Article Type: Research Article Article Citation: Hari Soeseno Hardjoloekito. (2020). DOSAGE EFFECTIVENESS OF MANURE AND
PLANTING DISTANCE ON THE GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF PEANUTS (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA, L).
International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 8(8), 200-206. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i8.2020.861 Received Date: 25 July 2020 Accepted Date: 28 August 2020 Keywords: Peanuts Pertilizer Spacing This study aims to identify and study the effect of plant spacing and chicken manure fertilizers on growth and yield of peanut. This research was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture Land Dictionary Universitas Soerjo Ngawi, East Jawa , took place from Desember 2019 to March 2020 .The method used is a plot design Separated (Split Plot Design) with nine combinations of treatments and three replications. The main plot (main plot) is a spacing (A), J1 20 cm x 20 cm, 30 cm x 20 J2 cm, J3 40 cm x 20 cm, as a subplot (sub-plots) is the dose of compost (P), P1 5 tons / ha, P2 10 tons / ha, P3 15 tons / ha. Parameters observed that plant height (cm), number of primary branches (branch), the overall weight of pod (g), number of pods containing (pod), the number of empty pods (legumes), berangkasan wet weight (g), dry berangkasan weight (g ), 100 seed weight (g).Based on the results of analysis of variance showed that the spacing of chicken manure fertilizer rate and not significant for all variables observed. Treatment interaction effect was not significant on all observed variables, but the variables significantly.
1. INTRODUCTIONPeanut development
efforts are increasingly gaining attention, along with an increase population
and total per capita income and public awareness on nutritious food menu. This
causes the need of Peanuts to increase by approximately 7.5% per year (Suprapto, 1985). Peanuts are a great
source of protein, meaning that for the health of the development of the human
body, it will especially be felt in countries where protein consumption is
still low. The biological value
of protein is quite high with protein content of between 30 to 50%, close to
the value of cow's milk protein. Fat content between 15 to 20%, in addition it
also contains vitamins A, B, C and D (Samsudin, et
al., 1985). Peanuts in addition
to being useful to meet the nutritional needs of the body, are also efficacious
as a cure for several types of diseases. The results of research in the United
Kingdom shows that Peanuts are effective in preventing cancer and coronary
heart disease. The emergence of cancer in the body due to nitrosamine
compounds. Peanuts contain two important compounds, namely phenolic and
unsaturated fatty acids. Both of these compounds can suppress the appearance of
nitro-samin compounds, so that it functions as an
antidote to cancer. In addition, lecithin levels in Peanuts can destroy fat
deposits in the body, so that indirectly, can suppress the onset of high blood
pressure and diarrhea (Rukmana and Yuniarsih, 1996). Peanuts productivity
in Indonesia is still very low be compared with peanut producing countries,
among others: America, China, Brazil and Japan (Purwoko,
1994). Peanut in optimum condition can reach 2.5 tons / ha (Manwan
et al., 1991). The national average yield of Peanuts is still below 50% of the
optimum yield, which is 0.7 to 0.8 tons / ha (Sumarno
et al., 1989). In Indonesia, of the many types of
beans, peanut ranks second after soybean. This certainly has the potential to
be developed because it has high economic value and large domestic market
opportunities (Rachman, 2007). According to Adisarwanto and Wudianto (2002),
Indonesian peanut production is still relatively low, because to meet national
needs we have to import from outside, while the productivity of peanuts in our
country reaches 2 tons / ha. Groundnut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.) which have been spread and planted in
Indonesia are actually not native plants, but plants originating from the
American continent, precisely in the area of Brazil (South
America). This peanut plant is expected to enter Indonesia between 1521-1529. This
plant is broght by the Spaniards who conduct shipping
and trade between Mexico and the Maluku Islands (Adisarwanto,
2001). Peanut is one of the economic and strategic food crop commodities in an
effort to increase income and improve people's nutrition. Peanuts have an
important value for economic growth in Indonesia. The role of peanuts is seen
by the increasing demand in the country and the diversity of processed products
be made from peanuts produced by home-based industries as well as medium and large
industries. But the ironic thing is that peanut production per hectare in
Indonesia is still low According to Suprapto
(2004), the cause of the low production of peanut plants is due to several
factors, namely: less optimal soil cultivation, less optimal planting, crop
maintenance, low seed quality, and drought. To overcome these obstacles need to be done a variety of efforts are taken.
