downstream, that comprises refining and marketing of oil and gas Vassiliou (2018).

Nevertheless, the above activities by the firms are not performed in a vacuum; there must be an environment where these operations are carried out for profit maximization purposes and good success Idowu (2014). The inclusion of financial, surroundings of corporation’s operationalization, people’s wellbeing, and welfare which would be integral aspect of firms’ activities, modality, morality, conscientious efforts, consensus, which can be monitored and evaluated by company’s management and auditors is called Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Carroll (2016), Mogaka (2016). 

CSR generally deals with social matters. For example, the area of CSR would classically be refining access to schooling and learning amongst indigenes and public, giving them better health care chances and refining their ecological environments Freeman and Dmytriyev (2017).

 In light of the above, this study therefore seeks to investigate effect of CSR on investment efficiency (IE) of quoted oil and gas firms in Nigeria in order to ascertain whether CSR has positive or negative effect on CSR performing firms.

 

1.2.          Statement of the problem

A lot of studies have been carried out on effect of CSR on financial performance, but very few have been done on effect of CSR and/or investment efficiency. Past works studied the effect of CSR on investment efficiency in developed countries Benlemlih and Bitar (2015) & Cook, et al, 2018, but very few studies have been conducted in developing countries especially in Nigeria. Several researchers claim that great CSR participation is connected with high corporation’s performance and greater corporation value Benlemlih and Bitar (2015). CSR undertakings could also cause clashes of interest amongst interested parties (Krüger, 2015).

The main discrepancy between this study and the above past studies is that this study examines effect of CSR on investment efficiency of quoted oil and gas in Nigeria since less work has been specifically done on this very sector peculiarly in Nigeria. The study is based on the technique of quantitative analysis of effect of CSR using the audited annual reports and accounts of oil and gas firms quoted on the floor of Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) as at 31^st December, 2019.

 

1.3.          Research Hypotheses

The null hypotheses formulated for this study are as below:

Ho₁:  CSR Charitable Donation Expenditure does not significantly affect the investment efficiency of oil and gas firms in Nigeria.

Ho₂:  There is no significant relationship between CSR Expenditure on Education and investment efficiency of oil and gas firms in Nigeria.

Ho₃:  There is no significant relationship between CSR Societal Expenditure and investment efficiency of oil and gas firms in Nigeria

Ho₄:  CSR Health Expenditure does not significantly affect investment efficiency of oil and gas firms in Nigeria.

Ho₅:  CSR Environmental Expenditure does not have significant effect on investment efficiency of oil and gas firms in Nigeria.

Ho₆:    There is no significant relationship between CSR Sports Expenditure and investment efficiency of oil and gas firms in Nigeria.

 

 

 

1.4.          Scope of the study

The study is delimited to seven (7) oil and gas firms quoted on the floor of NSE as at December 31st, 2019 due to availability of disaggregated CSR data. The study covered a period of ten (10) years (2010-2019). Whereas year 2010 was chosen as a significant year because that is the year that “Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development (NOGICD)’’ was established, year 2019 made it a decade (10 years) to ensure reasonable and reliable results since all the annual reports are available on these dates.

 

2.     LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1.          Concept of CSR                                                                     

According to Mallouh and Tahtamouni (2018), when a company is no longer operationally myopic on its charitable obligations to such vicinity where it operationalizes and esteems the wellbeing of its immediate surroundings where itself is the citizen and plays a role of a responsible citizenry, it becomes a step further to boost their financial wellbeing. CSR can be looked at as a deliberate action to both internal and external stakeholders which go beyond the purview of Law (Amodu, 2017). Carroll (2016) stated that in general, CSR specifically might have showcased its comprehension to mean strategies with implementation that businesses introduced to ensure that people, corporation investors, other than business owners, are protected and considered in the way they strategized and operationalize.

 

2.2.          Forms of CSR in Oil and Gas Firms in Nigeria

1)     Corporate Social Responsibility Charitable Donation Expenditure (CSRCDE): Such humanitarian gestures could be in sort of financial (currency assistances) or non-financial like food stuff, apparel, houses, relief materials, services, clothing, toys, food, vehicle, donation of blood and transplant Madugba and Okafor (2016), Ohaka and Ogaluzor (2018).

