A Spatio-temporal Study of Land Use Land Cover analysis in Maniyari Basin Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques

 

Dipak Bej ¹, Dr. N K Baghmar ²

 

¹ Ph.D. Scholar, SOS in Geography, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India

² Retd. Professor, SOS in Geography, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India

 

1. INTRODUCTION

The most significant natural resource is land, which includes soil and water as well as the associated flora and wildlife, including the entire ecosystem. For the sustainable planning and management of land surface understanding the geographical distribution over time and current situation is plays an important role. Land use is the characterized by the anthropogenic activities and inputs by the people over natural land cover which undertake in a certain land cover type to produce change or maintain it. There are so many studies have been conducted in the different part estimation of LULC change analysis of watershed using specific methods. They are important to develop effective management strategies for watersheds worldwide Ashraf, A. (2013). Changing Hydrology of the Himalayan Watershed. Current Perspectives in Contaminant Hydrology and Water Resources Sustainability. Intech, Islamabad. Bazgeera et al. (2008) Caruso, G. Rounsevell, M. D. A. Cojacarus, G. (2005). Exploring a spatiodynamic neighborhood-based model of residential behaviour in the Brussels peri-urban area. Int. J. Geograph. Inf. Sci. 19, 103- 123. Dietzel, C. Herold, M. Hemphill, J. J. Clarke, K.C. (2005). Spatialtemporal dynamics in California's central Valley : empirical links to urban theory. Int. J. Geograph. Inf. Sci. 19, 175-195. Fortin, M. J. Boots, B. Csillag, F. Remmel, T. K. (2003). On the role of spatial stochastic models in understanding landscape indices in ecology. Oikos 102, 203-212. Gajbhiye, S. Sharma, S. K. (2012). Land use and land cover change detection of Indra river watershed through remote sensing using multi-temporal satellite data. Int. J. Geomatics Geosci. 3, 89-96. Hu  et al. (2012) Kearns et al. (2005) Parker and Meretsky, (2004) Stewart, T. J. Janssen, R. van Herwijnen, M. (2004). A genetic algorithm approach to multiobjective land use planning. Comput. Oper. Res. 31, 2293-2313. Wang et al. (2004). Data framework and thematic change information that can lead to more tangible discernment to underlying process involved in upbringing of land cover and land use changes Ahmad, F. (2012). Detection of change in vegetation covers using multi-spectral and multi-temporal information for District Sargodha, Pakistan. Sociedade Natureza, 24, 557-572. Remote Sensing (RS) has been used to classify and map land cover and land use changes with different techniques and data sets. Landsat images in particular have served a great deal in the classification of different landscape components at a larger scale Ozesmi, S. L. Bauer, M. E. (2002). Satellite remote sensing of wetlands. Wetlands Ecol. Manage, 10, 381-402. Analyse the land use land cover change detection and the possible cause and sustainable management of the study of Raipur city, Chhattisgarh Using multi temporal remote sensing data (LANDSAT of year 1999 and 2016). The use of Geoinformatics has enabled us to assign spatial connotations to land use land cover changes, namely, population pressure, climate, terrain, etc which drive these changes. Roy, P. S. and Roy, A. (2010). Land use and land cover change in India : A remote sensing & GIS perspective, Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, 9(4), 489- 502. Human factor like population distribution, population growth, economic condition as well as various physical conditions such as relief, topography, geology, soil type, and climatic condition influences on Land use Land cover. Skole, D. and Tucker, C. (1993). Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the amazon : a Satellite data from 1978 to 1998, Science, 260, 1905-1910.. Many a civilization has perished in the past when its people misused and over and over exploited the land and interfered with the environment. Land use refers to ‘man’s activities on land, which are directly related to land’ Anderson et al. (1976) Building, lakes, forest, trees, and glacial ice are all examples of land cover types. The term land use relates to the human activity associated with specific place of land. Land use can also be described as urban use, residential use, or single-family residential use.

