URBAN SPATIAL GROWTH AND LANDUSE CHANGE DETECTION ANALYSIS OF ALIGARH CITY, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA USING HIGH RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING DATA, GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) AND GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) TECHNIQUES

Use of High Resolution temporal satellite imageries and Geographical Information System (GIS) provide us present and past status of extensions and Landuse change in oukskirts of urban centres. The present paper is an attempt to analyze the temporal urban growth and landuse change of Aligarh city using Survey of India Topographical Map surveyed in 1971 and IKONOS satellite data of various time periods from 2004, 2009 and 2014. The result shows that in 1971 the urban built-up land of the city based on SOI Topographical Map was 2224.6555 hectare, based on interpretation of IKONOS satellite imagery of 2004, 2009 and 2014 , the urban built-up area of the city is 4724.7614 hectare in 2004, 5872.6774 hectare in 2009 and 7059.8875 hectare in 2014 respectively. This has increased to 2500.1059 hectare in a period of 33 years from 1971 to 2004 and in the period from 2004-2009 and 2009-2014 it has increased by 1148 hectare and 1187.211 hectare respectively. Agricultural land, Orchard/Plantations and water bodies to built-up (urban) has been calculated in GIS and it has been observed that there is a tremendous increase in the built-up urban area. The loss of prime arable land, orchard/plantation and water bodies has been converted in to built-up urban land. The digital database created for urban growth and landuse change of Aligarh city, Uttar Pradesh, India using multi-date data in Arc-GIS software would be very useful for urban development authorities, planners, decision makers for better landuse planning and management for proposed landuse programmes.


INTRODUCTION
Almost developing countries of the world are facing the problem of ever increasing population because of their basic needs in urban-rural areas. Migration of population from rural to urban areas in search of employment and better facilities in all sectors are ever putting pressure on our land, water and biological resources in urban periphery. In developing countries, the trend of urbanization in India is also very fast that's why our country is going to loss their agricultural dominant identity and it is closed to 7933 urban local bodies as per Census of India, 2011. Uttar Pradesh, the largest populated state in northern part of India has around 20 crores of total population with 724 urban local bodies as per Census Data of 2011. The change in urban environment in state of Uttar Pradesh is very fast. To assess and monitor present and past status of urban growth and landuse change, multi-date satellite imageries, coupled with Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning system (GPS) are very useful and it has proved a vital tool for preparation and analysis of urban growth and landuse change map. Batty, M. 1996 2008, suggested that from the years high resolution remote sensing data have been successfully utilized for urban land use and infrastructure mapping and it has been considered a necessary element for monitoring and modelling for understanding the earth as a system. Imdad and Janki, 2007, has suggested that for effective landscape planning, it is necessary to know the landform transformation process and pattern in mixed urban-rural landuse on periphery of cities. Urban regional planners require nearly continuous acquisition of data to formulate governmental policies. These policies and programme might range from social economies and cultural domain to the context of environmental and natural resources planning. In this connection role of urban planning agencies is very important and there is an increased need for these agencies to have timely accurate, authentic and cost effective data of various forms. In this research paper an endeavor has been made to create a digital database for urban growth and land use change for Aligarh City, Uttar Pradesh, using Arc-GIS software, would be useful to Aligarh Development Authority for better landuse planning and management. This is the first study on urban Growth and landuse change using temporal high resolution data of IKONOS Satellite in GIS and no any literature is available for the study area.

OBJECTIVE
The broad objective of the present study is to prepare detailed urban spatial growth map, landuse/landcover and change map, land transformation of Aligarh city using Survey of India topographical maps and IKONOS satellite 1m resolution data in Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques.

STUDY AREA
The Aligarh city and its environs are selected for study. It lies between the latitude 27 0 53' N and longitude 78 0 4' E ( Fig.1). Aligarh is the historical city in state of Uttar Pradesh, India is located in the central region of the state. The population density of the city is 1815 person per sq km. The provisional total population of Aligarh City as per Census of India, 2011 is 9, 11,223.

