STUDY OF PHENOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF PLANTS OF LOWER TANAWAL, ABBOTTABAD, PAKISTANAdeela Bibi 1 1 Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra-21300, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. |
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Received 16 November 2021 Accepted 5 December 2021 Published 31 December 2021 Corresponding Author Adeela
Bibi, adeelabibi4@gmail.com DOI 10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i12.2021.4415 Funding:
This
research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public,
commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Copyright:
© 2021
The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.
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ABSTRACT |
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The
purpose of this research study to explore the phonological behavior of plants
of Lower Tanawal, Pakistan. The phenology of the 286 plants species belonging
to 86 families from 80 stands of the Lower Tanawal Pakistan were documented
during the different season of the year. It was observed that maximum
flowering was recorded in March-April whereas maximum fruiting was noted in
June-July. Plant phenology provides knowledge about the effects of
environment on flowering and fruiting behavior. This is the first research
work on phenology of plants of Lower Tanawal because no work was done on the
phenology in past. |
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Keywords: Phenology,
Lower Tanawal, Environment 1. INTRODUCTION The Lower Tanawal located
in District Abbottabad, Province Khyber–Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The Lower
Tanawal located between the Mansehra in the North and the Haripur to the
South, and nearby to the Northeast of the Tarbela Lake (Figure 1). The border of
Lower Tanawal starts from the village Paswal which is away from Abbottabad on
short distance Bibi et al. (2019). The Lower
Tanawal is part of the Lesser Himalayas Hussain and Illahi
(1991), Gazetteer of the
Hazara District (2000). 2. PLANT PHENOLOGY Phenology receives much
attention because of global and regional climate change on vegetation.
Phenology can also be influenced by geographical factors. The timing of
life-cycle of plants events plays an important role in environmental (Zhang
et al., 2006). Phenology is governed by
numerous environmental factors, like temperature and moisture Dewald and Steiner
(1986). Phenology of
plants plays an important role in structured and function of ecosystems Cleland et al. (2007). Changes in
plant phenology are due to the early response to global climate change.
Because different plant species respond to climate change at different rates Parmesan (2007), Fitter and Fitter
(2002), Root et al.,
2003). |
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Figure 1 Location Map of Lower Tanawal,
Pakistan |
3. METHODOLOGY
The Lower Tanawal,
District Abbottabad, Pakistan was chosen for the phonological behavior of
plants of Lower Tanawal. This research study was conducted during 2016-2018. By
using Line transect method the 80 localities of Lower Tanawal were selected for this purpose.
The study area was frequently visited
for collection of data. Data was documented in the field notebook.
4. RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
This research study
reveals that in past no such study has been conducted on phenology of Lower
Tanawal as well as no proper records is present. Thus, our study provides
complete information about phonological behavior of plant species of Lower
Tanawal. The flowering and fruiting stages of 286 plant species were documented
in different seasons. The
maximum flowering was recorded in
March-April (31.11%) followed by March-May (26.22%), while minimum flowering was documented in May-July (0.34% (Figure 2).
The maximum fruiting was noted in June-July (19.93%)
then May-June (19.23%) while minimum fruiting was noted during
August-October (1.04%) followed by September-October (0.34%) (Figure 3).
The detail about phenology of plants is given in (Table-1).
|
S. No. |
Plant Name |
Family |
Flowering |
Fruiting |
|
1.
|
Acacia mearnsii De wild. |
Fabaceae |
May-June |
July-Aug |
|
2.
|
Acacia modesta
Wall. |
Fabaceae |
May-June |
Apr-July |
|
3.
|
Fabaceae |
Apr-May |
June-July |
|
|
4.
|
Acer
pseudoplatanus L. |
Sapindaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
5.
|
Achyranthes
aspera. L |
Amaranthaceae |
Mar-Apr |
July-Aug |
|
6.
|
Adiantum
capillus–veneris L. |
Pteridaceae |
May-June |
Sep-Oct |
|
7.
|
Aerva javanica (Burn.f.)