2)     Corporate Social Responsibility Expenditure on Education (CSREDE): These expenses for examples are studentship awards, young people’s improvement exercise and the provision of learning amenities, donation of houses and equipment to improve the coaching with educational setting, purchase of stationeries, donation of school bus, building of classroom blocks, computers to schools, award of scholarships to indigent pupils and students from poor homes and intelligent children as an encouragement, building and donating staff quarters to teachers Ezeji and Okonkwo (2016), Madugba and Okafor (2016), Tijani et al. (2017).

3)     Corporate Social Responsibility Societal Expenditure (CSRSE): This among others includes rewards remunerated to workers as expenses incurred towards the public, gifts to public and community (people), rural development, investing in females through giving occupational teaching, occupation and health care spending, security with work of the needy, aids, public benefit provision, social privileges, consumer safety, bodily wellbeing, giving a proportion of profits to community developments Mandal and Banerjee (2015), Mentor (2016), Cho et al. (2019). 

4)     Corporate Social Responsibility Health Expenditure (CSRHE): This is firm’s spending on the aspect of health on both their employees and for community (stakeholders), health need of the needy within the society; reducing the conveyance contamination and pollutions in the surroundings where the firm operates Iqbal et al. (2013).

5)     Corporate Social Responsibility Environmental Expenditure (CSREE): These are costs expended for preservation of the surroundings where operations take place. The expenses are on environmental investment, pollution performance, preservation of natural resources, discarding of manufacturing wastes by using safe means, prevention of noise and air pollution etc. (Jarbou, 2007 as cited in Mallouh and Tahtamouni (2018), Cho et al. (2019).

6)     Corporate Social Responsibility Sports Expenditure (CSRSPE): Agreeing with Jajić and Jajić (2021), ‘aligning the view that, there is existence of a thing other than profit, “the business unceasingly support mutual schemes and gifted persons in the educational arenas, sports, science, technical know-how, well-being, culture and arts’. In addition, to give immense consideration to the mutual popular sports, such as football and basketball, momentous backing is directed towards encouraging development of sports associations related to sports which the government often times gives little or entirely no attention to, like judo, wrestling, karate, biking, skiing, gymnastics and other forms of sports that can bring people like physically challenged youths together Jajić and Jajić (2021).

 

2.3.          Concepts and Measurement of Investment Efficiency (IE)

IE of a company is its capacity to invest in all positive net present value (NPV) projects Anwar and Malik (2020). IE means those ventures with positive NPV where market frictions like unfriendly choice or agency costs are not present Ibrahim and Ibrahim (2021).

 

2.4.          Theoretical Framework

Social Contract Theory                                                                                                               According to Omran and Ramdhony (2015), the historical precedence of this theory started in Hobbes (1946), Rousseau (1968) and Locke (1986).  Donaldson (1982) sights the corporation and societal association in the theoretical point of view. His opinion is that there is an unspoken social agreement that exists among corporation with the people and community. License to operate with regards to this theory originates from standpoint that all firms require implicit and explicit authorization from regimes, societies in relation to other interested parties to participate in Mwangangi (2018).

 

Stakeholders Theory                                                                                                    

The leading scholars of stakeholder theory among others are: Freeman (1984), Savage et al. (1991), Graves et al. (2001), O'Dwyer (2003), Boatright (2003), Wicks et al.  (2004), Wearing (2005), Deegan (2013) etc. as cited in Omran & Ramdhony (2015). Stakeholder theory proposes that a firm’s aim is creation of stakeholder’s value to the best of its ability. Since Stakeholder theoreticians’ opinion that the company is a crew of interested parties within and outside (e.g., shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, creditors, and neighbouring communities)- “Stakeholders,” which was at first referred to as individuals that are influenced by and/or could affect the accomplishment of the firm’s goals (Freeman, 1984), stakeholder theory is the underpinning theory for this research work.