 

2. STUDY AREA

The Maniyari River is the tributary of Shivnath (tributary of Mahanadi) rises from Satpura Maikal hill, in the region Northwest of the Central plateau. The river flows from north, roughly through the central part of Mungeli district. The Maniyari river basin is a part of Shivnath catchment. The river Maniyari originated from Satpura Maikal Range. So, the Maniyari basin included all the three-ideal part of basin like hilly, plateau and plain. The study area consists of under the district of Kabirdham, Mungeli and Bilaspur, shown in Figure 1 Latitude and Longitude of the study area 21°55' 0" N to 22° 32'0" N and 81°15' 0" E to 82° 5' 0" E. Total area of the study region approximately 3700 sq. km. and the total population of the study area approximately 10 lakhs.

Figure 1

                                                                           

Figure 1 Location map of the study area

 

3. DATA USED

Database is very important parameter to complete a study. This research work is based both primary and secondary data. there are two types of data has been used in this present study one is secondary which has been collect from survey of India and USGS Earth Explorer w, another primary data for ground truth survey has been conducted for Land use Landcover verification. Data would be collected from following sources shown in Table 1

Details of primary and secondary are given below the table:

Table 1

Table 1 Data sources and details
Data types	Data sources	Details
Satellite Imageries	NRSC, ISRO	LANDSATR ETM+ (15 mt. resolution) and Sentinal 2 (10 mt. resolution)
Topographical sheet	Survey of India	64F06,64F07,64F10,64F11,64F12,64F14,64F15, 64F16,64G13, 64J03,64J04, 64K01
Ground truth data	Field Survey	LULC information temporal data

 

And other secondary data like map and administrative data will be collected from block development offices and from Panchayat and National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization (NATMO), Chhattisgarh Council of Science and Technology (Raipur) and Regional Remote Sensing Center- Central, Nagpur (ISRO).

 

4. METHODOLOGY

Methodology which has been adopted as follows-

1)     Preparation of satellite data

2)     Land use Land cover classification and Ground truth verification

3)     Land use Landcover Change Detection

Figure 2

                                                                            

Figure 2 Flow chart of methodology

 

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

The present study and analysis which presented in Table 1 and Figure 3 Figure 4 shows that there is a drastic change of Land use and land cover over time from 2010 to 2020.The LULC changes has been seen in three classes firstly agricultural land which has been converted from open forest and open scrub, some open scrub and agriculture land converted to settlement. The causes of changes of open forest and open scrub to agriculture land that is the facility of irrigation and as well as increase the man land ratio.

The cultivated land which are used for paddy, vegetables, sugarcane, and other mixed varieties are increased, in the year 2020 it is 251 ha and. In year 2020 built up area was increased 50 ha approximately whereas scrubland has decrease 171 ha in the year 2020. Reservoir or tank area also decreases because of agricultural activity. Settlement mainly encroaches over the cultivation land and open scrub. Figure 3 shows the Land use/land cover map respectively year 2010 and 2020 and change analysis also given in Table 1

Figure 3

                                                                          

Figure 3 Land use Land cover map for the time frame 2010 and 2020

 

The present study area which contains amarkantak biosphere reserve, outer open forest of amarkantak biosphere reserve has been highly affected by soil erosion, gully, and ravenous erosion as well as sheet erosion has also demarcated in the study area. It has also been found that the agriculture portion under forest area converted in to agricultural by the local tribal people, some small pond/tank also be found in 2020.The outer portion of reservoir has been converted seasonally into agriculture due to availability of water, some of the places this was permanently converted into agriculture in 2020. 

In 2020 the population density of the basin increase 38.29 percent which means the man land ration also increase so the built-up land which encroach or occupied the scrubland and agricultural land surrounding village or City. And so many small lands use transformation has been seen over the area heterogeneously but still the management of land use regarding wetland and land degradation is happened. Ground truth has proven the relevant transformation.