The business includes improving how to plant. The use of varieties, regulation
of plant populations, the use of fertilizers with the right dosage. Regulation of plant population is
essentially a regulation of planting distance that influences on competition in
the absorption of nutrients, water and sunlight, so that if not properly
regulated it will affect crop yields. Planting Distance in dense cause it to
happen competition of intra-species and inter-species. The main competition is
competition in obtaining light, nutrients and water (Suprapto,
2003). Arrangement of planting spacing with
a certain density aims to give growth space to each plant so that it grows
well. Plant spacing will affect the efficiency of light efficiency, competition
between plants for water use and nutrients so that it will affect crop
production (Hidayat, 2008). One effort that can be
done to overcome this is by setting spacing. A tight planting distance will
increase the competitiveness of plants against weeds because plant canopy
inhibits the exposure of light to the land surface so that weed growth is
inhibited, as well as the rate of evaporation can be suppressed. Planting distance that is too narrow
may result in crop cultivation that will produce relatively less due to
competition between the plants themselves. Therefore, optimum planting spacing
is needed to obtain maximum yield (Pitijo, 2009).
Planting with regular spacing is aimed at making each plant obtain nutrients
from the same soil, air, and sunlight requirements (Sutrisno,
2004). Based on Joseph's research (2005)
the spacing of 40 cm x 20 cm gives the best effect on the growth and production
of peanut plants. According to Adisarwanto (2001),
One of the causes of the low productivity of peanuts is because of the low
levels of organic matter in the soil. Organic fertilizers are the best and most
natural soil enhancer than artificial fixers. Furthermore, according to Sutanto and Rachman, (2012), in
general organic fertilizers contain low levels of N, P, K macro nutrients, but
contain sufficient amounts of micro nutrients which are very much needed for
plant growth. The use of manure functions to improve the physical and
biological structure of the soil, increasing the soil's absorption of water. Giving manure has an effect on
increasing Al-dd and reducing pH, this is because organic matter from manure
can neutralize the acidity of the soil. Manure will also donate a number of
nutrients into the soil that can function to support growth and development,
such as N, P, K (Wulandari, 2011) The results of
research by Suwardjono (2001) and Samuli,
et al (2012), show that the application of chicken manure can increase the
number of filled peas in peanuts and the treatment of 10 tons ha-1 gives the
best growth results for peanut crop production. Based on the description above, it
is necessary to conduct research on the effect of planting distance and dosage
of chicken manure on the growth and production of peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L). This study aims to determine, study and obtain
the effect of planting distance and the dose of chicken manure on the growth
and production of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). 2. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe research was carried out in the
Experimental Field of Campus C, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Soeorjo Ngawi, taking place from
December 2019 to March 2020. The materials used in this study
were giraffe varieties of peanut seeds, chicken manure. The tools used water
pumps, torches, hoes, stakes, meters, rapia ropes,
machetes, sprayers, scales, stationery, and nameplate. This study uses a split
plot design with 9 treatment combinations that were repeated 3 times. The
treatment factors referred to are as follows: 1)
Plot are
Planting Distance (J) J1:
20 cm x 20 cm J2: 20 cm x 30 cm J3: 20 cm x 40 cm 2)
Child plots
are Dose of Chicken Manure Compost (P) P1: 5 ton/ha (1,5 kg/petak)
plot P2: 10 ton/ha (3 kg/petak) P3: 15 ton/ha (4.5 kg/petak) The variables observed in this study
include: 1)
Plant height (cm), 2)
Quantity
of primary branches (branches), 3)
Overall
Weight of pods (g), 4)
Quantity
of filled pods per plant (g), 5)
Quantity
of empty pods per plant (g), 6)
Dry
Trimming Weight (g), 7). Weight of 100 seeds (g). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS3.1. RESULT
Based on the results of diversity
analysis in Table 1. shows that the treatment of planting distance have no significant effect on all variables observed. The
interaction treatment did not significantly affect all observed variables, but
it did significantly affect the plant height and the number of empty pods. Table 1: Results
of Analysis of Diversity Effect of Planting Distance and hicken
Manure on Observed Variables
Information tn= No real effect *= real effect J= Plant Distance P= Dosage of chicken manure I = Interaction discussion 4.