Juss.ex Shult. |
Amaranthaceae |
Mar-Apr |
June-July |
|
8.
|
Aesculus
indica (Wall.ex cambss.) Hook. |
Sapindaceae |
May-June |
June-Sep |
|
9.
|
Lamiaceae |
Mar-May |
June-Aug |
|
|
10.
|
Fabaceae |
Mar-May |
May-Sep |
|
|
11.
|
Allium
griffithianum Boiss. |
Amaryllidaceae |
Mar-May |
June-July |
|
12.
|
Alliaria
petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara |
Brassicaceae |
Mar-Apr |
June-Aug |
|
13.
|
Allium
stipitatum Regel |
Amaryllidaceae |
Apr-May |
June-July |
|
14.
|
Alnus
nitida (Spach.) Endl. |
Betulaceae |
June-July |
Aug–Oct |
|
15.
|
Amaranthaceae |
Apr-May |
July-Aug |
|
|
16.
|
Amaranthus
viridis L. |
Amaranthaceae |
Mar-Apr |
June-July |
|
17. |
Anagallis arvensis
L. |
Primulaceae |
Mar-Apr |
June-July |
|
18.
|
Asteraceae |
Apr-June |
July-Sep |
|
|
19.
|
Asteraceae |
Apr-May |
July-Aug |
|
|
20.
|
Angelica
arguta Nutt. |
Apiaceae |
Mar-June |
June-Aug |
|
21.
|
Euphorbiaceae |
Apr-June |
June-July |
|
|
22.
|
Primulaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
|
23.
|
Apiaceae |
Apr-June |
June-July |
|
|
24.
|
Argemone
Mexicana L. |
Papaveraceae |
May-July |
Aug-Oct |
|
25.
|
Arisaema
flavum (Forssk.) Schott |
Araceae |
Apr-June |
July-Aug |
|
26.
|
Aristida cyanantha
Steud. |
Poaceae |
Apr-June |
June-July |
|
27.
|
Artemisia
absinthium L. |
Asteraceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
28.
|
Asteraceae |
Apr-May |
June-July |
|
|
29.
|
Arundo
donax L. |
Poaceae |
June-
July |
July-Sep |
|
30.
|
Asparagus
adscendens Roxb. |
Asparagaceae |
Apr-May |
May-Aug |
|
31.
|
Asparagus
officinalis L. |
Asparagaceae |
Mar-June |
June-Aug |
|
32.
|
Asphodelaceae |
Apr-July |
July-Sep |
|
|
33.
|
Asplenium
ceterach. L |
Aspleniaceae |
June-July |
July-Aug |
|
34.
|
Asplenium
trichomanes L. |
Aspleniaceae |
June-July |
July-Aug |
|
35.
|
Astragalus
leucocephalus Grah. ex Benth. |
Fabaceae |
Mar-May |
June-July |
|
36.
|
Barleria
cristata L. |
Acanthaceae |
Mar-June |
June-Sep |
|
37.
|
Bauhinia
variegata L. |
Fabaceae |
Mar–Apr |
May-June |
|
38.
|
Berberis
lycium Royle |
Berberidaceae |
Mar-June |
June–July |
|
39.
|
Biden
pilosa L. |
Asteraceae |
Mar-June |
July-Aug |
|
40.
|
Boerhavia
diffusa L. |
Nyctaginaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr- May |
|
41.
|
Bothriochloa
ischaemum (L). Keng. |
Poaceae |
Apr-May |
June-July |
|
42.
|
Bromus
tectorum L. |
Poaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
43.
|
Broussonetia
papyrifera L. |
Moraceae |
Apr-May |
May-July |
|
44.
|
Buddleja
asiatica Lour. |
Buddlejaceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
45.
|
Caesalpinia
pulcherrima (L.) Sw. |
Fabaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-June |
|
46. |
Calamintha hydaspidis (Falconer
ex Benth.) |
Lamiaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-June |
|
47.
|
Calamintha
nepeta L. |
Lamiaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
48.
|
Calamagrostis
acutiflora (Schrad.) DC. |
Poaceae |
Mar-May |
June-July |
|
49.
|
Campanula
leucoclada Boiss. |
Campanulaceae |
Apr-June |
June-July |
|
50.
|
Cannabis
sativa L. |
Cannabaceae |
Mar-June |
Mar-June |
|
51.
|
Canna
indica L. |
Cannabaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
52. |
Capsella bursa Raf. |
Brassicaceae |
Mar-May |
June-Aug |
|
53.
|
Cardamine
hirsuta L. |
Brassicaceae |
Mar–Apr |
May-June |
|
54.
