Article Type: Research Article Article Citation: Marcos Gervasio Pereira,
Arcangelo Loss, Roni Fernandes Guareschi, Fabiana da Costa Barros, Marisa de Cássia Piccolo, Adriano Perin, Francirose Shigaki, and Otavio Augusto Queiroz dos Santos. (2020). PHYSICAL
ATTRIBUTES, TOTAL CARBON AND 13C NATURAL ABUNDANCE IN FERRALSOL UNDER DIFFERENT
AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 8(5), 266-276s.
https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i5.2020.205 Received Date: 14 May 2020 Accepted Date: 31 May 2020 Keywords: Organic matter No-Tillage System Native Cerrado,
Crop Succession or Rotation The objective of this study was to evaluate the bulk density, total pore volume, carbon stock and natural abundance of 13C in Rhodic Ferralsol in no-tillage system (NTS) areas under different succession and rotation of cultures in the Cerrado of Goiás State, Brazil. In order to do so, NTS areas were selected in Montividiu, Goiás, under the same soil and climatic conditions as the following rotations: soybean-corn succession, soybean-millet succession, soybean-corn-millet-beans-cotton rotation, soybean-corn-brachiaria succession and a pasture area (PA), used as a control. In each area, samples were collected at depths of 0.0–0.05, 0.05–0.10, 0.10–0.20, and 0.20–0.40 m. The lowest levels of carbon content and stocks were verified in PA in comparison to the other areas evaluated. The NTS with soybean-corn-millet-beans-cotton crop rotation followed by NTS with soybean-corn-brachiaria succession were those that presented greater potential for carbon stock increase and total soil pore volume, as well as bulk density reduction. The origin of the soil organic matter in the NTS areas is related to plants employing the C4 photosynthetic cycle; however, for mixed C3 and C4 plant systems, the isotopic signature of 13C is reduced, mainly in areas with crop rotation. 1. INTRODUCTIONThe no-tillage system (NTS), with its three basic principles - maintenance of vegetal residues on the surface, crop rotation (CR), and minimum soil turning - was proposed for the Cerrado as an alternative to conventional methods to minimize the impacts on the soil owing to different forms of use (Carvalho et al., 2010; Loss et al., 2016). However, in the Brazilian Cerrado region, one of the basic principles of NTS, has been replaced by crop succession (CS), mainly due to the limited number of economic crops for the autumn/winter season (Carneiro et al., 2013; Fidelis et al., 2003). Some previous studies have indicated that NTS with second crop “safrinha” soybean-corn succession (SCS), in some situations, provides inadequate and insufficient soil coverage (Carneiro et al., 2013; Ceccon et al., 2013; Maria and Gomes, 2012), with lower soil organic matter (SOM) content and consequently, higher bulk density and resistance to penetration when compared to NTS with Cerrado region (Franchini et al., 2011). However, the soybean-millet succession (SMS) under NTS has yielded dry mass (straw) yields above the minimum required amount (10 Mg ha-1) for the adoption of NTS in the Brazilian Cerrado (Almeida et al., 2008; Brancalião and Moraes, 2008; Brancalião et al., 2007; Carneiro et al., 2008; Torres et al., 2008; Loss et al., 2012a,b), increasing the organic matter content in Ferralsols (Bressan et al., 2013; Pereira et al., 2010) and/or keeping the carbon (C) content similar to that found in the native Cerrado (Loss et al., 2012c). Previous
studies have shown that crop-livestock integration (CLI) allied to NTS tends to
increase organic matter and carbon stocks in the soil, sometimes even to match
and/or exceed the values found in areas of native vegetation of the Cerrado and NTS without grazing (Gazolla et al., 2013; Loss et al., 2012a,b,c; Souza et al., 2009). Among the reasons for this increase, we
highlight the association of several factors that act together, such as: high
dry mass production of the aerial part and roots of the brachiaria
(Urochloa sp), input of bovine waste to the area; deposition of crop
residue from annual crops and fertilizers used (Loss
et al., 2012a,b,c; Souza
et al., 2009). There is a shortage of
studies on the joint evaluation of areas with different types of NTS in the
consolidation phase. More research is needed so that the efficiency of these
management strategies in the long term can be verified, both in the carbon
stock, as well as in the chemical and physical attributes of the soil. Thus, the objective
of this study was to evaluate the bulk density (Bd), total pore volume (TPV),
carbon stock (Csto) and natural abundance of 13C
in a Rhodic Ferralsol in NTS areas under different succession and rotation
of cultures in the Cerrado of Goiás