DISCUSSION
Based on the results of the soil
analysis before planting in the Nuclear Biology and Chemical Laboratory of the
Army Directorate (2014), it was shown that the land used in this study was
classified as acid (pH H2O = 4.60) with a high cation exchange capacity (22.99 cmol (22,99 cmol(+) kg-1), the
content of C-organic of 8.36% is classified as very high, the C/N ratio of
22.00 is classified as high, the
content N-total is classified as low (0.38%) and the
available P is relatively high (56.48 mg kg-1), exchanged bases such as Ca-dd
4.69 cmol (+) kg-1 are low, Mg-dd 0.29 cmol (+) kg-1 is very low, K-dd 0.23 cmol
( +) kg-1 is low, Na-dd 0.70 cmol (+) kg-1 is low,
with base saturation 25.71% is very low, Al-dd 0.82 cmol
(+) kg-1. The soil is used in this study
included in the category of low soil fertility with pH H2O classified as acidic
with a low total N-content. Likewise with the
available P, although its availability is high, but the available P is widely
absorbed by metal ions in the soil such as aluminum, so that the Al-P is formed
and can cause P to be absorbed by the peanut plant. The provision of chicken manure can
improve soil fertility (physical, chemical and biological) and can provide
nutrients who have been needed by plants. This is in line with the opinion of Wulandari (2011), organic manure has an important function
for the soil, which is to blow up surface soil layers, increase the population
of soil microorganisms, enhance absorption and water retention power which as a
whole will increase soil fertility. Furthermore Hardjowigeno
(1995) states that the role of organic matter in the soil is to improve soil
structure, increase cation exchange capacity, provide nutrients, improve the
ability of the soil to retain water and increase the biological activity of the
soil so that plants can grow and produce well. Research results treatment
spacing of 20 cm x 40 cm provides the best vegetative growth of peanut plants.
This can be seen in the plant height of 51.16 cm with the number of primary
branches 6.96 branches. It is assumed that the spacing can grow and develop
well without experiencing much competition in getting sunlight, water and
nutrients. This is in line with the opinion of Suprapto
(2004) that plant spacing basically plants can grow and develop well without
experiencing much competition in taking nutrients, water and sunlight that can
occur with dense spacing. Treatment of planting distance of 20
cm x 20 cm shows the lowest plant height that is 50.07 cm. This is due to more
plant populations so that competition occurs in fighting over nutrients, water
and light. In line with Husna (2013), which states that a dense population will
cause competition between plants against sunlight and growing space so that it
affects morphology such as plant height. The results showed the dose of chicken
manure at 10 tons / ha (3 kg / plot) gave the best effect on the vegetative
growth of peanut plants. The treatment of chicken manure at
10 tons/ha (3 kg/plot) showed the highest growth, it was seen from the height
of the plant (51.22 cm) and the number of branches (7.13 branches). This is
because the treatment of chicken manure compost at a rate of 10 tons has been
able to provide adequate and balanced nutrients to support the vegetative
growth of plants. In line with Agustina (1990), that the availability of
adequate and balanced amount of nutrients is the main factor that determines
the success rate of plant growth and production. give low growth to the
vegetative growth of peanut plants. This is indicated by the low plant height
(50.07 cm) and the number of primary branches (6.50 branches). The low level of growth and
production produced due to the provision of chicken manure 5 tons/ha (1.5 kg /
plot) has not been able to provide sufficient and balanced nutrients to support
the growth and production of peanut plants in order to grow optimally. In line
with the opinion of Wijaya (2008), Dwijoseputro
(1992) states that without the availability of sufficient and balanced macro
and micro nutrients the plants will show symptoms of nutrient deficiency
resulting in disturbed plant growth and plants will flourish if nutrient needed
for planting is available in quantities sufficient and balanced. Interaction between planting
distance (20 cm x 40 cm) and 10 tons/ha of chicken manure compost (3 kg / plot)
produced the best growth. This shows that this combination of treatments is
able to provide the space and nutrients needed by plants for the growth of
peanut plants. Djuarnani (2005), which states that
soil conditions (physical properties, chemical and biological of the soil) are
very important for plant growth and production is the availability of adequate
and balanced nutrients. Marsono and Sigit (2002), stated that the addition of organic matter can
improve the structure of the soil to make it more loose
so that soil aerase is good and is able to provide
nutrients needed by plants during the growth phase. Besides the addition of organic
matter can increase the activity of soil microbes that can be symbiotic with
Rhizobium bacteria found in the root nodules of peanut plants can fix nitrogen
from the air so that it can increase the availability of nitrogen in the soil.