|
Carduus
nutans L. |
Asteraceae |
Apr-May |
June-Sep |
|
55. |
Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines |
Apocynaceae |
Apr-June |
June-July |
|
56. |
Caryopteris odorata (Ham. ex Roxb.). |
Verbenaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-June |
|
57.
|
Asteraceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
|
58.
|
Cedrela
serrata Royle |
Meliaceae |
Apr-May |
June-July |
|
59.
|
Celtis
australis L. |
Cannabaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr–June |
|
60.
|
Chenopodium
album L. |
Chenopodiaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-May |
|
61.
|
Chenopodium
ambrosioides L. |
Chenopodiaceae |
Mar-May |
June-July |
|
62.
|
Chenopodium
vulgare L. |
Chenopodiaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
63.
|
Chrysopogon
serrulatus Trin. |
Poaceae |
Mar-May |
June-July |
|
64.
|
Cichorium
intybus L. |
Asteraceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
65.
|
Asteraceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
|
66.
|
Cissampelos
pareira L. |
Menispermaceae |
Apr-June |
June-July |
|
67.
|
Citrullus
colocynthis (L.) Schrad. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Apr-June |
June-Sep |
|
68.
|
Clematis
grata Wall. |
Ranunculaceae |
June-July |
July-Sep |
|
69.
|
Clematis
graveolens Lindl. |
Ranunculaceae |
June-July |
July-Sep |
|
70. |
Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. |
Lamiaceae |
Apr-June |
June-July |
|
71.
|
Commelina
virginica L. |
Commelinaceae |
Apr-June |
June-Sep |
|
72.
|
Convolvulus
arvensis L. |
Convolvulaceae |
Mar-June |
June-Sep |
|
73.
|
Conyza
Canadensis L. |
Asteraceae |
Mar-June |
June-Sep |
|
74.
|
Cornus
macrophylla Wall. |
Cornaceae |
June-July |
July-Aug |
|
75.
|
Coronopus
didymus(L) Sm. |
Brassicaceae |
Apr-May |
June-Aug |
|
76.
|
Cotinus
coggygria Scop. |
Anacardiaceae |
Apr-June |
June-July |
|
77.
|
Cotoneaster
integerrimus L. |
Rosaceae |
Apr-June |
June-Sep |
|
78.
|
Rosaceae |
Apr-May |
May-July |
|
|
79.
|
Rosaceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
|
80.
|
Crotalaria
rotundifolia J.F. Gimel. |
Fabaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-June |
|
81.
|
Cuscuta
reflexa Roxb. |
Cuscutaceae |
Mar-Apr |
June-July |
|
82.
|
Roaceae |
Mar-June |
June-July |
|
|
83.
|
Cynodon
dactylon (L.) Pers. |
Poaceae |
Mar-June |
June–Sep |
|
84.
|
Apiaceae |
Apr–May |
June-July |
|
|
85.
|
Cyperus
iria L. |
Cyperaceae |
Mar-May |
June-Aug |
|
86.
|
Cyperus
niveus Retz. |
Cyperaceae |
Mar-May |
June-Aug |
|
87.
|
Cyperus
esculentus L. |
Cyperaceae |
Mar-May |
June-Aug |
|
88.
|
Daphne
mucronata Royle |
Thymelaeaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
89.
|
Debregessia
salicifolia D. Don |
Urticaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-July |
|
90.
|
Delbergia sisso
Roxb. |
Fabaceae |
Mar-May |
May-Aug |
|
91.
|
Delphinium
grandiflorum L. |
Ranunculaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
92. |
Delphinium roylei Munz. |
Ranunculaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-June |
|
93.
|
Deschampsia
cesiptosa L. |
Poaceae |
Mar-May |
June-Aug |
|
94.
|
Desmodium
elegan DC. |
Fabaceae |
Apr-May |
June-Sep |
|
95.
|
Desmodium
gangeticum L. |
Fabaceae |
Mar-May |
June-July |
|
96.
|
Fabaceae |
Apr-May |
June-July |
|
|
97.
|
Dicliptera
bupleuroides Nees |
Acanthaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Mar-June |
|
98.
|
Digera
muricata (L). Mart. |
Amaranthaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-June |
|
99.