 

2.5.          Empirical Review

Yazdani and Barzegar (2017) investigated ‘Relationship between CSR and investment performance of firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE)’. The work examined the association amidst CSR and investment performance of companies quoted in the TSE. Peculiar and temporary domains are the companies quoted in TSE from 2010-2013, correspondingly. Score for disclosure of CSR and the IE were measured as independent and dependent variables, respectively. The study analyzed the content for determining the level of CSR, a discloser checklist, social responsibility model of Barzegar (2013) and a binary technique are employed. The study is an applied and correlative based on objective, nature and technique. 93 firms were sampled with the aid of systematic elimination. Study outcomes reveal a significant association between CSR and investment performance of firms quoted in TSE.

Ho et al. (2021) studied on ‘How does corporate social performance affect investment inefficiency? The study examines the association amid corporate social performance (CSP) and IE in the Chinese stock market. By means of the distinctive CSP ratings scores from the Rankins CSP Ratings (RKS), the study discover that socially responsible firms are more proficient in their investment. The study also discovers that the impact of CSP in decreasing investment inefficiency is more obvious in overinvestment situations. Also, the study suggests strong and robust proof that CSP significantly increases IE in state-owned enterprises.

Kirsten et al. (2018) study dual vital means by which corporate social responsibility (CSR) influences company worth which are IE and innovation. They establish that companies with greater CSR implementation spend more proficiently: such companies are not disposed to spend in unfavourable NPV ventures (overinvestment) and less prone to sacrifice positive NPV ventures (underinvestment). They as well discover that companies with greater CSR execution produce more rights with patent credentials. Mediation exploration shows that companies with greater CSR execution are highly lucrative and appreciated, consequences partly attributable to proficient reserves and innovation. These outcomes, robust to replacement model stipulations, provide backing to rational hind stakeholder theory.

Lee (2020) carried out an investigation on ‘CSR and Investment Efficiency: Evidence from an Emerging Asian Market. The study aims to examine conflicting opinions of the association between CSR and IE in the main Asian emerging stock (AES) market. Experiential outcomes reveal that CSR significantly alleviates investment inefficiency (II) amongst Taiwanese companies. The finding corroborates the view that socially responsible Taiwanese companies have less agency difficulties and lesser information asymmetry, hence decreasing II. The empirical outcomes as well review that CSR has a more obvious impact in alleviating II for Taiwanese companies with more effective corporate governance. Peculiarly, because of compulsory preparation of CSR reporting, CSR is connected with lesser IE for Taiwanese companies with fragile governance machineries within 2014–2017. The discoveries of the study depict suggestions for government establishments, company executives, and shareholders in terms of CSR policy creation, execution of CSR plans, and running of investment portfolios.

Benlemlih and Bitar (2015) researched on ‘CSR and Investment Efficiency’. The sample size of 21,030 US firm-year interpretations that represent above 3,000 different companies above years 1998-2012. In uniformity with the study prospects that great CSR companies benefit little information asymmetry with great stakeholders’ solidarity, the study discovered significant with robust indication that great CSR participation reduces investment inefficiency which as result enhances investment efficiency. Also, the study findings recommend that CSR components that have direct link with firms’ major undertakings are pertinent in decreasing investment inefficiency as paralleled to those related to secondary stakeholders (e.g., human rights and community involvement). Finally, other outcomes indicated that the effect of CSR on IE is more pronounced during the subprime crisis. Mutually, the outcomes highlighted the vital role which CSR plays in modeling company's investment conduct and efficiency. This is also supported by Benlemlih and Bitar (2018) whose study indicated that high CSR disclosures decrease investment inefficiency and increase investment efficiency.

Zhong and Gao (2017) carried out research and established that CSR disclosures influenced investment efficiency, which can cause reduction of the difficulty of information asymmetry. CSR disclosures motivate and cause companies to finance the environment. A firm is gratified to participate in environmental protection activities to meet its stakeholders’ demands. It indicates that CSR disclosures assists in reduction of information asymmetry and refining investment efficiency. The impact of governance on IE is more with CSR disclosures.

