AN EFFICIENT OPTIMIZED MPPT FOR PV SYSTEM UNDER EXTREMELY FAST CHANGING IRRADIANCE – HYBRID HONEY BADGER OPTIMIZER

 

B. Lakshanya Sri ¹, V. Mohan ², S. Senthilkumar ³

 

¹ PG Scholar, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, India

² Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, India

³ Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, India

 

1. INTRODUCTION

The prolonged reliance on fossil energies for strength product is using the persisting with upward thrust in carbon emigrations leading to climatic adaptations. In addition, the huge demand for fossil energies is depleting the factors of oil painting and gasoline, growing a need to probe the trade sources of strength manufacturing. Renewable power means are lesser feasible druthers which may benon-depletable and might lessen the impact to the terrain. As the call shows, renewable power refers to energy that easily takes position and top out within the surroundings and doesn't exhaust, in assessment to the energy from fossil energies. One of the promising sources of renewable power it's long lasting and eco- quality in nature is sun photovoltaic power. The sun power with irradiance degrees of as important as 1kW/ m2 is unstintingly to be had and photovoltaic power is a capability source for electrical energy period. Thus, solar cells have created large hobbyhorse in contemporary operations which encompass distributed energy product to offer exchange and easy energy. The primary features of photovoltaic electricity which makes it great from exceptional renewable electricity property are; It’s abundant in nature and is loose and efficaciously to be had unlike the reactionary energies.

There is not any emigration of dangerous hothouse feasts and is an easy deliver of power manufacturing. They bear minimal keep and are reliable as they do no longer have any shifting factors and are free from climate. The photovoltaic power generation may be established in small- scale and distributed way, no longer just like the traditional power period systems which bear massive scale installations to serve. The photovoltaic power is available at some point of the cases whilst there may be top power call for still, the sun cells have a many essential walls which include low strength performance, massive area for installation, partial shading goods, cell declination, and numerous others. Power exertion circuits are defended within the device to manipulate the affair voltage and to modify the input voltage that's subordinated to oscillations in sun irradiation. Lots research works available in the literature on solar PV Senthilkumar et al. (2023), Senthilkumar et al. (2023), Nathangashree et al. (2016).

The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) set of rules is to maximize the charging contemporary in every type of dynamic conditions Senthilkumar et al. (2023), Senthilkumar et al. (2022). Around ninety-five voltages of the voltage score are maintained via battery and moderate voltage model also to present day maximization is taken into the account via MPPT algorithm, so the combined goods attain the MPP. It way, the general duty of maximizing the charging current or engaging in the MPP, is at the shoulder of MPPT algorithm. thus, on this assignment, an ultramodern- day set of rules is proposed for MPPT. This member, the general preface, and a number of the check of MPPT software are explained completely. Coming phase is used to explain about the literature work to enhance the energy factors and the performance of MPPT these days. The current strategies that dealt with the distinct strategies in MPPT is defined in ruin 3 and the chapter 4 described the proposed system of direct MPPT with its betterment. Chapter 5 describes all the results with appropriate discussion. Eventually, the article is concluded in chapter 6 independently.

 