|
Diospyros
lotus L. |
Ebenaceae |
June–July |
Sep-Oct |
|
100. |
Dodonaea
viscosa (L.) Jacq. |
Sapindaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Aug-Oct |
|
101. |
Duchesnea
indica (Jacks.) Focke. |
Rosaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-May |
|
102. |
Dryopteris
marginalis (L.) A. Gray. |
Dryopteriaceae |
May-June |
June-july |
|
103. |
Echinops
echinatus Roxb. |
Asteraceae |
Mar-May |
June-Aug |
|
104. |
Elaeagnus
umbellata Thumb |
Elaeagnaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Mar-July |
|
105. |
Eleusine
indica (L.) Gaertn. |
Poaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-June |
|
106. |
Eremostachys
superba Royle. ex. Benth. |
Lamiaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
107. |
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl |
Rosaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-June |
|
108. |
Eryngium
billardieri L. |
Umbelliferae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
109. |
Eucalyptus
globulus Labill. |
Myrtaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-May |
|
110. |
Euphorbia
hirta L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
111. |
Euphorbia
peplus L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Mar-May |
June-July |
|
112. |
Ficus
benghalensis L. |
Moraceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-June |
|
113. |
Ficus
palmata Forssk. |
Moraceae |
Apr-June |
June-Sep |
|
114. |
Ficus
recemosa L. |
Moraceae |
Apr-May |
May-June |
|
115. |
Fumariaceae |
Apr-May |
Mar-June |
|
|
116. |
Gallium
aparine L. |
Rubiaceae |
Apr-May |
June-July |
|
117. |
Gallium
circaezans Michx. |
Rubiaceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
118. |
Gallium
spurium L. |
Rubiaceae |
Apr-May |
May-June |
|
119. |
Gallium
triflorum Michx. |
Rubiaceae |
Apr-June |
June-July |
|
120. |
Gentianaceae |
Apr-June |
June-July |
|
|
121. |
Geraniaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-June |
|
|
122. |
Geranium
rotundifolium L. |
Geraniaceae |
Mar-May |
May-Sep |
|
123. |
Geranium
robertianum L. |
Geraniaceae |
Mar-May |
May-Sep |
|
124. |
Grewia optiva J.R. Drumm. ex Burret |
Tiliaceae |
Mar–Apr |
Apr-June |
|
125. |
Gymnosporia royleana Wall. ex M.A. |
Celastraceae |
Mar-June |
June-July |
|
126. |
Hedera
helix L. |
Araliaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
127. |
Heliotropium
bacciferum Forssk. |
Boraginaceae |
Apr-May |
May-Aug |
|
128. |
Heracleum
sphondylium L. |
Apiaceae |
Apr-May |
May-Aug |
|
129. |
Hypericum foliosum Aiton |
Hypericaceae |
Mar–Apr |
Apr-June |
|
130. |
Hypericum
perforatum (L.) Schult. |
Hypericaceae |
Mar–Apr |
May-Aug |
|
131. |
Imperata
cylindrica L. |
Poaceae |
Apr-May |
May-June |
|
132. |
Impatien
glandulifera Royle |
Balsaminaceae |
Mar–Apr |
June-July |
|
133. |
Fabaceae |
Apr-May |
May-June |
|
|
134. |
Indigofera
linifolia (L.F.) Retz. |
Fabaceae |
Mar–Apr |
Apr-June |
|
135. |
Convolvulaceae |
Mar–May |
May-June |
|
|
136. |
Convolvulaceae |
Apr-May |
June-July |
|
|
137. |
Lamiaceae |
Mar–Apr |
Apr-May |
|
|
138. |
Jasminum
humile L. |
Oleaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
139. |
Juglan
regia L. |
Juglandaceae |
May-June |
June-July |
|
140. |
Justicia
adhatoda L. |
Acanthaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-May |
|
141. |
Justicia
pectoralis Jacq. |
Acanthaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
142. |
Kickxia
ramosissima Wall. |
Scrophulariaceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
143. |
Lactuca
indica L. |
Asteraceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-May |
|
144. |
Lactuca
serriola L. |
Asteeaceae |
May-June |
June-July |
|
145. |
Lamium
album L. |
Lamiaceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
146. |
Lannea
coromandelica (Houtt). Merr |
Anacardiaceae |
Apr-June |
July-Aug |
|
147. |
Lantana
camara L. |
Verbenaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-June |
|
148. |
Boraginaceae |
Apr-May |
May-June |
|
|
149. |
Lathyrus
aphaca L. |
Fabaceae |
Apr-May |
May-June |
|
150. |
Asteraceae |
Mar-June |
June-July |
|
|
151. |
Lepidium
didymium L. |
Brassicaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
152. |
Rubiaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
|
153. |
Lespedeza
juncea Linn.f |
Fabaceae |
Mar-June |
June-July |
|
154. |
Linum
corymbulosum Rchb. |
Linaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-June |
|
155. |
Limonium echioides (L.) Mill. |
Mar-May |
May-Sep |
|
|
156. |
Carprifoliaceae |
Mar-June |
June-July |
|
|
157. |
Malvaceae |
Mar-May |
May-Sep |
|
|
158. |
Mallotus
