STREET CHILD MANAGEMENT POLICY AT SOCIAL OFFICE OF MAKASSAR CITY, INDONESIA

 

Aras Solong ¹, Mariati Rahman ¹, Dzulqarnain Aras ², Andi Alim ³

 

¹ Department of Public Administration, University of Makassar Islamic, Makassar City, Indonesia

² Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Muhammadiyah Bulukumba, Indonesia

³ Department of Public Health, University of Pejuang Republic Indonesia, Makassar City, Indonesia

 

1. INTRODUCTION

According to the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (2001), street children are children who spend part of their time earning a living or roaming the streets or other public places. Their ages ranged from 6 years to 18 years. In addition, the Directorate of Child Welfare, Family and Elderly Departemen Sosial RI. (2001), explained that street children are children who spend most of their time earning a livin    g or roaming the streets or other public places, their age ranges from 6 years to 18 years. Any time spent on the road more than 4 hours in one day. Basically, street children spend their time on the street to make a living, either voluntarily or by coercion from their parents.

The State of Indonesia regulates child protection in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection (2002), namely regarding all activities to guarantee and protect children and their rights so that they can live, grow, develop and participate optimally by their dignity. human dignity and receive protection from violence and discrimination.

Social protection and security are the rights of every citizen as mandated in the 1945 Constitution article 27 paragraph 2: "Every citizen has the right to work and a living that is worthy of humanity". Furthermore, article 34 paragraph 2 of the Amendment to the 1945 Constitution of 2002 states that, "The state develops a social security system for all the people." Several other articles in the 1945 Constitution emphasize the importance of a decent living for every citizen, for example, article 31 paragraph 1 "Every citizen has the right to education". Article 34 paragraph 1 "The poor and neglected children are cared for by the state". The reality of street children or abandoned children is a problem that is in the public spotlight and needs to get the attention of the central and regional governments to overcome it Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, (2002).

Humans have the instincts to live together with other people in harmony. Every human being has physical and mental needs that are difficult to fulfil alone, so he works together to achieve some values. He needs to eat, drink, have a family and move safely, and so on. Communities have common goals and aspirations to be achieved through joint efforts, for this it is necessary to determine binding plans, which are embodied in policies by the authorities, in this case, the government. Promoting the general welfare is an ideal formulated by the founders of this nation. The welfare that we want, and we will make it happen, is of course a prosperous society based on Pancasila, a prosperous society that is socially just, which is realized based on cooperation and togetherness. This prosperous society can of course only be achieved by humans who have a national identity, by the values ​​contained in Pancasila.

And vice versa, a strong state will not last long if it is unable to create the welfare of its people. The state is a political institution or institution which is a manifestation of the togetherness/collectivity of a group of people to create goodness, welfare, and social justice for all its citizens. As described in the Child and Family Services Review process, there are three welfare variables. Three welfare variables are conceptualized in the following framework, namely: first, welfare in the sense that families have an increased capacity to meet the needs of their children. This concept includes consideration of the needs and services of children, parents and foster parents and the involvement of children, youth, and families in problem-solving planning. Second, children and youth receive appropriate services to meet their educational needs. Third, children and youth receive adequate services to meet their physical and mental health needs Hess & Mallon (2005).  The former is the most common and broadest in scope.

While special protection is protection given to children in emergencies, children who conflict with the law, children from minority and isolated groups, children who are exploited economically and or sexually, children who are trafficked, children who are victims of drug, alcohol, psychotropic abuse, and other addictive substances (drugs), child victims of abduction, sale, trafficking, child victims of both physical and/or mental violence, children with disabilities, and children who are victims of abuse and neglect.

These social problems are urgent public problems to be handled through a transparent and accountable service approach. This government policy seems to have not been properly actualized. Currently, street children are still a serious problem, especially in the provincial capital and big cities including Makassar City. Their presence often creates various problems with urban traffic, order, and security. Urbanization of informal sector job seekers, labourers and pedicab drivers from other districts is increasing. This condition indicates the increasing number of poor families and children who take to the streets to make a living.

The existence of street children in Makassar City can be seen in public places such as at the intersection of the Reformasi Toll Road, Andi Pangeran Pettarani Street and Sultan Alauddin Street, and many more. The increasing existence of street children causes bad conditions in Makassar City. Therefore the government issued a Makassar City Regional Regulation, namely Makassar City Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2008 concerning the Development of Street Children, Homeless, Beggars and Buskers in Makassar City (2009).

Street children or commonly abbreviated as street children are portraits of the lives of children who are on the streets every day and we can easily find them in every part of the city, such as in the city of Makassar. Their age is relatively young and should still be in the learning stage and feel an education should not live as street children. Some street children around Makassar City depend on cleaning their car windows using a duster when the traffic light is red. Some work as travelling cake sellers, tidying up shoes in mosques, and beggars who always expect mercy from everyone they meet, be it on the streets, mosques, markets, entertainment venues, restaurants, and other crowded places.

