Field of Enriched Sericulture. Hpathy
Ezine. [66] Klessig, Daniel F, Malamy J (1994) The salicylic acid signal in plants. Plant Molecular Biology
26: 1439-1458.
[67] Das S, Sukul NC, Mitra D, Sarkar H (1989) Distribution of lectin in nematode
infested and uninfested roots of Hibiscus esculentus.
Nematologica Mediterranea
17: 123-125.\ [68] Mauch-Mani B, Metraux JP (1998) Salicylic acid and
systemic acquired resistance to pathogen attack. Annals of Botany 82: 535-540. [69] Nandi B, Kundu K, Banerjee N, Sinhababu SP (2003) Salicylic acid –induced suppression of Meloidogyne incognita
infestation of okra and cowpea. Nematology 5: 747-752. [71] Osbourn AE, Clarke BR, Lunness P, Scott PR, Daniels MJ (1994) An oat species lacking avenacin is susceptible to infection by Gaeumannomyces
graminis var. tritici.
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 45: 457-467. [72] Jasinski M, Stukkens Y, Degand
H, Purnelle B, Marchand-Brynaert
J, Boutry M (2001) A plant plasma membrane ATP
binding cassette-type transporter is involved in antifungal terpenoid
secretion. Plant Cell 13: 1095-1107. [73] Stukkens Y, Bultreys A, Grec
S, Trombik T, Vanham D, Boutry M (2005) NpPDRI, a
pleiotropic drug resistance-type ATP-binding cassette transporter from
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, plays a major role in
plant pathogen defense. Plant Physiology 139: 341-352. [74] McClure MA, Misaghi I, Night Edward LJ (1973) Shared antigens of parasitic Nematodes and
Host plants. Nature 244: 306. [75] Osbourn AE (1996) Saponins and
plant defence– a soap story. Trends in Plant Science1: 4-9. [76] Papadopoulou K, Melton RE, Leggett M, Daniels MJ, Osbourn AE (1999) Compromised
disease resistance in saponin-deficient plants. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Science, USA 96: 12923-12928. [77] Datta SC, Datta B (2018) Improved
midday meal by using cowpea as eco-friendly crop controlling root-knot forming
global green, growth and green economy. Journal of Recent Science (In Press). ISBN:
978-93-86675-21-7 and ISSN: 2277-2502. [78] Osbourn AE, Qi X, Townsend B, Qin
B (2003) Secondary metabolism and plant defence. New Phytologist 159: 101-108. [79] Sasser JN, Freckman DW (1986) Proceedings of 25th Annual Meeting Society of Nematologists, Orlando, Florida 86: 32. [80] Zarter CR, Demmig-Adams B, Ebbert
V, Adamska I, Adams WW III (2006) Photosynthetic
capacity and light harvesting efficiency during the winter-to-spring transition
in subalpine conifers. New Phytologist 172: 283-292 [84] Lu R, et al. (2020) Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for virus
origins and receptor binding. Lancet Medline 395: 565–574.
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8. [85] Appels R, Nystrom J, Webster H,
Keeble-Gagnere G (2015) Discoveries and advances in plant and animal genomics. Funct Integr Genomics 15:
121–129. DOI 10.1007/s10142-015-0434-3. [88] Callif BL (2020) The Human Genome Is Full of Viruses. Medium, Medical Myths
and Models. [90] The Gene (2020) The COVID-19
Disease and Our Genes. Ken Burns, A special post from guest writer Joshua Speiser April 7, 2020. [91] Gómez DM, Lone YC, Salazar LM,
Trojan J (2019) Antimicrobial peptides, novel solution for the treatment of
precancerous disease acne - A review. Trends in Medicine 19: 1-6. doi:
10.15761/TiM.1000210. [92] Aghabeigi S, Ranjbar M, Tahanian
F, Hezarjaribi1A (2019) A case report of a congenital immune deficiency disease
–WHIM syndrome. Trends in Medicine 19: 1-3. doi:
10.15761/TiM.1000214. [93] Rangra NK, Samanta S, Pradhan KK (2019) A
comprehensive review on phytopharmacological investigations of Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn.