Samet and Jarboui (2017) conducted a study on the topic, ‘How does CSR contribute to investment efficiency?’ The study investigated the direct and indirect association amongst CSR performance with IE. Panel dataset consisting of 398 quoted firms in Europe in the European STOXX 600 from 2009 to 2014. Initial outcome reveals that companies which have more CSR performance venture proficiently. Analysis differentiating two diverse circumstances were conducted: underinvestment and overinvestment. Concentrating on under-investing firms, the study highlight that CSR performance improves their investment levels by moderating information asymmetry. However, for over-investing corporations, CSR performance decreases investment excess by alleviating free cash flow issues. Generally, the findings recommend a part for CSR indirectly bettering firm-level IE by assisting corporations address agency hitches and information asymmetry issues. The link among CSR performance with IE which is positive reveals CSR execution as a means to put smile on stakeholders’ faces. The firms’ CSR undertakings can lead to competitive benefit for the firm especially when caring for environs with the firms’ problem of information asymmetry.

Erawati et al. (2020) carried out a study on ‘The Role of CSR in the Investment Efficiency: Is It Important? The study was on how CSR disclosures aid; mediate between impact family ownership and corporate governance (CG) on investment efficiency. STATA was employed to interpret available data sourced. Sample size was 210 industrial firms quoted on the Indonesian Stock Exchange, which were in the family businesses category from 2016 to 2018. The initial discovery reveals that CSR regulates the impact of family ownership on investment efficiency. The other finding reveals that CSR disclosures can mediate the impact of CG on investment efficiency. CSR undertakings play a key role when making choice, and via CSR disclosures, CG takes a higher impact on investment efficiency.

 

2.6.          Gaps in the Literature

A lot of studies conducted on relationship between CSR and IE is conducted in developed countries. Not much have been conducted in developing countries like Nigeria. The majority of the past studies employed aggregated method of CSR instead of disaggregated method. Also, very few studies have been conducted using oil and gas sector, which has necessitated this study in order to make contributions to knowledge.

Figure 1 Model of the Study Source: Modified Model from the works of Al Qaisi (2019), Ibrahim and Ibrahim (2021)

 

3.     RESEARCH DESIGN                                                                        

The study adopted ex-post facto research design because the secondary data already existed. The information relating to IE on financial statement of oil and gas firms is under their cash flow statements. Owing to this, the net investment cash flows which represent the NPV of projects and investments are used to measure the IE of the quoted oil and gas firms in Nigeria.

 

3.1.          Population of the study and Sampling Design

The population of this study constitutes of the twelve (12) quoted oil and gas firms on the Nigeria Stock Exchange as at 31^st December, 2019. The sample size of seven (7) was chosen from oil and gas firms which CSR reportings are in disaggregated form. Also, some listed oil and gas firms did not quantify (in figures) their CSR report in the audited annual reports and accounts if at all they are practicing CSR which led to selection of seven (7) oil and gas firms (Eterna, Forte Oil, 11plc (Mobil), Mrs Oil, Oando, Seplat and Total Nig. Plc.) which data are available on disaggregated basis.

          

3.2.          Methods of Data Collection

 The study used secondary data that were collected from the annual reports and accounts of the sampled quoted oil and gas firms listed on the NSE as at December 31^st, 2019. The study is delimited to seven (7) oil and gas firms quoted on the floor of NSE as at December 31st, 2019 due to availability of disaggregated CSR data. The study covered a period of ten (10) years (2010-2019). Whereas year 2010 was chosen as a significant year because that is the year that “Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development (NOGICD)’’ was established, year 2019 made it a decade (10 years) to ensure reasonable and reliable results since all the annual reports are available on these years.