Various efforts have been made by the government in dealing with the problem of street children. However, along with the progress of the times and the current economy in Indonesia with rising prices for basic goods, cases of street children are also increasing. Their conditions and problems also vary, ranging from limitations in fulfilling basic needs, poor health, low educational participation, and social conditions. The phenomenon of street children is a clear illustration that the fulfilment of children's rights is still far from expectations. The condition of street children who have to work on the streets indirectly eliminates the rights that children should receive. education, playing with friends his age and doing other things that can support his growth as a human being. Under such circumstances, researchers are interested in examining more deeply the role of Social Service in dealing with Street Children in Makassar City. The inclusion of welfare matters in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, according to Asshiddiqie (2005), the Indonesian constitution can be called an economic constitution and even a social constitution. Based on these various backgrounds and thoughts, the authors conducted a study entitled, Policies for Handling Street Children at the Makassar City Social Service Office.

 

2. METHOD

2.1. Types of research

The research conducted in this research is qualitative. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. According to Strauss and Corbin in Creswell & Poth (2016), what is meant by qualitative research is a type of research that cannot be obtained using statistical procedures, qualitative research in general can be used in researching people's lives. The reason for using qualitative is the experience of researchers where this method can be used to find and understand the meaning of a phenomenon that is sometimes difficult to understand. Descriptive qualitative research seeks to describe, record, analyze, and interpret current conditions Mardalis. (1999).

Sugiyono. (2011), states, a qualitative research method is a research method based on post-positivism philosophy, used to research natural object conditions, (as opposed to experiments). Where the researcher is the key instrument, sampling of data sources is done purposively and snowball, the collection technique is tri-angulation (combined), data analysis is inductive or qualitative, and the results of qualitative research emphasize meaning rather than generalization.

 

2.2. Location and Time of Research

This research examines the service strategy that occurs in the Makassar City Social Service. 50 Makassar City. The research time ranges from 2 months starting from December 2019 to January 2020, while this time is considered sufficient to complete the research. The first stage of the research was to take care of the administration of permits and develop research interview guidelines followed by the next stage, namely data collection and data processing.

 

2.3. Data source

Sources of data in this study are divided into two types, namely primary data and secondary data: 1) Primary data is primary data or core data obtained directly from research informants involved in this study, considering that data collection will be carried out by interview, all data obtained the results of the interviews can be said to be primary data, the information received in the interviews is then processed to answer research questions. Hendri (2009), suggests that primary data is information that is collected primarily for an ongoing investigation. 2) Secondary data is supporting data that has a function to support, complement, and strengthen research results. In this study secondary data can be in the form of all supporting documents obtained from government agencies, it can also be in the form of publications such as books, journals, magazines, and other literary sources, which presumably can be a complement that strengthens the results of researchers. This secondary data will be accessed online and offline to obtain the completeness of the data expected by the researcher.

 

2.4. Research Informants

The technique for determining informants in this study was carried out by purposive sampling, namely determining informants based on personal considerations. The process of selecting informants with personal considerations according to the research topic, in which researchers select informants based on the needs and considerations required by researchers Satori & Komariah (2013). The general criteria of the selected informants were based on their involvement and knowledge of cases dealing with street children.

Given the large number of officers who are likely to become informants and considering the time of the research and the constraints that may be encountered in the field, the researcher estimates taking 5 main informants from the Social Service officers as the party carrying out the service strategy and 2 people from street children as supporting informants who received services from the Makassar City Social Service office.

   

 

2.5. Research Instruments

The instrument used in this research is an interview guide, which contains research questions that will be asked by researchers to informants. The questions asked are related to the formulation of the research problem and are open. These questions can develop in the field according to the understanding and response of the informants.

 

2.6. Data collection technique

The data collection techniques used in this study were carried out in the following way:

2.6.1.  Observation

Is a direct observation activity in the field by researchers to see directly the conditions that occur in the field. According to Widiawati (2014), in her writing observation is a method of research that is carried out intentionally, planned, and systematically through observing social phenomena that occur at certain times. Observation also helps researchers to obtain research documents.

 

2.6.2.  In-depth interviews

Interviews are a data collection method carried out by researchers by preparing a guideline containing structured questions that presumably can provide answers to research results precisely and correctly. The interviews were conducted directly in the sense that researchers could meet directly with research informants to ask questions or use auxiliary media such as telephone and e-mail to collect information from research informants if the researcher was faced with certain obstacles such as informants who were not in place at a certain time.

