overcoming stress Connor and Davidson (2003). By developing resilience, individuals will face life difficulties or stress that often cannot be prevented or rejected but must be overcome. As prospective pastors, missionaries, and educators, theological students must be able to endure various difficulties in their own lives so that later they can help other people or the congregation to survive or rise again from life's difficulties.

Resilience is studied by researchers from various disciplines, including psychology, psychiatry, sociology, biological disciplines (genetics, epigenetics, endocrinology, and neuroscience), including, more recently, theology Herrman et al. (2011), Panganiban (2020). Resilience is also studied in the Bible. In the Chapter on Ruth, the resilience of the character Ruth is developed by caring for others, identifying with specific religious communities, and taking the initiative while maintaining integrity Panganiban (2020). The next character is Joseph, who is resistant to the temptations of Potiphar's wife and even the slander addressed to him because of his firm stance and fear of God. We can see the same thing in Daniel and his three friends Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, who are under pressure to worship other kings and gods. In any of these ways, Daniel could get through his difficult time in lion's cave, and his three friends escaped the threat of the blazing fireplace. Another character in the Bible who has resilience is Jesus, who suffered humiliation and was tortured to death on the cross. Paul and several other disciples of Jesus experienced suffering for preaching the gospel of Christ.

Theological students are expected to internalize Christian values in themselves in living their lives both academically and non-academically. Theological students also have to apply and live in their religious beliefs, faith, and religious values. The way to apply this is known as religious orientation, which consists of an intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation framework Allport (1966). Thus, their religious orientation is related to the resilience they have. Religiosity has been studied concerning resilience. Research shows a significant positive relationship between religious orientation and resilience in academic students Javanmard (2013), Seidmahmoodi (2011). Dehghani  and Andishmand (2017) also support their research that religious orientation is related to resilience. Recent research shows the importance of religiosity because there is a significant positive relationship between religiosity and resilience Al Eid et al. (2020).

Emotion is an essential aspect of resilience. The research concluded that Ruth's resilience is shown through her words and actions in every event of her life Panganiban (2020). She also has the strength of mind, emotion, and spirit, although in vulnerability. Emotions need to be managed in order to survive in life. Previous studies have proven the relationship between emotion regulation and resilience. Emotion regulation, such as increasing positive emotions and reducing negative emotions, is essential to learn and practice as an effective strategy for resilience Kay (2016). The ability to regulate emotions has been shown to predict resilience in adolescents Mestre et al. (2017).

Based on the explanation above, two research hypotheses are proposed. First, there is a positive relationship between religious orientation and resilience. A high level of resilience will follow the high level of religious orientation. Second, there is a positive relationship between emotion regulation and resilience. That is, a high level of emotional regulation will be followed by a high level of resilience.

 

 

 

 

 

2.    MATERIALS AND METHODS

Participants

The population in this study were 67 first-year theological students who were registered and active in Institut Agama Kristen Negeri Tarutung, with a total of 59 respondents who were willing to take part in the study, and all of the respondents provided their written informed consent to participate in this study and to publish the results anonymously. The sample consisted of 37.3% males and 62.7% females (Mean age = 19.80, SD age = 0.97). All participants were students of a theological college in North Sumatra, Indonesia; data were collected as a part of their homework on “General Psychology” conducted by the authors during May 2021 using Google form.

Materials

First of all, the original CD-RISC-10 Nartova-Bochaver et al. (2021), revised I/ER-14 items Darvyri et al. (2014), and modified ERQ-10 items Gross and John (2003) were translated into Bahasa separately by three groups of theological students; they discussed edited items and made items relevant and easy to read. Secondly, a bilingual expert examined the draft questionnaire regarding possible word differences, clarity, and accuracy. After this check, the item list is again slightly edited. Third, the final version was given to 49 students to check if the words were easy to understand. After all this check, no more editing was required.

Data Analysis

Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the relationship between religious orientation and emotion regulation with first-year student resilience. In addition, the contribution of religious orientation and emotion regulation was also calculated using the Enter Regression method. All the analyzes were conducted using the SPSS program, version 24.

 

3.    RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Cronbach's α reliabilities for the scales are shown along the diagonal in Table 1. The Cronbach alpha coefficient for resilience was 0.83, the Cronbach alpha coefficient for religious orientation was 0.69, and the alpha coefficient for emotion regulation was 0.81. This value indicates that all scales can and are feasible to be used as research instruments. Table 1 shows the Pearson correlation value between religious orientation and resilience is r = 0.47, positive and very significant (p < 0.001). That is, there is a strong and very significant positive relationship between religious orientation and resilience. Thus, the first hypothesis in this study can be accepted. These results indicate that the higher score of resilience will follow the score of religious orientation. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation value between emotion regulation and resilience in Table 1 shows r = 0.54, positive and very significant (p < 0.001). That is, there is a strong and very significant positive relationship between emotion regulation and resilience. Thus, the second hypothesis in this study can also be accepted. These results indicate that the higher score of resilience will follow the score of emotion regulation. The results of the research above indicate that the two hypotheses proposed can be accepted.