 

3.3.          Techniques of data analysis

The statistical methods used are descriptive statistics, multiple regression and variance inflation factor (VIF) to test for multicollinearity. The analysis was conducted with the aid of SPSS Version 23 Software package.                                                                                                           

3.4.          Model Specification and Variable Measurement

3.4.1.   Model Specification

NICF=ƒ (CSRCDE_, CSREDE_, CSRSE_, CSRHE_, CSREE_, CSRSPE, FZ_, FG_, PBIT_, ROA_, EPS) …. (1)

NICF=β₀+β₁CSRCDE_it+β₂CSREDE_it+β₃CSRSE_it+β₄CSRHE_it+β₅CSREE_it+β₆CSRSPE_it+β₇FZ_it+β₈FG_it+β₉PBIT_it+β₁₀ROA_it+β₁₁EPS_it+et_it……………………………………………………....,. (2)

Where:

NICF= Net Investment Cash in flows

CSR=Corporate Social Responsibility,        

CSRCDE= CSR Charitable Donation Expenditure

CSREDE= CSR Education Expenditure,              

CSRSE= CSR Societal Expenditure

CSRHE= CSR Health Expenditure       ,                     

CSREE= CSR Environmental Expenditure

CSRSPE= CSR Sports Expenditure,    

 FZ=  Firm Size,  

 FG=  Firm Growth,

PBIT= Profit before Interest and Tax

ROA= Return on Assets

EPS= Earnings per Share

e= Error term (representing the combined effect of omitted variables),  

 ƒ = functional relationship

β= Coefficient of the independent variables, 

α = a constant,   

it = Dated panel data

 

4.     DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.1.          Regression Results

Since regression analysis consolidates the restrictions of the correlation matrix in data analysis as the result of the latter’s weakness of ability to reveal the track of link amongst surrogates, but cannot show the strength of the link, regression analysis is therefore employed for this study’s analysis Kajola et al. (2017), Kajola et al. (2018).

Table 1 Multiple Regression Results
		Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients	T-value	Sig.
Model		B	Std. Error	Beta
	(Constant)	-1.075	2.044		-0.526	0.601
	CSRCDE	-0.102	0.049	-0.283	-2.082	0.042
	CSREDE	0.48	0.186	0.315	2.582	0.012
	CSRSE	0.615	0.225	0.386	2.727	0.008
	CSRHE	-0.027	0.038	-0.084	-0.715	0.478
	CSREE	-0.011	0.031	-0.037	-0.336	0.738
	CSRSPE	-0.086	0.038	-0.259	-2.226	0.03
	FZ	-0.043	0.086	-0.05	-0.492	0.625
	FG	-0.369	1.265	-0.033	-0.292	0.772
	PBIT	0.246	0.196	0.181	1.25	0.216
	ROA	0.043	0.04	0.129	1.088	0.281
	EPS	0.012	0.037	0.038	0.313	0.755
a.        Dependent Variable: NICF
Source: Output from SPSS Version 23.

 

The table above shows the result of multiple linear regression. The table reveals that both CSRCDE and CSRSPE have significant negative impact on net investment cash inflows of listed DMBs in Nigeria at 5% because their P-values (0.042; 0.030) are less than p-value of 0.05 with negative coefficient values (B) of -.102 and -.086. CSREDE and CSRSE depict significant positive impact on net investment cash inflows of listed DMBs in Nigeria with the P-values, 0.012 and 0.008 respectively with the corresponding positive coefficients (B) values (.480; .615). However, CSRHE and CSREE depict insignificant negative impact on net investment cash inflows of listed DMBs in Nigeria with the p-values 0.478 and 0.738 which are more than 5% (0.05) level of significance. Evidently, their corresponding coefficient (B) values are negative (-.027; & -0.011) as depicted in the table above.

Table 2 Test of Hypotheses
Hypothesis	Coef.	T-value	P-value	Decision
Ho1: CSRCDE does not significantly affect the investment efficiency of oil and gas firms in Nigeria	-0.102	-2.082	0.042	Reject
Ho2: There is no significant relationship between CSREDE and investment efficiency of oil and gas firms in Nigeria	0.480	2.582	0.012	Reject
Ho3: There is no significant relationship between CSRSE and investment efficiency of oil and gas firms in Nigeria	0.615	2.727	0.008	Reject
Ho4: CSRHE does not significantly affect investment efficiency of oil and gas firms in Nigeria	-0.027	-.715	0.478	Accept
Ho5: CSREE does not have significant effect on investment efficiency of oil and gas firms in Nigeria	-0.011	-.336	0.738	Accept
Ho6: There is no significant relationship between CSRSPE and investment efficiency of oil and gas firms in Nigeria	-0.086	-2.226	0.030	Reject
Source: Output from SPSS Version 23