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

Assessments on a marketable enterprise PV inverter is suggested to explore inter harmonious technology and lesser vital investigates the medium of inter harmonious emigration Ahsan et al. (2021), Tey & Mekhilef (2020), Bighash et al. (2021), Hu et al. (2021), G et al. (2023) , Aiello et al. (2006), Mohan et al. (2017), Munir & Li (2019), Sangwongwanich et al. (2021), Langella et al. (2020), Kjaer et al. (2005). The studies exhibit that the anxieties of the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm is one of the means that induce inter harmonics in the grid present day, especially at low- electricity jogging conditions. Consequently, three mitigation results are mentioned to deal with this trouble, and simulations were performed to corroborate the effectiveness of the answers. Simulation consequences recommend that the everyday- voltage MPPT fashion is the most suitable system to the mitigation of inters harmonics brought by using the MPPT operation, because it avoids the anxiety in the PV voltage. The generation mechanisms of inter harmonics in PV systems and the characteristics are offered Munir & Li (2019). Consequently, the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) regulator parameters at the side of the anxiety step size and the slice figure have an ineluctable effect on the inter harmonious characteristics. Further lesser, an approach to suggest the inter harmonics within the grid ultramodern- day is furnished. With this interpretation, inter harmonics may be anticipated harmonious with the designed regulator parameters in expressions of frequentness and confines. The results of experimental evaluation of inter harmonics produced thru PV inverters (PVInv) for colorful multitudinous working conditions are proposed Sangwongwanich et al. (2021). First, natural inter harmonious generation due to MPPT manipulate is anatomized. latterly, period of ultramodern inter harmonics assessment is anatomized espousing the IEC 61000-4-7 sub- enterprise conception and their goods on the force voltage are estimated in expressions of brief- time period flicker indicator, Pst. Eventually, the paper investigates inter harmonious currents produced with the resource of PVInvs whilst harmonics and inter harmonics are superimposed to the essential deliver voltages. The actuality of inter harmonious emigrations from an MPPT driven grid- connected PV inverter, elect out their inflexibility and tolerance are suggested Langella et al. (2020), Kjaer et al. (2005). The presence of inter harmonics in the measured ultramodern- day- day from a PV installation is linked to direct and diffused sun irradiation in addition to a high ramping figure of the irradiation causing performances in every lively and reactive strength. The paper units forth a fixed of compliances and consequences, that's an accessory to the continuing exploration at the strength nice rudiments of solar energy. Three one among a type case exploration are estimated in element the operation of signal processing tools like STFT and FFT. An electricity extraordinary difficulty performing from grid- connected 3- phase photovoltaic inverters is proposed Messo et al. (2019). The range of grid- linked inverters has been developing step by step during the last decade because of growth in renewable power technology. These inverters were stated to degrade strength nice within the grid in areas wherein the quantum renewable electricity technology is big. still, the motives inside the lower reverse of the strength stylish issues are not still mainly said within the literature. The affair impedance of unattached and three- member PV inverters has been said to act a horrible resistance over a frequency variety which is grounded upon on the chosen manage scheme and control parameters. Negative resistance can motive impedance- primarily grounded relations which can also lead to insecurity, especially, indeed as the inverter is mounted to a susceptible grid which has huge inductance Langella et al. (2022), Mohan & Senthilkumar (2022). The predominant donation of this paper is the experimental consequences which actually display that the inverter has a large function at the advised strength great troubles. The inverter is verified to induce harmonious, inter harmonious or perhaps subharmonic currents counting on the reused power, element sizing, control parameters and the grid impedance.

 

3. EXISTING SYSTEM

As come preliminarily described, MPPT algorithms are important in PV programs due to the verity the MPP of a sun panel varies with the irradiation and temperature, so the operation of MPPT algorithms is demanded that permits you to achieve the maximum strength from a solar array. Over the history a long time numerous strategies to find the MPP had been evolved and published. These strategies range in lots of factors which includes needed detectors, complexity, value, variety of effectiveness, confluence pace, correct shadowing indeed as irradiation and/ or temperature exchange, tackle demanded for the perpetration or fashion ability, amongst others. Among those ways, the P&O and the in Cond algorithms are the maximum common. These ways have the advantage of a smooth perpetration still in addition they've downsides, as can be established latterly. Other strategies grounded substantially on distinct generalities are fuzzy common-sense control, neural network, fractional open circuit voltage or quick circuit contemporary, contemporary reach, and plenitude of others. utmost of these styles yields a hard most and some, just like the fractional open circuit voltage or short circuit current, give an approached MPP, now not the precise bone. In ordinary situations the V- P wind has only one outside, so it isn't a problem. still, if the PV array is incompletely shadowed, there are further than one maxes in these angles. In order to relieve this problem, a many algorithms have been enforced. In this section, a number of the notorious MPPT ways are bandied.

 

4. PROPOSED SYSTEM

In this work, MPPT set of guidelines with Honey Badger Optimization set of guidelines is furnished for PV systems. The terminal voltage, ultramodern and matching responsibility- cycle, at which the DC/ DC motor need to be switched to acquire maximum electricity affair, are determined. The artwork is performed in MATLAB/ Simulink terrain. Motor should be switched to gain maximum strength affair, are decided. The artwork is finished in MATLAB/ Simulink terrain. Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the proposed system.

Figure 1

Figure 1 Proposed System - Block Diagram

 

Hybrid Honey Badger Optimization Algorithm

In this work, a Honey Badger optimization (HBO) algorithm with levy flight is presented which is based on Swarm based algorithm. The HBO is motivated from a honey badger’s excellent foraging behaviour. This HBO method is presented mathematically to solve an optimization issue using a searching strategy. It carries two strategies of honey badger with digging and honey searching strategy to provide an effective solution. This HBO provided an ample population diversity process to achieve a best solution in a larger landscape area. The Honey Badger Optimization is based on the foraging behaviour of Honey Badger.

