Article Type: Research Article Article Citation: Dr. Satayendra Kumar, and Jyoti Rai. (2020).
TEMPORAL CHANGES IN CROP CONCENTRATION OF HARIDWAR DISTRICT. International
Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 8(6), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i6.2020.412 Received Date: 01 May 2020 Accepted Date: 22 June 2020 Keywords: Temporal Changes Crop Concentration Haridwar District In the present paper cropping pattern in haridwar district is outlined, followed by the discussion on the area under individual crops. Jasbir singh’s method is used for concentration of selected crops. There has been a significant variation in the area patterns of the crop concentration in the study region. The indices of crop concentration area calculated from district statistical handbook 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015, the crop concentration indices for all blocks of the district have been calculated for crops like paddy, wheat, oilseeds, maize, sugarcane, pulses. The spatial variations in the degree of crop concentration area are found to be the result of the different interaction such as physiographic, climatic, hydrological, socio-economic and technological factors in organizational of an area.
1. INTRODUCTIONCrop concentration
means the varitions in the density of crop in an area/region at a given point
of time (Mazid Hussain, 1965). From a concentration of a specific element of
agriculture visually make out that there is a concentration of a recognizable
degree of a particular element in an area. Crop, livestock or agriculture
enterprise concentration means that different crop, livestock or agriculture
enterprises when viewed together super imposition revealed areas where in their
regional concentrations do not overlap. For example the areas of rice concentration
in eastern India and the areas of bajra concentrations in western Rajasthan do
not even partly coincide. Here only a single crop either rice or bajra shows
regional concentrations. (Singh, Jasbir and Dhillon, S.S. 1984) Changes in the
pattern of concentration may throw light on the expansion and conctraction of
its high-density areas and on the changing core of the crop. The concentration
pattern of a crop in an area depends largely on the terrain, temperature,
moisture, types of soil, pedagogical conditions and social factors. Each crop
has a maximum, minimum and optimum temperature. It has a tendency to high
concentration in the areas of ideal agro-climatic conditions become less
conducive. The geographers pioneer work of Florence (1948), Chisholm (1962),
Bhatia (1965), Jasbir singh (1976) these are the contributors to mark the
agriculture region with help of the quotient method. Florence (1948), Compared the share of a
region with that of the entire nation with the help of a location quotient method.
Chisholm (1962), Made an attempt to measure the relative regional concentration
with the help of co-efficient of localization. Similary Bhatia (1956) used the
quotient method to determine the regional concentration of crops. In the
present work Jasbir singh’s technique has been adopted to identify the regional
concentration of crops. 2. STUDY AREAHaridwar district is
situated in south – western part of Uttarakhand state of India. It lies from 29
35’ to 30 40’ North latitude and 77 43’ to 78 22’ East longituted and falls in
Survey of India Degree Sheet nos. 53 J, F, G and K. It is bounded in the north
by Dehradun district, in the east by Garhwal district, in south by Muzaffar
nagar and south-west by Bijnor districts of Uttar Pradesh and in west by Saharanpur
district of Uttar Pradesh. The geographical area of the district is 2360 sq.