 

2.6.3.  Documentation

This method is a way of collecting data to produce important records related to the problem under study so that complete, legitimate data will be obtained, and not based on estimates by taking existing data and available in document records. This documentation was obtained from secondary data in the form of photos, as well as field notes such as laws and regulations related to dealing with street children in social service offices in Makassar City.

 

2.6.4.  Library research

Is data collection carried out by researchers by utilizing existing library sources, such as books, journals, magazines, and newspapers? This data is used to assist the processing of primary data obtained from interviews with informants, which can then support and strengthen research results. The sources of literature in this study are secondary data.

 

2.7. Data Analysis Techniques

Data analysis is an attempt to break down a problem or focus of study into parts (decomposition) so that the structure or arrangement of the form of the thing being described is clearly visible and therefore the meaning can be more clearly understood, or the problem is more clearly understood. Qualitative data is a source of extensive descriptions that are firmly grounded, and contain explanations of the processes that occur in the local environment. With qualitative data, whether in the form of interview data, we can follow and understand the chronological flow of events, and assess cause and effect within the scope of research.

Miles and Huberman in Sugiyono. (2010), there are four lines of qualitative data analysis, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. First, data collection is a way of collecting the necessary data by the research objectives; Second, data reduction is a selection process, focusing attention on simplifying, abstracting, and transforming raw data that emerges from written records in the field. Data reduction is a form of analysis that sharpens, classifies, directs, and discards unnecessary, organizes data so that conclusions can be drawn; Third, the presentation of data is an activity when a set of information is compiled, thus giving the possibility of drawing conclusions and taking action. The form presentation of qualitative data is in the form of narrative text, or it can also be in the form of charts or tables where this form combines arranged information in a form that is easy to understand; Fourth, the researcher concludes continuously while in the field. From the beginning of data collection, the qualitative researcher begins to search for the meaning of things, noting regular patterns (in theory notes), explanations, possible configurations, causal flows, and propositions. Conclusions are verified during research, one of which is by reviewing field notes, dialogue, and extensive efforts to place findings in other supporting data sets Agusta (2003).

Figure 1

Figure 1 Interactive Qualitative Data Analysis According to Miles and Huberman Sugiyono. (2010)

 

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Government Policy in Handling Problems of Street Children at the Makassar City Social Service Office

The concept of a welfare state is certainly very appropriate to describe how the state should act in the interests of its citizens. The welfare state refers to "the active role of the state in managing and organizing the economy" which includes the responsibility of the state to ensure the availability of basic welfare services at a certain level for its citizens. Regarding social welfare itself, we can see the social conditions in an area, social conditions or quite a big social problem, namely the problem of street children.

In connection with the problem of street children, in the social service module for street children, there are 3 models of service for street children according to the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (2006), namely:

 

3.1.1.  Community Based Social Services

Social services for street children are developed in the community, based on where the child lives and the family. This service is carried out by involving all children and families of street children and all other community members in the service process. This service aims to prevent children from poor families, especially children who have a high risk of becoming street children. Efforts are made so that they may not have the opportunity to get involved in the street and it is possible for them to be returned to their families.

Based on Makassar City Regional Regulation No. 2 of 2008 concerning the Development of Street Children, Homeless, Beggars and Singers in Makassar City (2009), which was carried out by the Makassar city social service in collaboration with the police and civil service police collect data and monitor by forming a team patrol around all areas, this assistance focuses on the environment where there are lots of street children and public places. "This service aims to prevent street children in the category of children working on the street from falling into the trap of becoming criminals. Efforts are made for them to live decent lives. This is in line with the results of an interview with Mr Khaidar Hamzah S.S.T.P (Head of Social Rehabilitation) who stated that the patrol team consisting of Social Service employees collaborated with the Civil Service Police Unit and police officers to collect data and foster street children.

 

3.1.2.  Street Based Social Services

Social services for street children are developed in the street environment or other public places where street children live their lives on the streets. This service is carried out by involving all street children with parties who intersect with the lives of street children in the service process. The purpose of this service is to prevent street children in the category of children working on the street from falling into the trap of becoming criminals. Efforts are made for them to live life as before and be reunited with their families. Social services for street children are focused on the community environment, based on where they live. This service involves all families and street children, as well as all members of the community. In this service, the goal is to prevent children from poor families who have a high risk of becoming street children. So that they don't have the opportunity to take to the streets and be sure to be returned to their families."

 

3.1.3.  Centre Based Social Services

Social services for street children are developed in special service institutions in the form of orphanages or the like. Children are taken from the street environment or other public places. They are given facilities to be able to live life as before. In addition, this service is carried out to isolate them from an environment that can make them behave in violation of norms. This service aims to heal street children from the physical, psychological, and social injuries they experience. They receive this service for an unlimited period and after recovering from the influence of street children's life, they can then be returned to their families.