The steps involved in HBO

·        The candidate solutions population of HBO is expressed as follows.

·        𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑝𝑜𝑝) =  

·        Honey badger l position, 𝑥1 = [𝑥𝑙 , 𝑥𝑙 , … , 𝑥𝑙 ]

·        Step 1: Initialize the N number of the population and its positions using the following equation

·        𝑥𝑙 = 𝑙𝑏𝑙 + 𝑟𝑚1 × (𝑢𝑏𝑙 − 𝑙𝑏𝑙)

·        Where 𝑥𝑙  → 𝑙𝑡ℎposition of Honeybadger with respect to N,𝑟𝑚1 →

𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑛𝑒, 𝑢𝑏𝑙 → Search domain upper bounds,𝑙𝑏𝑙 → Search domain lower bounds

·        Step 2: Defining intensity (I)

·        The density of the badger is defined as the concentration strength of the prey based on its smell to search a prey. By using Inverse Square Law, the intensity of the badger is expressed as follows:

·       

 

Where 𝑆 = (𝑥𝑙 − 𝑥𝑙+1)2, that indicated the concentration strength and 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑦 − 𝑥𝑙, that indicated a distance between prey and 𝑙𝑡ℎ honey badger

·        Step 3: Density factor (α)

·        It is a time-varying factor to improve the exploration and exploitation of optimization by smoothening and control.

∝= 𝐶 × exp (  )                                                                                                               Where,

𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑡_𝑚𝑎𝑥 →Maximum number of iterations and 𝐶 → Constant ≥ 1 (default = 2)

·        Step 4: This step is followed to alter the search direction of the badger to escape from local minima.

·        Step 5: The position of a badger is updated with respect to prey location and honey source

In the digging stage, a Cardioid shape motion is followed by a honey badger as follows:

·        𝑋𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑦 + 𝐹 × 𝛽 × 𝐼 × 𝑋𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑦 + 𝐹 × 𝑟𝑚3 ×∝× 𝑑𝑙 × |cos (2𝜋. 𝑟𝑚4) × [1 – cos (2𝜋. 𝑟𝑚5)]|                                                                                              (6)

Where, 𝑋𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑦 → Position of prey, β → Honey badger ability and F is used to change the searching direction of the badger and it can be stated as follows:

·       

·        In the Honey phase, the badger follows the direction of the honeyguide bird to update the position as follows:

·        𝑋_𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋_{𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑦} + 𝐹. 𝑟𝑚_7. ∝. 𝑑_𝑙

·        From equation (), it is clear that the honey badger is very close to its prey location (𝑋_{𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑦}) based on 𝑑_𝑙.

 

5. RESULTS and DISCUSSIONS

The proposed MPPT model verified using MATLAB simulator. The panel and converter ratings are given in following Table 1. Different parameters of boost converter are tabulated in Table 2.

Table 1

Table 1 PV Cell Parameters
Open circuit voltage (Voc)	60
Short circuit current (Isc)	6.5
Voltage at maximum point	4.5
Current at maximum point	4.5

 

Table 2

Table 2 Parameters of Boost Converter
Parameter	Values
Ll	5.6mH
Cl	IOOmF
R	1K

 

Figure 2 shows the overall Simulink model of proposed MPPT model. It includes solar system, converter and MPPT controller.

 Figure 2

Figure 2 Over all Simulink Model

 

The following Figure 3 shows the panel parameters used for MPPT tracking the short circuit current set to 6.5 and open circuit voltage set to 60

Figure 3

Figure 3 Panel Rating

 

5.1. RESULTS FOR IRRADIANCE PATTERN -1

Figure 4 shows the panel irradiance setting used for MPPT tracking. The above Figure 5 shows the proposed optimizer.

Figure 4

Figure 4 Irradiance Level Setting

 

Figure 5

Figure 5 Hybrid Optimizer

 

The output of current and voltage from solar system fed to input for the controller. For evaluation, the irradiance level of solar system varied. The following Figure 6 shows the DC-DC converter used for voltage boosting

Figure 6

Figure 6 DC-DC Boost Converter

 

Figure 7

Figure 7 Optimization for Tracking

 

The above Figure 7 shows the HBO optimization modelling for MPPT tracking. The above Figure 10 and Figure 11 shows the performance of proposed MPPT model. The PWM of converter varied based on irradiance level and boosted voltage achieved with higher response time Mohan et al. (2015), Chitrakala et al. (2017), Mohan et al. (2012), Mohan et al.(2010), Anitha & Mohan (2015).