State, Brazil. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODSSamples of soil were collected from two rural properties in the municipality of Montividiu, Goiás (17°27′5.2″S; 51°10′33.1″W; altitude 890 m). According to the classification of Köppen, the climate in the region is tropical wet-dry (Aw), with two defined seasons, the rainy season (October to April) and the dry season (May to September). The average temperature is 22°C and average annual rainfall is 1740 mm. In the study area, the soils were classified as Rhodic Ferralsol according WRB (2014) and Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico according Santos et al. (2013). Four cultivation areas of consolidated NTS were selected: 1-NTS under soybean-corn succession (SCS), 2-soybean-millet succession (SMS), 3-soybean-corn-millet-beans-cotton rotation (SCMBCR), and, 4- soybean-corn-brachiaria succession (SCBS). Samples were also collected in a pasture area (PA) adjacent to the growing areas. The PA of Urochloa decumbens had been cultivated with an approximate stocking rate of 1.5 animal units per hectare. The SCS area (17°08′59.8″S; 51°11′23.4″W; altitude 885 m) is located at Estreito Ponte de Pedra Farm, and was opened in 1981, with the removal of the native Cerrado, and for 16-years old it has been cultivated under NTS with soybean in the summer crop and “safrinha” corn. The SMS area (17°18′28.6″S; 51°15′21.8″W; altitude 853 m), is also located at the same farm and has a history of 33-years old of cultivation, with NTS adopted in 1998 after a conventional system (plowing and harrowing of soil) of soybean planting in the summer. This area was cultivated with NTS soybean in the summer and “safrinha” corn up to 2004, and since then has been cultivated with SMS. The SCBS and SCMBCR
areas are in Vargem Grande Farm, belonging to the Agropecuária Peeters (17°21′85.4″S;
51°28′59.9″W; altitude 859 m). The NTS area with SCBS was cultivated with
soybean in the summer and “safrinha” corn
interspersed with brachiaria for cattle. Finally, the
SCMBCR area started to be used from 1975, with the removal of the native Cerrado and cultivation of pasture for 10 years.
Subsequently, the conventional cultivation with soybean and corn was carried
out for 10 years, and for 19 years it has been cultivated under NTS with
SCMBCR. The sequence of this Brazilian Cerrado region
showed small variations over the years, according to the financial viability
for the adoption of each culture. In view of the
above, it is emphasized that all NTS areas evaluated are in the implantation
phase considered as consolidation (10 to 20 years old). The basic fertilization of the main crops of the agricultural systems was as follows: 1) SCS: a) soybean (summer)—165 kg ha-1 of potassium chloride applied before sowing + 186 kg ha-1 of the formula (N-P-K) 09-43-00, applied in the sowing groove; b) “safrinha” corn—450 kg ha-1 of formula 07-28-14 at planting and 100 kg ha-1 of urea, as coverage at 25 days after the emergency (DAE); 2) SMS: a) soybean (summer)—165 kg ha-1 of potassium chloride applied before sowing + 190 kg ha-1 of the formula 09-43-00 applied to the sowing groove; b) millet—cultivated without fertilization; 3) SCBS: a) soybean (summer)—475 kg ha-1 of formula 02-20-20; b) “safrinha” corn—450 kg ha-1 of formula 07-28-14 at planting and 100 kg ha-1 of urea, as coverage at 25 DAE; c) brachiaria cultivated without fertilization; 4) SCMBCR: a) soybean (summer)—550 kg ha-1 of formula 02-20-18; b) “safrinha” corn—450 kg ha-1 of formula 07-28-14 at planting and 100 kg ha-1 of urea, as coverage at 25 DAE; c) millet cultivated without fertilization; d) beans—400 kg ha-1 of formula 05-20-10 at planting and 90 kg ha-1 of urea, as coverage at 25 DAE; e) cotton—500 kg ha-1 of formula 10-30-10 at planting and 250 kg ha-1 of formula 20-00-20 as coverage. The NTS areas with SCS, SMS, SCBS received liming in the years 2014, 2014, 2013, respectively, with surface application to the soil in the following amounts: 1300 to 2800 kg ha-1 (application with varied rate), 2000 kg ha-1, 4000 kg ha-1. In each area, a representative plot of 2.25 ha (150 × 150 m) was demarcated, and five trenches of approximately 1 × 1 m at the surface and a depth of 0.60 m were randomly positioned in each of them. Undisturbed and disturbed samples soil were collected of each area (treatment), with five replicates per treatment. As this is not an experimental design experiment, sampling was performed according to statistical procedures for experimental design with randomization constraints (Ferreira et al., 2012). Afterwards, in each of the trenches, in the different areas, the undisturbed samples were collected, with the aid of a volumetric ring with 50 cm-3 (Donagemma et al., 2011), at depths of 0–0.05; 0.05–0.10; 0.10–0.20 and 0.20–0.40 m, for determine the bulk density (Bd). Deformed samples were also collected in these areas, at depths of 0–0.05; 0.05–0.10; 0.10–0.20 and 0.20–0.40 m, with