Children caught in raids will be recorded and then rehabilitated. This service aims to heal them from the physical, psychological, and social injuries they have experienced, after recovering from the influence of street children's lives, then they can return to their families. They are given guidance and facilities during their rehabilitation. As the results of the interview on Monday, December 23, 2019, researchers with Mr Kamil Kamaruddin, SE, Social Rehabilitation staff said that:

"Of the three social service models, the City of Makassar uses the Center Based Social Services model, where they are given skills in an institution or rehabilitation centre, then given business capital to develop their skills. After they are given business capital in the form of equipment, the government continues to control the business they run.

 

3.2. Factors Inhibiting and Encouraging Government Policy in Handling Street Children Problems at the Makassar City Social Service Office

There are several inhibiting and motivating factors in dealing with street children, namely:

 

3.2.1.  Inhibiting Factors

3.2.1.1. Insufficient Quantity of Human Resources

Quantitatively owned resources are still inadequate. The reality that occurs in many cases of handling street children shows that in dealing with cases of street children, not a few officers or executors are needed, while conditions in the field show that the number of officers is very small, so it is not by a large number of street children to be handled. The imbalance in the number between officers and street children is usually a loophole that allows the handling of street children not to run as it should.

 

3.2.1.2. Budget Limitations

The government as the holder of power has certainly made efforts to deal with street children, and one of the steps taken is to provide a budget. However, from year to year, the increasing number of street children makes the government need a large budget, not to mention the government also has to spend a lot of money in other fields, this then encourages the government to have limited budgets that can be used to handle street children so that in general street children cannot be handled optimally.  

 

3.2.1.3. Insufficient Facilities and Infrastructure

Handling street children requires a place and also transportation that supports it. When officers carry out raids on street children, this must be supported by adequate facilities and infrastructure so that the duties of a social worker can run well. However, the visible conditions indicate that the facilities and infrastructure used by officers are inadequate. In addition, it takes a large place to accommodate street children to maximize services, but the capacity that can be borne by one building usually has limitations so street children cannot be handled optimally.

 

 

 

3.2.1.4. People's Habits that are Difficult to Change

Society is a group of people who can be said to have very sensitive feelings, so they tend to sympathize with small children on the streets, especially those who have economic limitations. The general picture that occurs in Makassar City shows that people do not hesitate to give money to street children. This habit leads to an attitude of seeking profit for some people, so that indirectly instead of assisting, this action can encourage an increasing number of street children because in their understanding this kindness is a sign of profit-taking. So that certain parties can exploit children under age.

The habit of people giving money to street children makes it difficult for the Makassar City Sports Youth Social Service to control the number of street children. Many street children feel "easy" working on the streets to earn money because many people feel sorry for them.

 

3.2.1.5. Unstable Community Economy

The problem of street children is related to economic problems which have been a problem for the government. The lack of employment opportunities makes some people, especially those who have the role of head of the family, have limited ability to meet the basic needs of the family, this sometimes also makes them unable to provide or fulfil children's basic needs such as education and health.

This limitation then encourages children to help the economy by doing odd jobs to make a little money for the family. Many parents or families do not have sufficient income, requiring children to be able to meet their own needs and those of their families by working on the streets.

 

3.2.1.6. Not Strict Implementation of Mayor Regulations

The Mayor's Regulation is a technical guideline for implementing regional regulations that have been set in dealing with street children's problems. In the absence of a Perwal, this condition has become an obstacle for the Youth and Sports Social Service in overcoming the problem of street children in the city of Makassar. Based on the results of the interview on Tuesday 24 December 2019. Mr Haidar Hamzah, S.S.T.P as the Head of Social Affairs stated that:

"There are several factors that become obstacles in carrying out the handling of street children, one of which is the resistance we receive from street children and people who take advantage of these children. And the most dominant inhibiting factor is the habit of the people who always give money to street children."

 

3.2.2.  Driving Factors

3.2.2.1. Strength of Vision and Mission with Community Conditions

Based on the vision and mission carried out by the Makassar Youth and Sports Social Service, it is quite clear that the Youth and Sports Social Service is trying to create community welfare, in this case dealing with the problems of street children in Makassar City by the demands and conditions of society.

 

 

3.2.2.2. Adequate Quality of Human Resources

In terms of the quality of human resources, in this case, the employees owned by the Makassar City Youth and Sports Social Service, are sufficient. But still have to improve the capabilities and skills possessed to support overcoming existing social problems.

 

3.2.2.3. Commitment of Stakeholders

In tackling the problem of street children, the Makassar City Youth and Sports Service has the same commitment as the government, the private sector, in this case, NGOs and orphanages and the community.