 Figure 8

Figure 8 Irradiance Level

 

Figure 9

Figure 9 Irradiance with Tacking Output

 

5.2. RESULTS FOR IRRADIANCE PATTERN -2

Figure 9 shows the panel parameters used for MPPT tracking. The short circuit current set to 6.5 and open circuit voltage set to 60. Figure 10 shows the panel irradiance setting used for MPPT tracking. The irradiance level and irradiance with tracking output are shows in Figure 11 and Figure 12 respectively.

Figure 10

Figure 10 Panel Rating

 

Figure 11

Figure 11 Irradiance Level Setting

 

Figure 12

Figure 12 Irradiance Level

 

Figure 13

Figure 13 Irradiance with Tacking Output

 

The above figure shows the performance of proposed MPPT model. The PWM of converter varied based on irradiance level and boosted voltage achieved with higher response time. Table 3 shows the performance of the different MPPT algorithms. Figure 13 indicates the graphical model of the performance of the four different MPPT algorithms.

Table 3

Table 3 Performance Analysis
Methods	Average power (W)	Voltage at MPP(V)	Current at NOP(A)	Tracking time (s)
P&O	102.7	42.8	2.4	1.9
GWO	84.8	43.5	1.95	4.2
FPO	94	47	2	3.8
HBO	150	50	3	1.1

 

Figure 14

Figure 14 Performance Analysis

 

5.3. IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS

Prototype of the proposed system is shown in Figure 15. This model provides similar results when compared with simulation results.

Figure 15

Figure 15 Proposed System - Prototype

 

6. CONCLUSION

In this artwork, the HBO grounded MPP shadowing is proposed for global top in solar tool. The HBO model is primarily grounded completely on rustling geste of Honey badger that has a digging and honey strategies. These phases are used to decide a maximum suitable result for GMPP monitoring. The overall performance of HBO approach is proven in expressions of electricity monitoring effectiveness and speed of confluence. The simulation end result of HBO system is as compared with a conventional system together with P&O, WOA and FSSO via MATLAB software operation. As a result, it's long hauls attained that the HBO interpretation supplied an advanced shadowing overall performance than all earlier strategies. Also, the HBO grounded fully MPPT fashion has graces of better shadowing overall performance, common electricity and hastily confluence than the former ways independently.

 

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

None. 

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

None.

 

REFERENCES

Ahsan, S. M., Khan, H. A., Hussain, A., Tariq, S., & Zaffar, N. A. (2021). Harmonic Analysis of Grid-Connected Solar PV Systems with Nonlinear Household Loads in Low-Voltage Distribution Networks. Sustainability, 13(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073709.

Aiello, M., Cataliotti, A., Favuzza, S., & Graditi, G. (2006). Theoretical and Experimental Comparison of Total Harmonic Distortion Factors for the Evaluation of Harmonic and Interharmonic Pollution of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 21(3), 1390-1397. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2005.860231.

Anitha, R., & Mohan, V. (2015). A Unified Power Conversion Matrix Converter Topology and High Performance PWM Strategies. International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, 3(01), 278-282.  

Bighash, E. Z., Sadeghzadeh, S. M., Ebrahimzadeh, E., & Blaabjerg, F. (2021). Adaptive Harmonic Compensation in Residential Distribution Grid Byroof-Top PV Systems. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 6(4), 2098-2108. https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2018.2792303.

Chitrakala, G., Stalin, N., & Mohan, V. (2017). 'A Novel Programmed Low Frequency PWM Method for Performance Enhancement of Single-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverter', CiiT. International Journal of Digital Image Processing, 9(2), 39-46.

G, K., V, M., G, C., & S, S. (2023). Optimization of Switching Angles for Selective Harmonic Elimination in Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverters Employing Artificial Intelligence Techniques - A Mini Review. International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research, 10(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v10.i1.2023.1278.

Hu, H., Shi, Q., He, Z., He, J., & Gao, S. (2021). Potential Harmonicresonance Impacts of PV Inverter Filters on Distribution Systems. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 6(1), 151-161. https://doi.org/10.1109/tste.2019.2352931.