 

The results from the table above 4.5.1 prove that four (4) out of the six (6) null hypotheses formulated for this study are rejected, while two (2) are accepted. It therefore means that four (4) independent variables revealed significant effect on IE of oil and gas firms in Nigeria while two (2) depict insignificant effect. The rule of thumb for the test above is that where p-value is below 5% (0.05) the null hypothesis should be rejected. And if the p-value is exceeding 5% (0.05) the null hypothesis should be accepted Al Qaisi (2019) as in the cases of null hypotheses numbers four and five (Ho_4; Ho₅) above (CSRHE; CSREE) with p-values of 0.478 and 0.738 respectively.

 

4.2.          Model Summary

Table 3 Model Summary
Model	R2	Adj. R2	Prob. > F	Durbin-Watson
1	.438	.331	0.000	1.627
Source: Output from SPSS Version 23.

 

The model summary above reveals the Sig. F change (Prob. > F) of 0.000 which value is below 5% (0.05) level of significance. This implies that the whole model for this study is fit for analysis. From the table above, the coefficient of determination (R²) reveals the extent to which the independent variables explain the dependent variable. It is therefore evidenced that the degree to which variations in dependent variable (NICF) can be explained by independent variables is 43.80%. The Durbin-Watson’s result of 1.627 which is less than 2 portends that the regression model has a good fit.

 

4.3.          Summary of findings

From the results of the findings above, it is discovered that: The results of the significant variables corroborate Benlemlih and Bitar (2015) whose study outcomes highlight the vital role which CSR plays in modeling company's investment performance with efficiency, and Yazdani and Barzegar (2017) whose study outcomes reveal a significant association between CSR and investment performance of firms quoted in TSE. The results are also in tandem with Erawati et al. (2020) who conducted a study on ‘The Role of CSR in the Investment Efficiency: Is It Important? Their results reveal that CSR is indeed important. The results of the significant variables corroborate Zhong and Gao (2017) who carried out research and found that CSR disclosures affect IE significantly.                     

This study substantiates the study of Kirsten et al. (2018) who discover that companies with greater CSR execution produce more rights with patent rights. Intermediation exploration shows that companies with greater CSR execution are highly lucrative and appreciated, consequences partly attributable to proficient reserves and innovation that companies with greater CSR execution produce more rights with patent credentials.

This study upholds Samet and Jarboui (2017) whose study reveals positive link with CSR performance and IE,that executing a CSR approach is a potent means to inspire firm progress and safeguard stakeholders’ benefits. The firm’s CSR undertakings could lead to rivalry benefit for the firm especially when caring for environs with the firms’ problem of information asymmetry. This study is also consistent with Lee (2020) whose study’s empirical outcomes reveal that CSR significantly alleviates amongst Taiwanese companies.

 

4.4.          Conclusion and Recommendations

This study investigated effect of CSR on IE of quoted oil and gas firms in Nigeria. The proxy for IE used by study from audited annual reports of the firms is net investment cash inflows (NICF) while the independent variables are made up of six (6) as proxies used for CSR as found in the annual reports and accounts of the oil and gas firms. Having analysed the results of the findings and test of the formulated null hypotheses, the study therefore makes the following recommendations:

1)     The oil and gas firms should improve their expenditure on CSR Charitable donation expenditure (CSRCDE) and monitor it meticulously against window dressing services.

2)     The executive of these firms should be consistent in CSR Expenditure on Education (CSREDE) since it reveals a positively significant effect on their investment efficiency.

3)     These firms ought to put up with CSR Societal Expenditure (CSRSE) as it indicates positively significant effect on their investment efficiency.

4)     CSR Health Expenditures (CSRHE) on citizenry, community and the environment have to be prioritized irrespective of the degree of association with investment presently.