 

3.2.2.4. Stable Political Condition

The current political situation in Makassar City does not have a significant influence on the handling of street children in Makassar City, in other words, there is no direct influence on the decisions taken by leaders in dealing with street children considering the current political situation.

 

3.2.2.5. Fairly Good Community Participation

Community participation can be seen in the form of community involvement in overcoming the problem of street children. Community involvement in overcoming the problem of street children can be seen in the existence of orphanages or Children's Social Protection Homes which were established based on community initiatives and managed independently.

 

3.2.2.6. Cooperation with Other Parties

The cooperation carried out by the Makassar City Social Youth and Sports Service in overcoming the problem of street children is not only with government agencies such as the Health Office, the Education Office, and the Civil Service Police Unit but also with the community. The existence of cooperation with other parties is expected to support the implementation of street children handling programs so that organizational goals can be achieved.

 

3.2.2.7. Existence of a Regional Regulation on Handling Street Children

Makassar City Youth and Sports Social Service in addressing the problem of street children refers to Makassar City Regional Regulation No. 2 of 2008 concerning the Development of Street Children, Homeless, Beggars and Singers in Makassar City (2009). The existence of regional regulations as a legal basis will provide a strong position for the Makassar City Sports Youth Social Service in dealing with street children in Makassar City. Based on the results of the interview on Tuesday 24 December 2019. Mr Haidar Hamzah, S.S.T.P as the Head of Social Affairs stated that:

"In carrying out our patrols, we consist of employees of the social service office in collaboration with the Civil Service Police Unit and police officers to collect data and foster street children. Those are some of the motivating factors in carrying out the handling of street children”.

 

The existence of street children is influenced by several other factors such as poverty because their parents do not have a job background or no education. This is also caused by the high unemployment rate and low level of education owned by the people of Makassar City. Some children live on the streets because they are influenced by their friends, seeing their friends on the street, so they go too. Other factors influence it, such as the location of residence where street children usually live or settle down, eventually, they also go out on the street. A small number of street children also come from wealthy families, but because of the influence of their friends, they also become street children. Not a few of the street children were found using drugs. They did not immediately use methamphetamine but used illegal drugs such as Tramadol, sucking glue, and small drugs that were rheumatic drugs such as Destromethophan as a substitute for methamphetamine. Those who are infected with drugs are not immediately brought to the National Narcotics Agency but are taken to the Compulsory Reporting Service Institution. Based on the results of the interview on Monday, December 23, 2019. Mr. Kamil Kamaruddin, SE, as Rehsos staff said that:

"Those who are infected with drugs are not immediately taken to the National Narcotics Agency but are taken to the Compulsory Report Service Institution. So, the Compulsory Reporting Service Institution that we usually use, namely IPK2L on Jln. Faisal No. 18. They will receive rehabilitation there until they are completely cured and then put in an orphanage.”

The Office of Social Affairs is working with the Office of Education to improve education for those who are not in school, namely by holding several packages, such as Packages A, B, and C. Package C is given to those who wish to attend junior high school. The Office of Social Affairs and the Office of Education themselves have tried to send them to school when their parents didn't have the money, in the sense that when the parents don't have more school fees, they try to give their children free education from the government. Social welfare can be seen in the government's efforts to provide services to its citizens. In Makassar City itself, in this case regarding social welfare, especially on social issues related to fostering street children, the government made a policy contained in Makassar City Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2008 Concerning the Development of Street Children, Homeless, Beggars and Singers in Makassar City (2009).

Concerning the driving and inhibiting factors in fostering street children in social services in the city of Makassar, it turns out that they are not different from the results of research by Fadoli & Rostyaningsih (2017),  in their thesis entitled "Implementation of programs for handling street children in the city of Semarang in 2015 concluded that the driving factors include communication, disposition regarding community acceptance of the policy of fostering street children, while the results of inhibiting factors include inadequate resources, lack of coordination with several agencies.

 

3.3. Guidance in Handling Street Children Problems at the Makassar City Social Service Office

Thus, to strengthen the results of the research, the researchers' assumptions about the guidance of street children in the social service office of the city of Makassar are sufficiently proven. The form of coaching carried out by the Makassar City Social Service in collaboration with related agencies, namely:

 

 

 

3.3.1.  Prevention Development

Prevention measures are activities carried out in a planned and organized manner to prevent street children from appearing on the streets through monitoring, data collection, socialization research, supervision and control carried out to improve the standard of living of street children. Activities or activities carried out by the prevention handling program include data collection, outreach, monitoring, control, and supervision.