philippensis (Lam) Muell.Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Feb-Apr |
Apr-May |
|
159. |
Malva neglecta Wallr. |
Malvaceae |
Mar-June |
June-July |
|
160. |
Marrubium
vulgare L. |
Lamiaceae |
Mar-May |
June-July |
|
161. |
Melia
azedarach L. |
Meliaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
162. |
Medicago
denticulata Willd. |
Fabaceae |
Apr-May |
May-June |
|
163. |
Medicago
polymorpha L. |
Fabaceae |
Mar-June |
June-July |
|
164. |
Melilotus
indicus (L). All. |
Fabaceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
165. |
Mentha arvensis L |
Lamiaceae |
Mar-June |
June-Sep |
|
166. |
Mentha
longifolia (L.) Huds |
Lamiaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
167. |
Lamiaceae |
Apr-May |
May-June |
|
|
168. |
Mirabilis
jalapa L. |
Nyctaginaceae |
Apr-May |
May-June |
|
169. |
Morus
alba L. |
Moraceae |
June-July |
Aug-Sep |
|
170. |
Morus
nigra L. |
Moraceae |
June-July |
Aug-Sep |
|
171. |
Myrsine
africana L. |
Primulaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
172. |
Brassicaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
|
173. |
Plantaginaceae |
Apr-July |
Aug-Sep |
|
|
174. |
Nannorrhop
ritchiana (Griff). Aitchison. |
Arecaceae |
Apr-July |
Aug-Sep |
|
175. |
Nepeta
cataria L. |
Lamiaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-May |
|
176. |
Nepeta
ciliaris Benth. |
Lamiaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-July |
|
177. |
Notholirion
thomsonianum (Royle) Stapf |
Liliaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-May |
|
178. |
Oenothera
rosea L. Her. ex Aiton |
Onagraceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
179. |
Olea
ferruginea Royle. |
Oleaceae |
Apr-May |
May-June |
|
180. |
Boraginaceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
|
181. |
Cactaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
|
182. |
Origanum
vulgare L. |
Lamiaceae |
Apr-May |
June-Sep |
|
183. |
Otostegia
limbata (Benth.) Boiss. |
Lamiaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-July |
|
184. |
Oxalis
corniculata L. |
Oxalidaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
185. |
Parthenium
hysterophorus L. |
Asteraceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
186. |
Pennisetum
orientale. Rich. |
Poaceae |
Mar-May |
June-July |
|
187. |
Pentanema
vestitum Wall.ex. DC |
Asteraceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
188. |
Periploca
aphylla. Decne. |
Apocynaceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
189. |
Perilla
frutescens (L) Britton. |
Lamiaceae |
Mar-May |
June-July |
|
190. |
Phleum
alpinum L. |
Poaceae |
Mar-June |
June-July |
|
191. |
Phleum
arenarium L. |
Poaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-July |
|
192. |
Pimpinella stewartii Nasir |
Apiaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
193. |
Pinus
roxburghii Sarg. |
Pinaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
194. |
Pistacia
integerrima J.L. Stewart. ex. Brands. |
Anacardiaceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
195. |
Plantago
lanceolata L. |
Plantaginaceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
196. |
Plumbago
zeylanica L. |
Plumbaginaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
197. |
Poa
balfourii Auct. |
Poaceae |
Apr-May |
June-July |
|
198. |
Poa
poiformis Labill |
Poaceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
199. |
Polygala
abyssinica R.Br.ex. Fresen. |
Polygalaceae |
Apr-May |
May-June |
|
200. |
Polygala
vulgaris L. |
Polygonaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
201. |
Polygonum
plebeium R.Br. |
Polygonaceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
202. |
Polygonum
viviparum L. |
Polygonaceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
203. |
Populus
alba L. |
Salicaceae |
Apr-May |
May-July |
|
204. |
Rosaceae |
Mar-May |
Mar-June |
|
|
205. |
Prunus
amricana Marsh |
Rosaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
206. |
Prunus
domestica L. |
Rosaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
207. |
Prunus
persica (L.) Batsch. |
Rosaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
208. |
Psidium
guajava L. |
Myrtaceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
209. |
Punica
granatum L. |
Punicaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
210. |
Rosaceae |
Mar-May |
May-Aug |
|
|
211. |
Pyrus
pyrifolia (Burm) Nak. |
Rosaceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
212. |
Pyrus
communis L. |
Rosaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-July |
|
213. |
Quercus
incana Bartram |
Fagaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr–May |
|
214. |
Randia tetrasperma (Wall. ex Roxb.)