Kjaer, S. B., Pedersen, J. K., & Blaabjerg, F. (2005). A Review of Single-Phase Grid- Connected Inverters for Photovoltaic Modules. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 41(5), 1292-1306. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2005.853371.

Langella, R., Testa, A., Djokic, S. Z., Meyer, J., & Klatt, M. (2022). On the Interharmonic Emission of PV Inverters Under Different Operating Conditions. In Proceedings of the ICHQP, 733-738. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICHQP.2016.7783357.

Langella, R., Testa, A., Meyer, J., Moller, F., Stiegler, R., & Djokic, S. Z. (2020). Experimental-Based Evaluation of PV Inverter Harmonic and Interharmonic Distortion Due to Different Operating Conditions. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 65(10), 2221-2233. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2016.2554378.

Messo, T., Jokipii, J., Aapro, A., & Suntio, T. (2019). Time and Frequency- Domain Evidence on Power Quality Issues Caused by Grid-Connected Three-Phase Photovoltaic Inverters 16th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/EPE.2014.6910808.

Mohan, V., & Senthilkumar, S. (2022). Iot Based Fault Identification in Solar Photovoltaic Systems Using an Extreme Learning Machine Technique. Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, 43(3), 3087-3100. https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-220012.

Mohan, V., Chitrakala, G., & Stalin, N. (2017). A Low Frequency PWM Based Multilevel DC-link Inverter with Cascaded Sources. Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 7(1), 686-697. http://doi.org/10.5958/2249-7315.2016.01401.5.

Mohan, V., Raja, J., & Jeevananthan, S. (2010). Chaos-Based PWM Strategies for Suppression of Harmonics in d.c.-a.c. Power Conversion. International Conference on Recent Advancements in Electrical Sciences (ICRAES2010), K.S.R. College of Engineering.

Mohan, V., Raja, J., & Jeevanthan, S. (2012). 'A Random PWM Scheme based on Coalescing the Pseudorandom Triangular Carrier and the Randomized Pulse Position for Voltage Source Inverters', CiiT. International Journal of Programmable Device Circuits and Systems, 4(11), 570-574.  

Mohan, V., Stalin, N., & Jeevananthan, S. (2015). A Tactical Chaos Based PWM Technique for Distortion Restraint and Power Spectrum Shaping in Induction Motor Drives. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 5(3), 383-392. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v5.i3.pp383-392.

Munir, S., & Li, Y. W. (2019). Residential Distribution System Harmonic Compensation Using PV Interfacing Inverter. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4(2), 816-827. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2013.2238262.

Nathangashree, D., Ramachandran, L., Senthilkumar, S., & Lakshmirekha, R. (2016). PLC Based Smart Monitoring System for Photovoltaic Panel Using Gsm Technology. International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering, 5(2), 251-255.

Sangwongwanich, A., Yang, Y., Sera, D., & Blaabjerg, F. (2021). Interharmonics from Grid-Connected PV Systems : Mechanism and Mitigation 3rd International Future Energy Electronics Conference and ECCE Asia (IFEEC 2017-ECCE Asia), 2017. IEEE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1109/IFEEC.2017.7992128.

Senthilkumar, S., Mohan, V., & Krithiga, G. (2023). Brief Review on Solar Photovoltaic Parameter Estimation of Single and Double Diode Model Using Evolutionary Algorithms. International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research, 10(1), 64-78. https://doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v10.i1.2023.1291.

Senthilkumar, S., Mohan, V., Deepa, R., Nuthal Srinivasan, M., Kumar, T. S., Thanikanti, S. B., & Prathap, N. (2023). A Review on MPPT Algorithms for Solar PV Systems. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 11(3), 25-64. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v11.i3.2023.5086.

Senthilkumar, S., Mohan, V., Mangaiyarkarasi, S. P., & Karthikeyan, M. (2022). Analysis of Single-Diode PV Model and Optimized Mppt Model for Different Environmental Conditions. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4980843.

Senthilkumar, S., Prathap, N., Senthilkumar, T., Parthasaradi, V., & Devarajan, D. (2023). Energy Saving Solar Powered Led Street Lights with Automatic Intensity Control. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 6(10), 1-4.  

Tey, K. S., & Mekhilef, S. (2020). Modified Incremental Conductance Algorithm for Photovoltaic System Under Partial Shading Conditions and Load Variation. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 61(10), 5384-5392. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2014.2304921.