Based on Makassar City Regional Regulation No. 2 of 2008 concerning the Development of Street Children, Homeless, Beggars and Singers in Makassar City (2009), prevention guidance is carried out by the government and/or the community to prevent the development and expansion of the number of distribution and complexity of problems that cause children on the streets, vagabonds, beggars and buskers. Based on the results of the interview on Tuesday 24 December 2019. Mr Haidar Hamzah, S.S. T.P as the Head of Social Rehabilitation stated that:

"Street children disrupt the flow of traffic at several intersections in Makassar City, such as at the Jl. Urip Sumohardjo. It is from this problem of street children that the social service organizes in collaboration with the Civil Service Police Unit and the police, which then from the social service itself carries out data collection and coaching in this case coaching in the form of mental skills and guidance”.

Based on the statement above, it is explained that the initial step taken by the Social Service in collaboration with the Civil Service Police Unit and the Police was to collect data and provide guidance in the form of guidance and prevention. This data collection can be identified by name, gender, address, education and school address, parents' names, parents' occupations, and the main problems faced so that they take to the streets as beggars, buskers, homeless people, and so on. These data are the initial data which is used as a reference in carrying out further coaching. This data also provides an outline of the number of street children to carry out further activities.

The Social Service in collaboration with the Civil Service Police Unit and the Police conducted several monitoring and data collection using mobile patrols throughout Makassar City. This patrol team emerged because of the existence of a Working Group between agencies and Regional Work Units which have the authority to handle street children by Makassar City Regional Regulations. Some of these Working Groups are from the Courts, the Police, Civil Service Police Units, and the National Education Department. This patrol team also has 1 team. The Patrol Team consists of the Civil Service Police Unit which acts as an enforcer of Regional Regulations, and the Police as Backup and security for the Social Service. Based on the results of the interview on December 25, 2019. Mr A. Aditya, S.ST a Social Rehabilitation staff, said that:

“The Working Group Team works when there are several problems, for example, a child is about to be tried. However, recently, or maybe it has been several years that the Working Group team has not been active or has not carried out its duties, because the meeting has never been held again. This trial is held when there are children who have problems. Throughout the session held by the Working Group team, there have been 2 children who have been imprisoned because of exploitation issues.

Patrol activities are held to prevent street children from engaging in activities such as begging, busking, selling tissues and so on. But there is a slight difference between beggars and those who sell. As was the result of the interview on 26 December 2019. Ms Suhartiny S, SE, MM a Rehsos staff said that:

"Actually, for children who sell on the side of the road, we can't do much because this is not our job, but the job of trading. We only take action in the form of a warning for those who are considered to be of mature age. But because children are selling, so we provide a child protection law.”

Based on the conversation above, it can be explained that the relevant agencies cannot take action to take street children who are selling on the street just like that, because of the Child Protection Act. The Law on Protection in question is the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 of 2002 Concerning Child Protection (2002), with the consideration that the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia guarantees welfare for each of its citizens, including the protection of children's rights which are human rights. The rights of the child, it is contained in Article 1 paragraph 2 which reads that "Child Protection is all activities to guarantee and protect children and their rights so that they can live, grow, develop and participate optimally by human dignity and worth, and receive protection from violence and discrimination”. Article 1 paragraph 12 also states that "Children's rights are part of human rights that must be guaranteed, protected and fulfilled by parents, family, community, state, government and local government". Regarding children selling on the street, the researchers also interviewed on January 10, 2020, with one of the school-age street children named Firna Safitri. The results of the interviews with researchers are:

“I went to school, but because my father was no longer around, I joined my grandmother selling on the street. Because my mother is sick at home. While I have three younger siblings. Once I was taken by Civil Service Police Unit officers together with the Social Services, but after a few days, I was sent home because my grandmother came to the Social Services. I also don't want to be put in a rehabilitation centre, because if I don't make money for my mother and sister, then who will? Instead of me going to steal, I should join my grandmother selling”.

Based on the results of the researcher's interview with Firna Safitri, it can be said that the child has no other choice but to sell on the street. Children who initially went to school eventually became street children selling due to parents who did not have a good economic background. the researcher also interviewed on January 10, 2020, with one of the school-age street children named Daus. The results of the interviews with researchers are:

“In my opinion, working as a busker is natural. Apart from the fact that I am so interested in art, this work is also not too hard for young people who don't have a permanent job or are schoolboys like me. If asked about the problem of rehabilitation, I'm not willing. Because I also go to school, on the other hand, I also have to find the money for my snacks at school. Busking is also not entirely my will, but my parents also don't have steady jobs. Sometimes he works as a construction worker, sometimes he sells newspapers, and sometimes he is also called to be a cleaner. If the government directly provides business capital assistance that would be better in my opinion. For example, given capital to sell t-shirts like those on several roads. What is clear is that if you want me to go to the rehabilitation centre, what my brother said, I don't want to."