MATERIALS & DATA USED
The following dataset has been used to meet out the set objectives -

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
The results and discussions related to urban spatial growth, land use / land cover change and land transformation in the present study are discussed under the following sub sections.

URBAN SPATIAL GROWTH, RATE AND DIRECTION
Urban sprawl is an extension beyond the municipal limit. It has been observed that outward expansion of urban areas in India poses a threat to the land use pattern and limited land of the city gets used, the ever increasing demand creates pressure on surrounding fertile vulnerable lands in and around the city causing faster rate of land conversion from agricultural land and others land to urban use. In the absence of any planning policy, Subudhi, AP et.al 1998 suggested that the quantum and direction of waves depends upon various centripetal and centrifugal forces working from city and adjoining area. This results in uncontrolled expansion of city as well as problem of providing basic public services and facilities. Urban Development Authorities/Municipal Government has the power to manage the sprawl issues in terms of will and ability.
The growth of urban area over a period was determined by computing the area of all the settlements from topographical map sheet of 1971 and this area has been compared to the area obtained from the interpreted satellite imagery for the built up urban area. Since the sprawl is characterized by an increase in the built-up area along the urban and rural fringe, this attribute gives considerable information for understanding the behavior of such sprawls. This is also influenced by parameters such as population density and population growth rate etc.

Landuse / Land cover (1971)
The urban land use / Land cover map of Aligarh city for year 1971 using SOI topographical map sheet no 53 I/7 has been prepared , and four land use/land cover categories identified and mapped using Arc-GIS software . It has been shown in Fig.-

Landuse / Land cover (2014)
The urban land use/ Land cover map of Aligarh city has been prepared based on IKONOS Satellite imagery of 2014 and 11 landuse / landcover categories identified and mapped in satellite data using Arc-GIS software (Fig.-6      Besides of old Aligarh settlement, in periphery of city almost Agricultural land, lake/ponds and waterbodies and numbers of village has been converted/tranfonsformed into urban buillt -up land of Aligarh city in around 43 years from 1971-2014. Now-a-days due to not restriction of conversion from prime agricultural land to urban built-up areas, some private builders/ cooperative housing societies still active/ involved in plotting/ Construction of new colonies on various roads/ high ways connects to the Aligarh city.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Before going to acquire the land for various land uses/transformation for preparation of Master Plan map of city, the following should be considered  Prime Agricultural land should be avoided for future urban growth/ expansion.  To develop any colony in urban periphery, at first wastelands should be used if nonavailability of wastelands, the 'c' quality of land (less fertile land) can be used for residential use as well as for commercial and other land uses.  From environmental point of view, all large scale industries should be at a minimum distance of five kilometers from urban municipal limit and wastelands should be used for establishment of industry.  Govt. institution/ schools/ college/ universities, which occupies large area should also not be constructed in fertile land.
 The four lane Express ways may be constructed to reach Aligarh from other major cities of Uttar Pradesh and from National capital Delhi to borders of other state like Haryana, so that population pressure on inner part of the major cities may be reduced. In state of U.P. there is only three express way like Noida to Greater Noida (24.53 km), Delhi to Noida direct Flyway (9.20 kms.) and Yamuna Express Way from near Agra-Greater Noida-Noida to Delhi (165 km). The total distance in state of U.P. is around 200 km and in our country length covered by the express ways is only 736.19 km.(9 August, 2012, Dainik Jagran Newspaper, Lucknow edition)

CONCLUSION
The study with the help of remote sensing data and GIS technique is vital tool for urban spatial growth and land transformation. The measurement of land use/ land cover change is very useful for future realistic planning at local and global level finally although the urban growth cannot be stopped but through proper planning and management it can be restricted and directed in a desirable and sustainable manner, in perspective or to protect prime agricultural land. It should be planned by the government that outgrowth of city should be as per the laws and standards decided by housing and urban planning /development authorities to protect the prime agricultural land, biological and hydrological phenomena.