kilometers. The shape of the district is rectangular. Topographically the
district presents much more varieties of features than any other districts of
the Gangetic plain of India. In the north part of
the district are steep hills of the Shivalik chain and below the hills is the
submontane and the terai tract. The surface is broken by several rivers and
their are many tributaries. The greater portion of the district is open and
highly cultivated. On the basis of geology, soils, topography, climate and
natural vegetations the district is divided into following five regions; 1)
The
Shivaliks 2)
Bhabhar 3)
Terai 4)
Roorkee
plain 5)
Ganga
khadar Haridwar district
has been divided into three Tehsils viz. Roorkee, Bhagwanpur and Laksar and six
development Blocks namely Roorkee, Bhagwanpur, Laksar, Khanpur, Bahadrabad, and
Narsan and comprises 622villages. Above physical
diversities may effect the concentration of crops in Haridwar district. So an
enthusiasm arises for the study of crop concentration of wheat, rice, maize,
pulses, oilseeds and sugarcane in the district. 3. DATA AND METHODOLOGYConcentration of
crops does not only provide an idea of a regional dominance of particular crop
but also play a role of guide to strengthen agricultural economy and land use
planning. It goes without saying that the judicious use of land can most
definitely help in raising the agricultural production of even those areas that
are less fertile. Thus, such an assessment can be useful in reducing the
visible inter-regional income disparities in the agricultural sector. Here an attempt is
made to understand crop concentration the district is divided into six blockes
and tried to take major crops for the study. Crop concentration is studied with
the help of crop concentration index of Jasbir Singh (1976). It reveals the
concentration in the six blockes of the Haridwar district for the year of
1999-2000, 2004-05, 2009-2010 and 2014-2015. For the clear cut
picture of the study of crop concentration is made with the help of secondary
data obtained from the statistical handbook of Haridwar District is analysed
with the help of crop concentration index of Jasbir Singh (1976) is as shown
below. Crop concentration
Index C = Pae/ Par
Where, C - is the crop
concentration index. Pae - is the
percentage of crop 'a' to the total harvested area in the enumaration unit. Par - is the
percentage of crop 'a' to the total harvested area in the entire region of
state or a country. Such techniques are useful tools in the analysis of crop patterns of any part of the
region. And also it reveals that higher the crop concentration index, higher is
the level of interest in the production of that crop. The index value of a
crop concentration has been categorized in three classes, viz. i) High, ii)
Medium, iii) Low crop Concentration 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONThe results and
discussion related to the changes in the pattern of Crop Concentration in
Haridwar district. Crop Concentration refers to the density or areal occupancy
of a crop in a region. The occupancy (High, Medium and Low) is determined by
the terrain and climate including temperature, humidity, transport facilities
and demand of the crop. The present study are discussed under the following sub
heads. Blockwise Crop
Concentration Index (CCI) of District Haridwar (1999-2000, 2004-05, 2009-2010
and 2014-2015) 4.1. BHAGWANPURBhagwanpur block is
situated in the western part of haridwar district. The crop concentration index
shows oilseeds has higher concentration (2.60) in Bhagwanpur block followed by
maize (2.18), pulses (1.70), wheat (1.07), sugarcane (0.73) and the rice has
lowest crop concentration index (0.72) in 1999-2000 but in 2004-05, the picture
has changed i.e.highest CCI is of pulses (2.12), maize (1.71) is at the second
step followed by oilseeds (1.66), wheat (1.06), sugarcane (0.79) and again rice