Based on the results of the interviews between the researcher and the busker children above, it can be said that socialization between children who have socio-economic problems is very important. This is because they do not know much about the form of rehabilitation that is being carried out by the government. The researcher also concluded that busking is an option when there is no money for school. Regarding the Regional Regulation on street children, the Makassar City Social Service has socialized about the existence of a regional regulation as a binder and also as information regarding the prohibition for the general public not to get into the habit of giving money and buying the streets.

 

3.3.2.  Advanced Development

Regional Regulation of the City of Makassar Number 2 of 2008 Concerning the Development of Street Children, Homeless, Beggars and Singers in the City of Makassar (2009), article 11 states that further coaching is carried out for street children, homeless beggars and buskers as an effort to minimize or free public places from street children, homeless people, beggars and buskers.

Advanced coaching is coaching that focuses on reducing the number of street children, homeless people, beggars, and buskers who carry out activities on the streets. They will be given guidance in the form of social rehabilitation and schooling for school-age children. Follow-up training is also carried out by continuing to patrol public places in Makassar City, especially places where there are lots of street children. Those found on the street, they will be taken directly to the police station for further data collection and investigation, then taken to an orphanage as their new place of residence. This is the form of application of Makassar City Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2008 Concerning the Development of Street Children, Homeless, Beggars and Buskers in Makassar City (2009). This activity was not carried out by the Social Service alone, but there was cooperation carried out with the Civil Service Police Unit and the Police, as well as the community who contributed to the development of these street children. Not infrequently some students participate as a form of social service to people with social problems. Mobile patrols carried out by Social Services and related agencies are not just patrols, but also socialization to those living on the streets, especially socialization with their parents. Because most of the children who are on the street are the result of exploitation or the background of their parents, who live mostly on the street.

 

3.4. Social Rehabilitation in Handling Problems of Street Children at the Makassar City Social Service Office

Article 19 concerning social rehabilitation efforts in Makassar City Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2008 Concerning the Development of Street Children, Homeless, Beggars and Buskers in Makassar City (2009), states that social rehabilitation efforts are carried out to strengthen the level of social welfare of service recipients so that they can do it again social function in the governance of social life.

The implementation of social rehabilitation activities carried out by the social service in collaboration with rehabilitation centre institutions for street children, homeless people, beggars, and buskers is carried out within a certain period, by developments while participating in the program. Rehabilitation coaching is carried out in different forms according to the needs of each individual. Street children who are of school age will be given free school assistance. Whereas street children who are at a fairly mature age or in a productive age will be given mental/spiritual guidance, physical guidance, social guidance, and provision for the world of work. There are several explanations regarding the implementation of guidance including:

 

 

3.4.1.  Mental Guidance

Mental or spiritual guidance, namely by forming attitudes or behaviour, both individually and in groups. The formation of these attitudes and behaviours is expected to have a positive effect on those who are netted when they are returned to the community. In providing mental or spiritual guidance some things are done in it, namely by providing religious guidance, guidance on morals, and guidance on norms in life. The researcher also interviewed on January 10, 2020, with one of the school-age street children named Daus. The results of the interviews with researchers are:

“While I was in rehabilitation at home, my heart/talent was given guidance on the importance of religious values ​​in my life, I was also given guidance on the importance of respecting people who are older and who are easier than us. we are all given guidance on manners, as well as guidance on norms in life”.

 

3.4.2.  Physical Guidance

Providing physical guidance is carried out in providing activities, such as activities that include sports, and arts, and carrying out health checks. This activity is carried out to maintain and restore health and physical fitness. When a health check is carried out it turns out that someone is experiencing health problems, it will be stopped in the process of providing rehabilitation guidance in the orphanage. Termination of rehabilitation coaching means that it is only temporary because those who are found to have health problems are first referred to get health services or health insurance and then continue rehabilitation coaching in social institutions. The researcher also interviewed on January 10, 2020, with one of the school-age street children named Daus. The results of the interviews with researchers are:

"Every morning we do several morning activities such as sports, and gymnastics, and we also do cooperation activities once a month. I feel this place is like home and school”.

 

3.4.3.  Social Guidance

The social guidance provided aims to motivate these children and develop their awareness and responsibility as members of society. In addition, the provision of social guidance can solve social problems faced by street children, both individually and in groups. Social guidance activities lead to aspects of harmony and togetherness in community life, to create awareness and social responsibility both in the community and in the work environment. The researcher also interviewed on January 10, 2020, with one of the school-age street children named Daus. The results of the interviews with researchers are:

"In this place, I was taught how to live independently and be a leader for ourselves, we were also taught how to build harmonious bonds of brotherhood, and more importantly we were often reminded to be responsible children."