Benth. |
Rubiaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
215. |
Ranunculus
muricatus L. |
Ranunculaceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
216. |
Ranunculus
parviflorus L. |
Ranunculaceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
217. |
Linaceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
|
218. |
Rhamnaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
|
219. |
Rhynchosia
tomentosa (L) Hook & Arn. |
Fabaceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
220. |
Ricinus
communis L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Mar-May |
June-July |
|
221. |
Rosa
brunonii L. |
Rosaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
|
222. |
Rosa
moschata Herrm. |
Rosaceae |
Mar-
May |
May-July |
|
223. |
Robinia
pseudoacacia L |
Fabaceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
224. |
Rubia
cordifolia L. |
Rubiaceae |
Apr-June |
July-Oct |
|
225. |
Rubia
manjith Roxb. |
Rubiaceae |
Mar-May |
July-Oct |
|
226. |
Rubus
ellipticus Sm. |
Rosaceae |
Mar-June |
June-July |
|
227. |
Rubus
fruticosus Hook.f. |
Rosaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-June |
|
228. |
Rubus
sanctus Schreb. |
Rosaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
229. |
Rumex
dentatus L. |
Polygonaceae |
Apr-May |
May-June |
|
230. |
Rumex
hastatus D. Don. |
Polygonaceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
231. |
Rumex
nepalensis Spreng |
Polygonaceae |
Mar-June |
June-Aug |
|
232. |
Salix
acmophylla Boiss. |
Salicaceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
233. |
Lamiaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-June |
|
|
234. |
Lamiaceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
|
235. |
Sapindus
mukorossi Gaertn |
Sapindaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-Aug |
|
236. |
Saussurea
heteromalla
(D. Don) Hand-
|
Asteraceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
237. |
Scabiosa
candollei Wall. |
Dipsaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-May |
|
238. |
Scabiosa
ochroleuca L. |
Caprifoliaceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
239. |
Scandix
pectin –veneris L. |
Apiaceae |
Mar-May |
May-Aug |
|
240. |
Scilla
griffithii Hochr. |
Hyacinthaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-July |
|
241. |
Scrophularia
dentata Royle. ex. Bentham |
Scrophulariaceae |
Mar-May |
May–Sep |
|
242. |
Sedum
sarmentosum Bunge |
Crassulaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-June |
|
243. |
Senecio
aquaticus Hill. |
Asteraceae |
Mar-May |
June-July |
|
244. |
Malvaceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
|
245. |
Sisymbrium
irio L. |
Brassicaceae |
Feb-Apr |
Apr-May |
|
246. |
Silene
conoidea L. |
Caryophyllaceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
247. |
Smilax
-bona-nox L. |
Smilacaceae |
Mar-May |
May-Sep |
|
248. |
Smilax
china L. |
Smilacaceae |
Apr-May |
May-Sep |
|
249. |
Smilax
rotundifolia L. |
Smilacaceae |
Mar-May |
May-Sep |
|
250. |
Solanum
erianthum L. |
Solanaceae |
Apr-May |
May-June |
|
251. |
Solanum
incanum L. |
Solanaceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
252. |
Solanum
nigrum L. |
Solanaceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
253. |
Solanum surattense L. |
Solanaceae |
Apr-May |
May-July |
|
254. |
Sonchus
asper (L.) Hill |
Asteraceae |
Apr-May |
June-July |
|
255. |
Sonchus
oleraceus (L.) Hill |
Asteraceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
256. |
Rosaceae |
Mar-May |
June-Aug |
|
|
257. |
Stachys
emodi. Hedge. |
Lamiaceae |
Apr-May |
May-June |
|
258. |
Spiraea
vaccinifolia D. Don |
Rosaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-July |
|
259. |
Stellaria
alsinoides Boiss. |
Caryophyllaceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
260. |
Stellaria
media (L.) Vill. |
Caryophyllaceae |
Mar-May |
May–Sep |
|
261. |
Strobilanthes