the aid of an auger. These samples (each composed of 10 single samples) were collected along a zigzag line, with ¾ of the samples collected between the planting rows and ¼ in the rows. The soil samples were air-dried, crushed, and passed through a 2 mm mesh sieve to obtain the air-dried fine soil, which was then used for chemical characterization and granulometric analysis (Donagemma et al., 2011) (Table 1). Bd was determined by the volumetric ring method (Donagemma et al., 2011). The density of particles (Pd) was determined by the volumetric balloon method, in order to use these data together with Bd to calculate the total porosity volume (TPV), which is calculated by the equation, according Donagemma et al. (2011): TPV (%) = (1-(Bd/Pd)) × 100. The C contents were quantified by dry combustion by CHNS analyzer (Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany). Based on the C contents and Bd, the Csto were calculated by the equivalent mass method (Sisti et al., 2004), as described below: Were: = total stock (Mg ha-1); = sum of carbon from the most superficial to the
deepest layer of the soil profile evaluated in a specific experimental area (Mg
ha-1); = sum of soil mass from the most superficial to the
deepest layer of the soil profile investigated in a specific experimental area
(Mg ha-1); = sum of soil mass from the most superficial to the
deepest layer of the soil profile sampled as a reference treatment (Mg ha-1); = soil mass in the deepest layer of the soil profile
assessed in a specific experimental area (Mg ha-1); = cqrbon level at the
deepest layer of the soil profile studied in a specific experimental area (Mg C
Mg-1 de solo). The δ13C (‰) isotope analysis was done with the aid of the Finnigan Delta Plus mass spectrometer, at the Laboratory of Isotope Ecology (CENA-USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo. The results were expressed as delta 13C (‰), in relation to the international standard PDB (Belemnitella Americana from the Pee Dee formation), were used to evaluate the contribution of the remaining carbon of the cerrado (C3 plants) and that introduced by pasture (plants C4) in each of the areas. The areas (land use systems) evaluated were under the same topographic and edaphoclimatic conditions (relief, soil class and texture, temperature, and precipitation), differing only in vegetation cover, and land use. Thus, the results were evaluated as a completely randomized design with five replicates for each area and depth. The data normality and homogeneity were analyzed through the Lilliefors and Bartlet tests, respectively. Subsequently, the results were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test, and significant means were compared using the t-test at 5% probability, using the Assistat statistical software. Table 1: Chemical attributes and granulometric analysis of the study areas evaluated.
PA =
pasture area, SCS = soybean-corn succession, SMS = soybean-millet succession,
SCBS = soybean-corn-brachiaria succession,
SCMBCR = soybean-corn-millet-beans-cotton rotation. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSIn the PA, the
lowest levels of C content (0.0–0.40 m) and Csto
(0.0–0.20 m; 0.20–0.40 m) were verified in comparison to the other areas
evaluated (Figure 1 and Table 2). Such results occurred due to a set of
factors, such as low productivity, absence of management (mainly maintenance
fertilization) and intensive grazing. The history of the PA shows that it
doesn't receive annual maintenance fertilization. Similar results were also
reported by Guareschi et al. (2012), Gazolla et al. (2013), Siqueira Neto
et al. (2010). These studies verified lowest levels of C content and Csto in areas of PA compared with native vegetation (Cerrado) and NTS. The authors reported that the lower
values of C and Csto in PA were due to the lower
deposition of plant residues compared to the other areas. Figure 1: Total organic carbon (C) content of the soil in the evaluated areas, Goias State, Brazil. Means followed by the same
lowercase letter between areas, in each depth, do not differ by t-test
(p<0.05). PA = pasture area, SCS = soybean-corn succession, SMS =
soybean-millet succession, SCBS = soybean-corn-brachiaria
succession, SCMBCR = soybean-corn-millet-beans-cotton rotation According
Loss et al. (2019), the higher contribution of plant residues recorded in NTS
than in the pasture area can be related to better soil fertility conditions in
the NTS (Table 1), which favors plant growth and subsequent input and surface
accumulation. These authors too reported that high production of plant litter
in the Cerrado area is attributed to greater climatic
stability under the tree canopy and the absence of anthropogenic intervention. Table 2: Carbon stock (Csto) of the soil in the evaluated areas, Goias State, Brazil.