5)     CSR Environmental Expenditure (CSREE) ought to be stimulated since it is a short-term investment with a long-term benefit.

6)     The firms have to be consistent in CSR Sport Expenditure (CSRSPE) so as to benefit at long run even though it may seem unprofitable now.

 

4.5.          Suggestions for Further Research

This study investigates effect of CSR on IE of oil and gas firm quoted on the floor of NSE as at 31^st December, 2019 in Nigeria. As stated by Erawati et al. (2020), the challenge of IE is a composite challenge that is yet to be broadly investigated, so there exist several prospects for future studies. For generalization purposes of the study’s key findings, prospective study should cover the framework of effect of CSR on IE by bringing into consideration other countries. The study also makes provision for prospective researchers to study other factors which could influence investment efficiency. Prospective research should as well investigate other sectors apart from oil and gas, like mining, quarry, construction etc

 

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APPENDIX

Appendix 1 Population of NSE listed Oil and Gas firms in Nigeria
S/NO.	Company	Ticker	Date Listed
1	11 Plc.	MOBIL OIL	1978
2	Anino International	ANINO OIL	Jan.2, 1990
3	Capital Oil Plc.	CAPOIL	August 11th,1989
4	Conoil Plc.	CONOIL	1989
5	Eterna Plc.	ETERNA OIL	March 8th,1998
6	Forte Oil Plc.	FO OIL	1978
7	Japaul Oil and Maritime Services Plc.	JAPAULOIL	August 10th,2005
8	Mrs Oil Nigeria Plc.	MRS OIL	1978
9	Oando Plc.	OANDO OIL	Feb.24th,1992
10	Rak Unity Petroleum Company Plc.	RAKUNITY	Nov.16th,1987
11	Seplat Petroleum Dev. Co.Plc (MPN)	SEPLAT OIL	April 14th,2014
12	Total Nigeria Plc.	TOTAL OIL	April 20th,1979
Source: http://www.nse.com.ng/issuers/listed-securities/listed-companies and NSE Fact Book (2019).

 

Appendix 2 Sample Size of the Study
S/NO.	Company	Ticker
1	Eternal Plc.	OIL
2	ARDOVA Oil	FORTE OIL
3	11 PLC	MOBIL OIL
4	MRS Oil Nigeria Plc.	MRS OIL
5	OANDO Plc.	OANDO OIL
6	SEPLAT Petroleum Development Co. PLC	SEPLAT OIL
7	TOTAL Nigeria Plc.	TOTAL OIL
Source: NSE Fact Book (2019)

 

Appendix 3 Model Summaryb

Change Statistics

Model

R

R Square

Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

R Square Change

F Change

df1

df2

Sig. F Change

Durbin-Watson

1

.662a

.438

.331

.75266

.438

4.105

11

58

.000

1.627

a. Predictors: (Constant), EPS, FG, FZ, CSREDE, CSRHE, ROA, CSREE, CSRSPE, CSRSE, CSRCDE, PBIT

b. Dependent Variable: NICF.

 

 

Appendix 4 Test for Collinearity: Variable inflation Factor (VIF)
Coefficientsa
		Collinearity Statistics
Model		Tolerance	VIF
	CSRCDE	0.525	1.905
	CSREDE	0.65	1.538
	CSRSE	0.483	2.072
	CSRHE	0.708	1.412
	CSREE	0.813	1.23
	CSRSPE	0.716	1.396
	FZ	0.926	1.08
	FG	0.781	1.281
	PBIT	0.465	2.153
	ROA	0.694	1.44
	EPS	0.655	1.526
a. Dependent Variable: NICF

 

Appendix 5 ANOVAa
Model		Sum of Squares	Df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
	Regression	25.579	11	2.325	4.105	.000b
	Residual	32.857	58	0.567
	Total	58.436	69
a. Dependent Variable: NICF
b. Predictors: (Constant), EPS, FG, FZ, CSREDE, CSRHE, ROA, CSREE, CSRSPE, CSRSE, CSRCDE, PBIT