efloraofindia C.B. Clarke |
Acanthaceae |
Mar-May |
May-Aug |
|
262. |
Strobilanthes
oliganthus Miq. |
Acanthaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-Aug |
|
263. |
Symplocos
recemosa Roxb. |
Symplocaceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
264. |
Tagetes
minuta L. |
Asteraceae |
Apr-May |
June-July |
|
265. |
Taraxacum
officinale L. |
Asteraceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-May |
|
266. |
Tricholepis
angustifolia-DC |
Asteraceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-Aug |
|
267. |
Trichodesma
indicum(L)R. Br. |
Boraginaceae |
Mar-May |
May-July |
|
268. |
Tridax
procumbens L. |
Asteraceae |
Mar-May |
May-June |
|
269. |
Trifolium
repens L. |
Fabaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-Aug |
|
270. |
Ulmus
villosa Brandes.ex. Gamble |
Ulmaceae |
Mar-May |
May-Sep |
|
271. |
Verbena
officinalis L. |
Verbenaceae |
Apr-May |
June-July |
|
272. |
Veronica
stewartii Pennel |
Plantaginaceae |
Apr-July |
July-Sep |
|
273. |
Verbena
tenuisecta Briq. |
Verbenaceae |
Mar-May |
Mar-May |
|
274. |
Verbascum
Thapsus L. |
Scrophulariaceae |
May-June |
June–Sep |
|
275. |
Viburnum
cotinifolium L. |
Caprifoliaceae |
Apr–May |
May-July |
|
276. |
Vicia
hirsuta (L.) Gray. |
Fabaceae |
Mar-June |
July-Sep |
|
277. |
Vicia
sativa L. |
Fabaceae |
Mar-May |
Mar-June |
|
278. |
Viola
Odorata L. |
Violaceae |
Mar–Apr |
Apr-May |
|
279. |
Vitex
negundo L. |
Verbenaceae |
Apr-May |
May-Aug |
|
280. |
Vitis
vinifera L. |
Vitaceae |
Mar-Apr |
Apr-July |
|
281. |
Woodfordia
fruticosa (L.) Kurz. |
Lythraceae |
Feb–Apr |
Apr-June |
|
282. |
Xanthium
strumarium L. |
Asteraceae |
Mar-May |
Mar-June |
|
283. |
Zanthoxylum
armatum Dc. |
Rutaceae |
Apr-May |
May-June |
|
284. |
Ziziphus
oenopila L. |
Rhamnaceae |
Feb-Apr |
Apr-June |
|
285. |
Rhamnaceae |
Mar-May |
Mar-June |
|
|
286. |
Ziziphus
jujuba Mill. |
Rhamnaceae |
Mar-Apr |
May-June |
These results are in line with the Kikim and Yadava (2001) they
stated that in the Sub-tropical forests of Manipur India mostly flowers occur
from April to September. The change in climatic conditions can affect the
flowering period of plant species. These results are also in accordance with Khan et al. (2016) who indicated that maximum flowering was noted in the
month of March-April in Sathan Galli Hill, Pakistan. Our findings are also
agreed with Amjad et al. (2013) who described the phenological behavior of
plants from Nikyal Valley, Pakistan and reported that maximum fruiting was
observed in June.
This study would be
helpful in knowing the timing of different phenological phases of the plants
which can be of interest to people of the area who wish to plan their gardens
round the year. This study would also be helpful for making comparison over
long time. For example, if there is any change in the phenological behavior of the
same plant species in next 5 years. Then such study could not be possible at
this time as no relative literature is available for this area.
The period of
maximum flowering activity in the months of spring agreed with the observations
of Pilar and Gabriel. Flower development periods of the same plant species
seems to be important in increasing the chances of pollinations as proposed by
Ollerton and Lack.The changes in phonological behavior of plants are due to the
temperature and rainfall Parmesan (2007).
The study provides information about change in climatic conditions which affect
the flowering period of plant species.
People of the study area are usually unaware of the importance of phenology in their daily lives. The present understanding of phenology is significant to help people know how plant species respond to climate change.
|
|
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|
Figure 2 Graph showing flowering period of plant species |
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