While the lowest interaction was found in the treatment of 20 cm x 20 cm
spacing and chicken manure 5 tons / ha (1.5 kg / plot). This is indicated by
the low growth rate of peanut plants. Wijaya (2008) states that the low growth
rate that is produced is due to planting distance that is too narrow and the
compost given cannot provide adequate and balanced nutrients. Without adequate
and balanced availability of macro and micro nutrients, plants will show
symptoms of nutrient deficiency which will result in disturbed plant growth. Treatment of planting distance 20 cm
x 40 cm gave the best results compared to other treatments. This is reflected
in the overall weight pod variable (73.57 g), wet stew weight (315.65 g), dry
stew weight (58.31 g). This is due to the wider planting distance, the greater
the sunlight received that can be used by plants for the process of
photosynthesis and the wider the possibilities for plant growth so that the
wider planting distance will be more. As stated by Koswara
(1982) in Arfiani (2004), that the density of
planting/planting distance affects the plant population and the efficiency of
the use of light. In addition, the appropriate planting distance will reduce
competition between plants in using water and nutrients so that it affects
yield. Furthermore Sunaryono
and Rismunandar (1990), stated that to live plants
need water, air, sunlight and nutrients. One of the causes of high production
is because of the wide planting distance which allows plants to fall so that
the gynophore that penetrates more planting and produces more pods. While the
treatment spacing of 20 cm x 20 cm shows low production this can be seen from
the low yield total pods (67.05 g), number of filled pods (34.01 pods), wet
stew weight (265.72 g), dry stew weight (53.49 g). This is due to the lack of
sunlight needed by plants and the competition between plants in fighting over
nutrients causing the production of plants to be low. In line with Hidayat
(2008), which states that plantinf distance will
affect the efficiency of light efficiency, competition between plants for water
use and nutrients so that it will affect crop production. best production. The
results showed that the treatment of chicken manure dose of 10 tons / ha (3
kg/plot) gave the best production. This can be seen in the observations of
overall pod weight (73.24 g), number of pods containing 37.35 pods, wet berangksan weight (311.52 g), dry berangkangan
weight (61.92 g). This shows that increasing the dose of fertilizer increases
the production of peanut plants. This happens because the increase in
fertilizer dosage means the availability of nutrients that are used by more
plants, in accordance with the growing conditions of peanut plants that require
fertile soil, so that plants can utilize nutrients in the soil for plant growth
and production. In line with the opinion of Sugito et al (1995), it states that the use of organic
manure provides several benefits such as supplying macro and micro nutrients,
increasing the soil organic matter content so as to improve the ability of the
soil to retain water and increase soil porosity and increase microorganism
activities in the soil. Thus the addition of organic
material can loosen the soil. In the loose soil conditions, it is needed to
make it easier for the ginofor to penetrate the soil.
Wijaya continued (2008), stating that the provision of organic matter in
providing nitrogen, potassium, calcium, and the availability of phosphorus
which dissolves easily in the soil is sufficient for plants to develop pods. The treatment of chicken manure 5
tons / ha gives the lowest production. This can be seen in the observations of
overall pod weight (69.24 g), number of pods containing 33.35 pods, wet wet weight (290.22 g), dry dry
weight (51.84 g). This is due to the availability of nutrients in the soil
remains low, and resulted in stunted growth of peanut plants so that the needs
of plants have not been met and also the nature of manure that is slowly
available. By treatment the planting distance of 20 cm x 20 cm and the dose of
chicken manure 10 tons / ha gives the best results. Although the results of
planting distance 20 cm x 40 cm gives the best results
but because the population of planting distance 20 cm x 20 cm more, causing
more production / ha. The
results section should provide details of all of the experiments that are
required to support the conclusions of the paper. The section may be divided
into subsections, each with a concise subheading. It is
advised that this section be written in past tense. It is a good idea to rely
on charts, graphs, and tables to present the information. This way, the author
is not tempted to discuss any conclusions derived from the study. The charts,
graphs, and table should be clearly labeled and should include captions that
outline the results without drawing any conclusions. A description of
statistical tests as it relates to the results should be included. 5.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION
5.1. CONCLUSION
Treatment plant distance 20 cm x 20
cm by tabulation gives the highest result on the growth and production of
peanut plants. The dosage of 10 tons / ha of chicken
manure (3 kg / plot) by tabulation provides the best influence on plant growth
and production peanuts. Tabulation of 20 cm x 40 cm spacing
gives crop production the highest. Interaction of planting distance of
20 cm x 20 cm and the dose of chicken manure 5 ton / ha (3 kg / plot) by
tabulation gives the highest result on growth and production of peanut plants. 5.2. SUGGESTION
In peanut cultivation, arrangement
of planting distance and dosage of manure need to be considered to produce
peanut plants that have good vegetative growth and good production results.
Based on the results of this study recommend a spacing of 20 cm x 20 cm and a
dose of manure 10 tons / ha. SOURCES OF FUNDINGThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. CONFLICT OF INTERESTThe author have declared that no competing interests exist. ACKNOWLEDGMENTNone. REFERENCES
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