ex Benth. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical
Biomedicine 9(1): 1-11. doi:
10.4103/2221-1691.250263. [94] Mahato SB (1996) Saponins with antifilarial
activity from Acacia auriculiformis. In: Waller GR,
Yamasaki K (eds). Saponins used in traditional and modern medicine. New York,
USA: Springer 1996, p. 173-184. [98] Sweeney C (2020) Human Immunomics Initiative will decode immune system, speed new vaccines. Harvard T.H.
Chan School of Public Health News, April 14, 2020, Copyright © 2020 The
President and Fellows of Harvard College csweeney@hsph.harvard.edu,
617.549.2638. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu. [99] WHO (2020) Vaccine-preventable
diseases and vaccines. International travel and health. Chapter 6: 1-61, See
country list updated yearly on WHO’s ITH web page at: http://www.who.int /ith/en/ http://www.who.int/immunization_standards/vaccine_quality/PQ_vaccine_list_en/en/. [100]
Bougrine R, Hdidou Y, Aissaoui
H, Elouafi N, Ismaili N (2019) Emergency stay
triggered Tako-Tsubo syndrome: A case report and
review of the literature. Glob J Medical Clin Case Rep 6(2): 035-038. DOI:
https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-5282.000077. [101]
Hoffmann
M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. (2020) SARSCoV-2 cell entry depends on
ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell
181(2): 271-280. [102]
Soler
MJ, Barrios C, Oliva R, Batlle D (2008) Pharmacologic modulation of ACE2 expression. Curr Hypertens 10: 410-4. [104]
Nandy B, Roy S, Bhattacharya S, SinhaBabu SP (2004)
Free Radicals Mediated Membrane Damage by the Saponins Acaciaside
A and Acaciaside B. Phytotherapy Research 18(3):
191-4. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1387. [106]
Barreiro
P, Duro RJ (2020) From Environmental Robots to Cyber Creatures: A Liberal
Prospection on the Future Agroecological Systems. Advances in Agriculture,
Horticulture and Entomology 2020(02): 1-12. AAHE-110. www.kosmospublishers.com. [107]
Crombie
L, Crombie WML, Whiting DA (1986) Structure of the oat root resistance factors
to take –all disease, avenacins A-1, A-2, B-1 and B-2 and their companion substances. Journal of the
Chemical Society Perkin Transactions 1: 1917-1922. [108]
Datta
SC (2019d) Enriched School Health for The Effective Healthcare Bio-Activity of Barn Owls. Research & Review of Health Care Open Access Journal
3(3): 269-275. RRHOAJ.MS.ID.000164. DOI:
10. 32474.RRHOAJ.2019.03.000164. [109]
Datta
SC (2019e) Enriched School Environment for the Effective Bio-Activity of Barn Owls. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and
Food science (IJHAF) 3(3):119-126, ISSN: 2456-8635.
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.3.3.2. [111]
Dutta
PK (2020) Covid Toes among kids: New symptom of novel coronavirus infection. News
India Today, 24th April 2020, New Delhi. [112]
Rajput
H (2012) Homeopathic Prophylaxis: Just Homeopathic Vaccination or More. J Homeop Ayurv Med 1: 105.