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1 The results of Cronbach's Alpha and Pearson's Correlation Values
	Mean	Standard Deviation	Resilience	Religious Orientation		Emotion Regulation
Resilience (10 items)	36.03	6.34	(0.83)
Religious Orientation (14 items)	52.20	6.10	0.47***	(0.69)
Emotion Regulation (10 items)	37.54	5.83	0.54***	0.35**	(0.81)
***p< .001; **p< .01; *p< .05.

Furthermore, Table 2 shows the Beta value to determine the contribution of each independent variable to the dependent variable. The Beta value between religious orientation and resilience is 0.326, and between emotion regulation and resilience is 0.426. So, the contribution of religious orientation to predict resilience is 0.474 x 0.326 = 0.154. The contribution of emotion regulation to predict resilience is 0.54 x 0.426 = 0.230. Religious orientation accounted for 15.4%, and emotion regulation accounted for 23%. The results shown in Table 2 show that religious orientation and regulation accounted for 0.384 or 38.4%. The results also show that the most influential factor in predicting resilience was emotion regulation than religious orientation.

 

Table 2 Results of regression analysis of resilience on religious orientation and emotion regulation
	Beta	Contribution	R Square	F	Sig.
Religious Orientation	0.326	0.154			0.005
Emotion Regulation	0.426	0.230			0.000
Reggression Analysis			0.384	17.447	0.000
Dependent variable: Resilience

Many researchers have investigated several factors that affect resilience. Personal factors (personality traits, internal locus of control, mastery, self-efficacy, self-esteem, optimism, intellectual functioning, cognitive flexibility, demographic factors, social relationships, emotional regulation, religious orientation, and others), biological (adrenal steroid hormones), cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone, and others), Environmental-Systemic (microenvironmental and macro systemic level), the interaction of the three personal, biological and environmental-systemic are factors that can affect resilience Herrman et al. (2011). Thus, the results of this study support previous studies regarding the relationship between religious orientation and emotion regulation with resilience. This study is in line with research conducted that shows the importance of religious orientation in resilience Al Eid et al. (2020), Dehghani and Andishmand (2017), Javanmard (2013), Seidmahmoodi et al. (2011). In addition, emotion regulation is essential to learn and survive amid life's difficulties Kay (2016).

Intimate relationship or attachment is an essential concept for resilience Herrman et al. (2011). An intimate relationship with God is owned by religious individuals who are very attached to religious beliefs and values and are even willing to sacrifice themselves for the future of religion and God Cirhinlioǧlu & Özdikmenli-Demir (2012). These individuals are people with an intrinsic religious orientation. Meanwhile, extrinsically, religious individuals are influenced by social, cultural, and economic conditions prevailing in their country Cirhinlioǧlu & Özdikmenli-Demir (2012). Religion is seen as an essential factor in increasing the resilience of Muslims Al Eid et al. (2020). Likewise, according to the results of this study, religion is also essential for their resilience in Christians' life. In this study, the contribution of religious orientation to the increase in resilience in first-year theological students was 15.4%. Theological students will try hard to live according to their religious beliefs because religion offers comfort in times of trouble and sadness. Just like Ruth, a character in the Bible who has hope in God, keeps her going, increasing determination and resilience Panganiban (2020).

Furthermore, emotion regulation also plays an essential role in resilience. By developing the ability to regulate emotions, individuals will perceive themselves to adapt and face the difficulties of adolescent life Mestre et al. (2017). Likewise, first-year theological students who transition from adolescence to adulthood must experience difficulties in their lives. Theological students who can regulate their emotions well will change their minds to feel more positive emotions. They will also be able to store and control their emotions and change how they see their life situations. Like Ruth's character in the Bible, her resilience ability is demonstrated through the use of her emotional power, which is rooted in a strong knowledge of her identity and commitment Panganiban (2020). When students realize their identity, they will learn to manage their emotions to face life's difficulties while studying. In this study, the contribution of emotion regulation in first-year theological students was an influential factor to predict resilience than religious orientation, which was 23%.

 

4.    CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the data analysis, it was found that there was a significant positive relationship between religious orientation and emotion regulation and the resilience of first-year theology students. The results of this study also support previous research on this issue. Therefore, further studies should focus on the religiosity orientation of a sample of final theology students who may experience more difficulties in achieving graduation, how the resilience of final theology students’ needs to be investigated further. Programs in the form of emotional regulation training and education on religious orientation for first-year theology students seem to be needed to develop resilience. This training may be helpful, especially for first-year students who need to make many adjustments or transition from adolescence to adulthood.

The main problem that limits the scope of this research is the structure of the sample group. It is composed of only first-year theological students at one theological college in Indonesia. This problem seems to reduce the possibility of generalizing the results to other first-year theology student populations. In addition, this study is done in a quantitative approach, and future research is expected to use a qualitative approach to find various psychological and theological factors related to resilience in detail.

 

 

 

 

 

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