The SCMBCR showed higher levels of C and Csto (0.0–0.05 m; 0.10–0.20 m) compared to the other cultivated areas (SCS, SMS, and SCBS) (Figure 1 and Table 2). According to Franchini, Costa and Debiasi et al. (2011) this pattern occurs because crop rotation allows an increase in the phytomass (aerial part and roots) additions to the soil which, together with the adoption of the NTS, results in an increase of SOM content. In addition to the differences in the amount of phytomass added to the soil, another factor that contributes to the increase in Csto is the fact that the different rotation cultures contribute organic materials of differing quality (C/N ratio, lignin content and polyphenols, among others) to the soil in NTS, which consequently alters their rate of decomposition and the formation of humic and non-humic substances (Guareschi et al., 2018). Similar results are presented by Campos et al. (2011); Franchini et al. (2011); and Guareschi et al. (2018) who, when comparing areas of NTS with native Cerrado in relation to areas with conventional system, also verified higher levels of C and Csto in the areas of NTS with native Cerrado. In general, the content of C (0.0–0.40 m) and Csto (0.0–0.20 m) was higher in the SCMBCR area than in the SCS and SMS areas (Figure 1 and Table 2). Similar patterns were observed for the SCBS area in relation to SCS and SMS areas with respect to C content (0.05–0.10, 0.20–0.40 m) and Csto (0.05–0.20 m) (Figure 1 and Table 2). This is thought to be owing to the larger number and variety of species cultivated in the SCMBCR and SCBS in relation to the successions evaluated. According to Campos et al. (2011) the entry of C into soil increases with the diversification of the cultivation system. Thus, the inclusion of species with an aggressive root system and the long-term entry of different types of crop residues into soils managed under NTS associated with native Cerrado increase the reserves of C with greater lability (Bayer et al., 2006; Conceição et al., 2005; Guareschi et al., 2018) and increase the Csto of the soil. It is also worth mentioning
the superiority, in some cases, of C contents (0.05–0.20 m) and Csto (0.05–0.40 m) of SCMBCR and SCBS areas compared to PA
(Figure 1 and Table 2). This pattern indicates that such soil management
practices are promoting a positive impact on soil quality, recovering soil C
levels to the original growing conditions. Evaluated the total organic
carbon (TOC) content in soil cultivated with onions in succession or rotation
with other species (e.g., grasses, and, legumes) in NTS, Comin et al. (2018)
reported that winter grasses in rotation with maize preceding onion crops in
NTS increases TOC, and, higher TOC is found in areas with more soil cover plant
species in rotation. The results found by Comin et al. (2018) indicated that
the adopting soil management systems with conservationist bases that use
permanent soil coverage and crop rotation can maintain or improve the SOM
content, as well as observed in this study (Figure 1). The density of particles (Pd)
did not present statistical difference between the areas and depths analyzed
(Table 3). This result is due to the areas presenting the same soil class and
mineralogical composition of sand and clay fraction, constituted mainly by
quartz and kaolinite, respectively (Gazolla et al.,
2013). In the 0.0–0.05 m layer, the
area with SCMBCR presented a lower Bd value and higher TPV in relation to the
other areas evaluated (Table 3). It can be affirmed that this result is due to
the higher levels of C contents of SCMBCR compared to the other cultivated
areas. This pattern occurs because NTS areas with native Cerrado
present a continuous supply of organic material by the vegetal residues and/or
root exudates, whose subproducts are constituted by organic molecules in
several phases of decomposition, acting as an agent of formation and
stabilization of the aggregates, providing better soil structuring, which can
promote reduction in Bd and increase TPV or TP (Franchini
et al., 2011; Laurindo, 2009). In the 0.05–0.10 m layer, the
lowest values of Bd and highest TPV values of the areas SCMBCR and SCBS in
relation to the PA (Table 3) stood out. As previously discussed, these results
are related to the higher C content in these areas than that in PA, as well as
being due to the low productivity of the grass associated with the animal
trampling effect evident in the area, which possibly compacted the soil (Gazolla et al., 2013). At other depths (0.10–0.40 m)
the managed systems presented Bd and TPV similar to each other (Table 3). These
areas present, up to 0.40 m depth, Bd below the “critical limit of 1.30 to 1.40
for clayey soil,” which is harmful to the development of the roots (Reichert et al., 2003). Thus, it can be
inferred that the Bd of the studied soils does not adversely affect the
development of cultivated crops in the areas. Table 3: Bulk density (Bd), particle density (Pd) and total
pore volume (TPV) of the evaluated areas, Goias
State, Brazil.