has lowest CCI i.e. 0.77. While, in 2009-10, pulses has the higher CCI (2.00)
followed by oilseeds and maiz i.e. 1.50 and 1.30 respectively. Wheat and
sugarcane has 1.06 and 0.79 CCI and rice has the lowest CI i.e. 0.63. In
2014-15, constantly pulses has higher CCI (2.00) followed by maize (1.75),
oilseeds (1.25), wheat (1.05), sugarcane (0.78) and rice has the lowest CCI
(0.65) i.e. below 1.00 (Table N. 1 and Fig N. 1). Table 1: Crop Concentration Index of Bhagwanpur Block
Crop Concentration Index: Below 1 = Low Concentration Above 1 = High Concentration Above 2 = Very High Concentration 4.2. ROORKEE Roorkee has higher concentration index of
wheat (1.10) in 1999-2000 followed by sugarcane (0.96), rice (0.84) and pulses
(0.79). Here, maize and oilseeds are very negligible therefore CCI is also very
low i.e. 0.37 and 0.13 respectively. In 2004-05, wheat has again higher CCI
(1.03) and rice has (1.00) while sugarcane has (0.88), pulses has (0.75) the
remaining crops like maize and oilseeds has very low CCI (0.28) and (0.22), but
again CCI has been changed in 2009-10. Here maize has second higher CI (1.00) and
wheat has again highest CCI (1.05) followed by sugarcane (0.93), rice (0.86),
pulses (0.80) and oilseeds has low CCI (0.25). Wheat shows constantly higher
CCI (1.06) in 2014-15. Here the picture has changed i.e. the second higher CCI
is of sugarcane (0.92) followed by rice (0.91), pulses (0.66) and oilseeds
(0.25) while, maize shows very low CCI (0.07) i.e. below 1.00 concentration
index (Table 2 and Fig. 2). Table 2: Crop Concentration Index of Roorkee Block
Crop Concentration Index: Below 1 = Low Concentration Above 1 = High Concentration Above 2 = Very High Concentration Figure 2: Crop Concentration of Roorkee Block 4.3. NARSAN Sugarcane and wheat reveals high
concentration index i.e. sugarcane (1.20), wheat (0.94) and rice (0.84) and
pulses (0.62) in 1999-2000. the other crops like oilseeds (0.08) and maize has
no concentration. In 2004-05 sugarcane
have the highest CCI (1.09) followed by wheat (1.00), rice (0.87), pulses
(0.43) and maize is almost absent. In 2009-10 sugarcane has higher CCI (1.19)
and the other crops has low concentration i.e. wheat (0.93), rice (0.69)
followed by oilseeds (0.25) and pulses (0.20) have very low CCI. Sugarcane
reveals highest CCI (1.25) in 2014-15. The CCI of wheat (0.94), rice (0.73),
oilseeds and pulses (0.33), which shows very low concentration index i.e.below
1.00 (Table 3 and Fig 3). Table 3: Crop Concentration Index of Narsan Block
Crop Concentration
Index: Below 1 = Low
Concentration Above 1 = High Concentration Above 2 = Very High Concentration Figure 3: Crop Concentration of Narsan Block 4.4. BAHADRABADBahadrabad block has
very high concentration index of maize (2.06) followed by oilseeds (1.43), rice
(1.35), wheat and pulses have high CCI (1.08), Here sugarcane has very low concentration
index (0.66) i.e. below 1.00 in 1999-2000. In 2004-05, maize has very high
concentration index (2.71) followed by oilseeds (1.66), rice (1.32), wheat
(1.08) have higher CCI and other crops pulses and sugarcane have low
concentration index i.e. (0.93) and (0.80). But in 2009-10 there is abrunt
change in CCI i.e. oilseeds has high concentration index (1.66) followed by
maize and pulses have (1.40), rice (1.23), wheat (1.08) and sugarcan has low
CCI (0.81) respectively. Here, the picture has changed in 2014-15 i.e. maize
has highest CCI (2.00) followed by oilseeds (1.41), pulses (1.33), rice (1.19),
wheat (1.09) and sugarcane has low CCI (0.79) i.e. below 1.00 (Table 4 and Fig
4). Table 4: Crop Concentration Index of Bahadrabad Block
Crop Concentration Index: Below 1 = Low Concentration Above 1 = High Concentration Above 2 = Very High Concentration Figure 4: Crop Concentration of Bhadrabad Block 4.5. LAKSAR In laksar block sugarcane has higher CCI
(1.45) followed by wheat, rice, pulss, oilseeds and maize has low CCI i.e.