doi:10.4172/2167-1206.1000e105. [113]
Abdelrahman
Mohamed Yehia TY, El-Ashry S, El-Batoty K, El-Hady S (2019) Efficiency
of Triple Antibiotic Mixture and Propolis as Intracanal Medication in
Revascularization process in immature apex: A clinical study. Glob J Medical
Clin Case Rep 6(2): 019-025. http://doi.org/10.17352/2455-5282.000073. [115]
Werner
K, Werner K, Risko N, Burkholder T, Munge K, Wallis L, Reynolds T (2020) Cost–effectiveness
of emergency care interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a
systematic review. Bull World Health Organ 98: 341–352.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.19.241158. [117]
BioSpectrum News (2020) Homeopathy in managing viral infections like COVID-19. 10
April 2020. [118]
Sukul NC, Sukul A (2005) High Dilution Effects:
Physical and Biochemical Basis. Authors Nirmal C. Sukul,
Anirban Sukul Copyright 2005 Publisher Springer
Netherlands Copyright Holder, Springer Science & Business Media B.V. eBook
ISBN 978-1-4020-2156-5 DOI 10.1007/1-4020-2156-9, Hardcover ISBN
978-1-4020-2155-8 Softcover ISBN 978-90-481-6601-5 Edition Number 1Number of
Pages XII, 130. [119]
Mahata CR (2017) Avogadro Limit Washed out by Nano-Associates of Water which
Continue as Information Carriers in Serial Dilutions and End up with
Generalized Concept of Medicines. International Journal of Complementary &
Alternative Medicine 9(4): 00305. DOI: 10.15406/ijcam.2017.09.00305. [120]
THE
WEEK MAGAZINE, JOURNALISM WITH A HUMAN TOUCH, (2020) Scientists in Israel,
Netherlands claim progress in COVID-19 antibody trials ‘Such a neutralising antibody has potential to alter the course of infection’. Web Desk, May
06, 2020. [121]
E
TIMES OF INDIA NEWS (2020) Italy claims to develop first COVID-19 vaccine: Here
is the current status of all the potential coronavirus vaccines. TIMESOFINDIA.COM, Health
& Fitness, Last updated on - May 6, 2020, 16:43 IST
[123]
Onyema
EM, Eucheria NC, Obafemi FA, Sen S, Atonye FG, Sharma A,
et al. (2020) Impact of Coronavirus Pandemic on Education. Journal of Education
and Practice 11(13):1-21. Doi: 10.7176/JEP/11-13-12. [124]
Datta
SC (2020b) Discovery of COVID-19 Vaccine by Using Acaciades as a Phytomedicine Improving Science and Technology Communication
Applications- An Ideas. Open Access Journal of Biogeneric
Science and Research 2(1): 1-30. doi:10.46718/JBGSR.2020.01.000032. [125]
Datta
SC (2020c) Improved Science and Technology Communications: Barn Owl Act As Social Vaccine Against COVID-19. International Journal of Latest
Research in Science and Technology 9(3):6-13. https://www.mnkjournals.com/journal/ijlrst/Article.php?paper_id=10994. [130]
Datta
SC (2020h) Biomedicines-Cina against COVID-19: Controlled Plant Diseases Enriched Science and
Technology Communication Green Economy. The International Journal of Research–GRANTHAALAYAH.8(9):234-255.
https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i9.2020.1537. [132]
Datta
SC (2020j) Acacia auriculiformis-Extract Synthesis PR-Proteins Developed Potential Biomedicines-Vaccine
against Okra-Diseases and COVID-19: Improved Science Technology Communications
Bio-Economy Applications. 8(10): 249-270.
https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i10.2020.1893. [134]
Datta
SC (2020l) Biomedicines-Aakashmini Cost-Effective COVID-19 vaccine: Reduced Plant-Diseases Enriched
Science Technology Communications Socio-Economy Bio-Applications. Global
Journal of Bioscience and biotechnology Socio-Economy 9(4): October-2020
(Accepted). [135]
Datta
SC (2020m) Biological and BioSystems Engineering Barn Owl Controlled COVID-19: Engineering Bio-mechanical
Biomedical Science Technology Communication Enriched Agriculture Environment.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention. Manuscript Id:
IB910037, ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726 (Accepted). [138]
Wadman M (2020) Public needs to prep for vaccine side effects. Science 27 Nov
2020; 370(6520): 1022. doi:10.1126/science.370.6520.1022.
This work is licensed under a: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License © Granthaalayah 2014-2020. All Rights Reserved. |