Table 2

Table 2 Land use Land cover for the time frame 2010 and 2020
Sl. No.	LULC Classes	Area (2010)	Area (2020)	Changes
1	Agriculture Cropland	228279.57	228495.46	215.89
2	Forest	105265.1	105154.78	-110.32
3	Open Scrub	12486.37	12314.9	-171.47
4	Built up	11082.46	11128.59	46.13
5	Dense scrub	7192.3	7152.33	-39.97
6	Lake/Pond	5506.2	5485.31	-20.89
7	Reservoir/Tank	3916.4	4099.21	182.81
8	River/Stream	2870.25	2869.73	-0.51
9	Gullied/Ravines	618.85	769.85	151
10	Canal	666.46	715.46	49
11	Built up Urban	646.72	686.06	39.34
12	Barren Rocky	404.43	404.43	0
13	Industrial/Mining	356.68	366.52	9.84
14	Forest Plantation	84.11	34.11	-50
15	Waterlogged	24.34	23.49	-0.85
Total Area		379400.24	379500.24	-

 

Ground truth verification has been conducted for accuracy assessment, the area which has been not properly interpret by satellite image as well as topographical sheet that’s has been identify through high resolution imageries and field survey. There was approximate 170 ground truth point has been collected through GPS. Some of the glimpse has been shown below the Figure 4

Figure 4

                                                                           

Figure 4 Land use Land cover map for the time frame 2010 and 2020

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3    

Table 3 Cross section table for Land Transformation
	2020
2010	Row/ Labels	Agriculture	Barren rocky	Built up Rural	Built up Urban	Canal	Dense scrub	Forest	Forest Plantation	Gullied/Ravines	Industrial/Mining	Lake/Pond	Open Scrub	Reservoir/Tank	River	Water logged	Grand Total
	Agriculture	228065.6		39.40	30.35						2.52	32.59	17.49	91.56			228279.57
	Barren Rocky		404.4														404.43
	Built up Rural			11082.46													11082.46
	Built up Urban				646.72												646.72
	Canal					666.46											666.46
	Dense scrub	23.87			1.91		7152.33				1.15	13.04					7192.30
	Forest	98.04						105154.7				11.28		1.01			105265.10
	Forest Plantation								84.11								84.11
	Gullied/Ravines									668.85							668.85
	Industrial/Mining										356.6						356.6
	Lake/Pond											5400.49		105.70			5506.20
	Open Scrub	144.49		6.73	7.09						6.17	27.06	12284.1	10.70			12486.37
	Reservoir/Tank	13.40											13.28	3889.72			3916.40
	River/Stream													0.51	2869.73		2870.25
	Water logged											0.85				23.49	24.34
	Grand Total	228495.46	404.43	11128.59	686.06	666.46	7152.33	105154.7	84.11	668.85	366.52	5485.31	12314.90	4099.21	2869.73	23.49	379450.2

 

 

6. CONCLUSION

 The study area is an ideal land scape unit which has unique terrain characteristics which include hilly, plateau, plain area. The junction of plain and plateau also suffer soil erosion due to high degree of slope whereas upper basin amarkantak plateau and hilly area suffered by land degradation that’s why the agriculture practice has been affected but its ultimate total agriculture gross crop area has been increased.   and also, this land scape the present study demonstrates the application Geographic Information Technology technique to analyse the change detection in Land use Landcover by using satellite image of year 2011and 2020. In the present study agriculture and scrub land is converted in to built-up. It increases 90 ha. in the year 2020. Agricultural land in the study area has been increased 250 ha in year 2020, due to the encroachment of forest and scrub land. Land degradation and soil erosion has been found which impact the soil texture and fertility. Therefore, Sustainable Land uses land cover planning management is needed to reduce the undesired impacts on environment.

 

Acknowledgement

Authors are highly thankful to the Chhattisgarh Council of Science and Technology (CGCOST) Raipur for providing technical support research work. Also express sincere thanks to all Professor of S.o.S in Geography, Pt Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur for their help and encouragement to carried-out this work.

 

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