0.85,0.80, 0.79, 0.60 and 0.25 respectively in 1999-2000. But in 2004-05,
sugarcane and oilseeds has higher concentration i.e. (1.35) and (1.00) followed
by wheat (0.87), rice (0.76), pulses (0.68) while maize has very low
concentration (0.11). There has been changed in 2009-10, maize has very high
concenctration index i.e. (2.00) followed by sugarcane (1.23), oilseeds (1.08),
rice (1.06) have high CCI i.e. above 1.00 and remaining other crops pulses
(0.80) and wheat (0.93) have low CCI. In 2014-15, oilseeds has the higher CCI
(1.33) followed by sugarcane (1.24) and rice (1.00) concentration index and
remaining other crops has CCI below 1.00 (Table 5 and Fig 5). Table 5: Crop Concentration Index of Laksar Block
Crop Concentration Index: Below 1 = Low Concentration Above 1 = High Concentration Above 2 = Very High Concentration Figure 5: Crop Concentration of Laksar Block 4.6. KHANPUR In 1999-2000, The Khanpur block has higher
CCI is of rice (1.72) followed by sugarcane (1.30). Maize has very low (0.006)
concentration and remaining other have below 1.00. In 2004-05, rice, sugarcane
and oilseeds have high concentration index i.e. 1.36, 1.35 and 1.00 respectively.
Among other crops maize has no CCI are others have low CCI. Rice has higher CCI
(1.97) followed by sugarcane (1.15) in 2009-10. Similarly, maize has no
concentration index while other have low CCI. In 2014-15, rice has the higher
CCI (1.90) followed by oilseeds (1.50) and sugarcane (1.17) concentration index
while others have below 1.00 (Table 6 and Fig 6). Table 6: Crop Concentration Index of Khanpur Block
Crop Concentration Index: Below 1 = Low Concentration Above 1 = High Concentration Above 2 = Very High Concentration Figure 6: Crop Concentration of Khanpur Block 5. CONCLUSIONCrop Concentration
of various crops are studied in six blocks of Haridwar District like Bhagwan,
roorkee, naresan, bahadrabad, laksar and khanpur during the year of 1999-2000,
2004-05, 2009-10 and 2014-15. This Crop Concentration is categorized under
three section has Low (Below 1.00), Medium (1.00-2.00) and High (Above 2.00). Bhagwanpur
block has medium to high Crop Concentration with crop like Maize, Pulses and
Oil seeds. Roorkee is majorly concentrated in Wheat and Narsan on Sugarcane.
Particular Bahadrabad block has medium to high concentration with Maize,
oilseeds and pulses while rice CCI is higher than wheat CCI. Laksar is mainly
concentrated in Sugarcane and Oilseeds while, The Khanpur block is on Rice and
Sugarcane. Particular Haridwar District, Wheat and Sugarcane is the most
dominant crops, but no one blocks founded in high Crop Concentration. SOURCES OF FUNDINGNone. CONFLICT OF INTERESTNone. ACKNOWLEDGMENTNone. REFERENCES[1] Majid Husain (1996) Systematic Agricultural Geography, Reprented 2004, Rawat publication, Jaipur and new Delhi, pp. 217, 218 [2] Singh Jasbir (1974) An agricultural Atlas at India, - A Geographical analysis, Kurukshetra, Vishal Publication, [3] Jasbir Singh (1976) Agricultural Geography, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi, p. 221 [4] Bhaha S. S. (1965) Economic Geography pp. 40, 41, 53, 55 [5] Bhatia, S.S., (1965). "Patterns of Crop Concentration and Diversification in India", Economic Geography, 41. pp. 40-56. [6] Jasbir Singh, (1982): “Determinants of Agricultural Productivity in Haryana: A Sample Study of Operational Holdings for Lands Use Planning, Kurukshetra”, Vishal Publications, University campus. pp.128 [7] District Statistical Handbook (2000,2005,2010,2015). Haridwar District, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of Uttarakhand. [8] Coppock, J. T. (1968) Changes in Landuse in Great Britain, in Landuse and Resources Studies in Applied Geography. London, Institute of British Geographers Special Publication no. 1 p. 111. [9] Ali, M, (1978): Studies in Agricultural Geography, Rajesh Publication, New Delhi. [10] Bhatia, S. S.: “A New Approach to Measure Agriculture Productivity in Uttar pradesh”, Economic Gography, Vol. 43, 1976, pp. 224-260.
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