The results of natural
abundance of 13C (‰) in the soil profile showed that the PA presented
greater contribution of plant residues from C4 plants in all depths
examined (Figure 2). This result is consistent, considering that this area has
received input of plant residues from grazing for many years. Based on the
literature, C3 plants have 13C values between -33 and -22
‰, while in C4 plants such values are between -16 and 9 ‰ (Guareschi et al., 2014). Figure 2: Natural
abundance of δ13C in the soil profile of the evaluated areas, Goias State, Brazil. Means followed by the same
lowercase letter between areas, in each depth, do not differ by t-test
(p<0.05). PA = pasture area, SCS = soybean-corn succession, SMS =
soybean-millet succession, SCBS = soybean-corn-brachiaria
succession, SCMBCR = soybean-corn-millet-beans-cotton rotation. Among NTS areas, it is
observed that, up to 0.40 m from the soil surface, the 13C (‰)
signal decreases as compared to that in the PA—that is, the signal approaches
the average values established for C3 plants (between -33 and -22
‰), especially in the area with SCMBCR (Figure 2). This transitory effect may
be occurring because, in these areas, organic matter has a greater contribution
of vegetal residues derived mainly from C3 plants, such as soybean,
beans, and cotton in SCMBCR area and soybean in the other NTS areas evaluated (Guareschi et al., 2014). In the NTS without native Cerrado (SCS, SMS and SCBS), the isotopic signature of the
C3 and C4 vegetation mixture was closer to the C4
(PA) vegetation signal (Figure 2). This is due to the lower supply of C3
plants in these systems when compared to SCMBCR, as well as the greater
contribution of grasses (corn, millet and brachiaria)
to the maintenance of these values. Siqueira Neto et al. (2010), when evaluating a chronosequence of NTS areas in the Cerrado,
also showed that the isotopic signature was closer to the C4
vegetation signal, presumably due to greater contribution of cereal crop
residues. Studies carried out with the 13C
technique in the native Cerrado region in Goias, indicate that the isotopic variation found in the
0.0 to 0.40 m depth was predominantly from C3 plants, with values
ranging from -27 to – 24 ‰ (Loss et al., 2012a, 2019; Guareschi
et al., 2014). Therefore, in areas in NTS, which have been native Cerrado in the past, the isotopic sign found indicates a
significant contribution of C derived from C4 plants, such as corn (SCS),
millet (SMS), corn + brachiaria (SCBS) and corn +
millet (SCMBCR). Thus, part of the carbon content and stocks found (Figure 1
and Table 2) are derived from the current vegetation. 4. CONCLUSIONSThe no-tillage
system with soybean-corn-millet-beans-cotton crop rotation followed by
no-tillage system with soybean-corn-brachiaria
succession were those that presented greater potential for carbon stock
increase and total soil pore volume, as well as bulk density reduction. The origin of the
soil organic matter in the no-tillage system areas is related to plants
employing the C4 photosynthetic cycle; however, for mixed C3 and C4 plant
systems, the isotopic signature of 13C is reduced, mainly in areas with crop
rotation. SOURCES OF FUNDINGNone. CONFLICT OF INTERESTNone. ACKNOWLEDGMENTTo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. REFERENCES[1] Almeida, V. P.; Alves, M. C.; Silva, E. C.; oliveira, s. A. Rotação de culturas e propriedades físicas e químicas em Latossolo Vermelho de cerrado sob preparo convencional e semeadura direta em adoção. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, Viçosa, v.32, n.3, p.1227-1237, 2008. [2] Bayer, C.; Martin-Neto, L.; Mielniczuk, J.; Pavinato, A.; Dieckow, J. Carbon sequestration in two Brazilian Cerrado soils under no-till. Soil Tillage Reschearch, Amsterdam, v.86, n.02, p.237-245, 2006. [3] Brancalião, S. R.; Moraes, M. H. Alterações de alguns atributos físicos e das frações húmicas de um Nitossolo Vermelho na sucessão milheto-soja em sistema plantio direto. 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