Social guidance is intended to develop social awareness and responsibility as well as the ability to adapt to the social environment or the order of life in society. This social guidance develops and steadily increases awareness of social responsibility to interact when doing out bonding, a game that is quite challenging and requires concentration, both energy and mind and requires cooperation.

 

 

3.4.4.  Skills Guidance

The provision of skills training carried out in the rehabilitation centre is carried out in collaboration between the orphanage and related agencies such as private companies. The implementation of skills training that was carried out beforehand can be known to the skills possessed by each individual to be given a stimulant in the form of providing work equipment to develop the skills possessed. When he is considered capable of making money from the results of his skills, then he is released. Being released means not being released just like that, but being facilitated to be placed in companies that need workers or returning to their families or their environment to develop their skills in the form of business. As the results of the interview on Monday, December 23, 2019. Mr Kamil Kamarudin, SE Social Rehabilitation staff said that:

"The form of rehabilitation coaching that we do varies, such as life skills, so children who want to be trained will be given skills according to their age. Then there is also something called child empowerment. Skills training is carried out according to the development and wishes of the child and by sufficient funds, some are 1 month, 2 months and even up to 6 months. So far in terms of job creation, we provide packages according to the skills they have”.

Based on the results of these interviews, it can be said that several forms of skills rehabilitation have been attempted and carried out by the social service in collaboration with relevant agencies. In the rehabilitation coaching, including the problem of empowering children, which the author will then discuss.

In line with the results of research on dealing with street children at the Makassar City social service office by the results of Fadoli & Rostyaningsih (2017), entitled Implementation of the Street Child Management Program, it was concluded that the prevention of street children is carried out with a prevention program, namely: activities carried out in a planned and organized manner to prevent the increasing number of children on the streets through patrolling, monitoring, approach, supervision, and control. Another program is rehabilitation, a rehabilitation program through a social shelter for children that aims to provide guidance and supervision to street children.

This social rehabilitation program has a goal to align the suitability of the program with what the target needs. The targets of the social rehabilitation program are street children who roam the streets or children who are employed by their parents. The presence of children on the street will endanger them and also have an impact on order and comfort that is lacking in the eyes of society. Therefore, these children need to be fostered, guided and given the training to free them from living on the streets which is not appropriate for children of their age. This social rehabilitation management program was systematically staged in its implementation. They are given mental/spiritual guidance, physical guidance, social guidance, and provision for the world of work.

 

4. CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the previous research and discussion, the researcher draws the following conclusions: 1) Street children development, namely: a) road-based coaching; the purpose of this service is to prevent street children with the category of children who work on the street, so they don't fall prey to and become perpetrators of crime. It endeavoured that they lead a decent life; b) community-based coaching; Social services for street children are focused on the community environment, based on where they live. This service involves all families and street children, as well as all members of the community. In this service, the goal is to prevent children from poor families who have a high risk of becoming street children. So that they do not have the opportunity to take to the streets and be sure to be returned to their families; c) centre-based coaching; Children caught in raids will be recorded and then rehabilitated. The purpose of this service is to heal them from the physical, psychological, and social injuries they have experienced, after recovering from the influence of street children's lives, then they can return to their families. They are given guidance and facilities during their rehabilitation. 2) In handling street children there are several driving factors, namely: a) The quantity of human resources is insufficient; b) Budget limitations; c) Inadequate facilities and infrastructure; d) People's habits that are difficult to change; e) The community's economy is unstable; f) Not Strict Implementation of Mayor Regulations. While the driving factors in handling street children are: a) Strength of vision and mission with the conditions of society; b) Adequate quality of human resources; c) Commitment of stakeholders; d) Stable political conditions; e) Community participation is quite good; f) Cooperation with other parties; and g) There is a Regional Regulation regarding the handling of street children. 3) Fostering street children on prevention, namely, holding data collection and coaching in the form of guidance and prevention. While follow-up coaching, namely, freeing public places from street children, homeless people, beggars, and buskers. This coaching focuses on continuing to patrol public places. The last form of coaching is social rehabilitation coaching, namely, providing mental/spiritual guidance, physical guidance, social guidance, and provision for the world of work.

Based on the conclusions from the research results, the researchers provide the following suggestions: 1) Makassar City social services should add personnel in the field of social rehabilitation, especially in the street children development section, so that the patrols that are carried out every day can run optimally; 2) It is better for the Makassar city government to make strict regulations for street users and the public so that they no longer give money to street children they meet because this habit will make it easy for street children to get money and will become a habit; 3) The government needs to guide parents not to use children to earn income. More precisely, the government must conduct socialization regarding child protection laws.  

 

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

None. 

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

None.

 

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