Investigation of a Compact Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communications

 

Poornanand Dubey ¹

 

¹ Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication Baderia Global Institute of Engineering & Management, Jabalpur (M.P.), India

 

1. INTRODUCTION

Microstrip Patch Antenna A microstrip patch antenna is a type of microstrip antenna. This is the most common form of antenna. This barrier substrate consists of a conductive strip of any flat or flat geometry on one side, and the ground plane on the other Metallic strips are usually made of conductive materials such as copper, gold, tin, nickel, etc. The metal must be corrosion resistant Kasinathan (2017) patch can be any shape such as rectangular, circular rings and so on Microstrip patch antennas have low profile configurations and are capable of dual and triple frequencies These advantages make these antennas best suited for space and mobile applications. However, narrow bandwidth, low gain, and external radiation from the feed junction are its main disadvantages Khidre et al. (2016).

To overcome these limitations, these antennas can be loaded with more stubs, shorting pins and diodes to achieve compact dual-frequency operation, frequency agility and polarization control so these antennas in the commercial sector of industry especially GPS (Global Positioning System), SDARS (Satellite Digital Audio Radio). Service) and WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network). Antennas are an essential part of all devices that use radio waves that are finding more and more applications. They are used in radio broadcasting, broadcast television (TV), two-way radio, communication receivers, radar, mobile phones, satellite communications, garage door openers, Bluetooth-enabled devices, microphones, wireless networks, child monitors, and RFID tags in products [Sappal et al. (2018), Yang & Xie (2019)].

The microstrip antenna consists of a patch, substrate, and ground. The fine strip line feed is placed on the strip. This microstrip antenna is sometimes called an electromagnetically incorporated patch antenna. The microstrip patch is designed by analyzing the frequency, substrate and thickness and calculating the antenna dimension. Bandwidth can then be increased by using the appropriate type of feeding, and gain can be increased. Depending on the application, the band structure can be modified [Yu (2017),Geran & Amiri (2022)].

 Figure 1

Figure 1 MPA with its Dimensions

 

The shapes of the stripes are square, rectangular, circular, and hexagonal, etc. Microstrip patches have small profile flat and non-planar surfaces. Using new printed circuit board technology, they are simple and inexpensive to manufacture, and are mechanically robust [Gao et al. (2019)].

 

2. LITERATURE REVIE

Nitesh Jha et al. (2018), the simulation of the design of hexagonal (hexagonal) antennas of microstrip patches using edge cutting is discussed here. This antenna is fed using a probe feeder model. This is done using the IE3D electromagnetic simulator. The modified antenna generates radiation parameters such as propagation parameters (S-parameter), radiation pattern and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). The value of parameter S11 for parameter S was found to be <-10 dB at audible frequency from 0.9 GHz, 0.87 GHz to 0.90 GHz and the value of VSWR < 2 was found at the same frequencies The proposed antennas will be useful for wireless communication applications in the 900 MHz band

Gao, Xiang-Jun et al. (2018), in this paper, the radioactive patch is located on a Teflon substrate with a dielectric constant of 1. The coaxial feed method is used to feed an antenna of 50 ohm impedance This proposed antenna is -14 dBi at 3.65 GHz and -14 dBi at 5.765 GHz. 28 dBi raises the return loss. The computer simulation results show lower VSWR values in the 3.6-3.7 GHz and 5.7-5.8 GHz frequency bands of the WLAN standards. It shows a maximum gain of 8 dB at 3.65 GHz and 9 dB at 5.765 GHz.

Shivaranjan Goswami et al. (2019), this paper presents a new high-cost, broadband H-shaped microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is printed on an insulating substrate, supported by a metal plate, and fed directly by a 50 ohm coaxial cable. The antenna is simulated using the AD software package according to the specified shape. The combined effect of combining these techniques and the introduction of a new stabilizer block provides a low profile, wide bandwidth, high gain, and advantage of the built-in antenna Computer simulation results show that the antenna can recognize wide-band characters.

Bin Yu, (2020), Wireless technology is the most researched area in the world of communication systems today and the study of communication systems is incomplete without understanding the functions of the stick. In recent years of communication system development, there is a need to design lightweight, compact, and cost-effective antennas that can maintain high performance at multiple frequencies This technical practice focuses much effort on designing small band patch antennas. In this work, the IE3D simulation tool was used to study the performance and gain of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna.

A. Kasinathan (2021), the characteristics of the antenna are obtained in terms of return loss, gain, and bandwidth. It should be noted that the proposed new configuration can work in two different bands with good amount of bandwidth, i.e. 12.05% bandwidth in 1.25 GHz frequency band and 19.82% bandwidth in 2 GHz frequency band Resonance behavior at different frequencies This antenna structure with 5.509 dBi antenna gain 89% antenna efficiency and makes it suitable for a wide variety of application

Nasser Oujaroudi et al. (2022) is the source. In this paper, a dual-band rectangular antenna with inherent defects on a metallic floor is proposed. Originally, a rectangular patch antenna was built that resonates at 5.2 GHz. The microstrip antenna with metal ground plane DGS input is simultaneously available at 3.5GHz and 5.2GHz, which is suitable for WiMAX and WLAN applications so the proposed antenna behaves as a combined, active dual frequency band. The antenna consists of an RT-Duriod substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a length of 0.762 mm. The process was verified experimentally, and the measured results were in good agreement with the simulated results.

Amandeep Singh Sappal et al. (2023), the antenna is equipped with a 50Ω transmission line. T-slots are carved in the ground plane to achieve some degree of shortening of the design. The proposed antenna has a small size of 82 mm × 65 mm and a frequency of 0.297 × 0.23 × at 1.09 GHz. The antenna resonates at 1.09 GHz, which is common in ADS-B systems. The expected gain of the ADS-B antenna is between 1 dB and 5 dB and the measured gain is about 3.10 dB. The proposed antenna is expected to comply with ADS-B specifications. The design has been validated by constructing and measuring prototypes. Simulation and measurement results are available and compared.

Yasser Ebazadeh et al. (2024), this paper presents a small rectangular band antenna for Ku-band satellite communication applications. The proposed E-shaped patch antenna is designed to cover a variety of applications such as broadcasting, remote sensing, and space communications. To incorporate the effect of high frequency in the process, the concept of microstrip-based Cole scheme is adopted to create a specific frequency-dependent impedance (loss) The simple method proposed in this study is compatible with computer-aided design (CAD), hence, Ku-band micro-. The design of satellite antennas will become faster and easier in recent years The need for small antennas for wireless communication has increased dramatically, leading to extensive research among microwave and RF engineers on the design of compact microstrip antennas.

 

3. APPLICATIONS

Microstrip patch antennas have several applications, e.g.

1)     Microstrip patch antennas are commonly used in mobile phones, wireless routers and satellite communication systems.

2)     Microstrip patch antennas can be used in imaging techniques, such as microwave breast imaging, to detect early-stage breast tumors.

3)     Microstrip patch antennas can be used in biomedical applications, such as detecting and preventing disease in the human body.

4)     Microstrip patch antennas are used in radio altimeters, command and control systems, remote sensing, environmental instruments, satellite navigation receivers and burglar alarms

5)     Microstrip patch antennas are popular for their compact size, low profile, and ease of integration into various devices. They are small, inexpensive and easy to use.

 

4. ADVANTAGES

1)     Low cost: Microstrip patch antennas are cheap to manufacture, they can be manufactured in large quantities.

2)     Small: Microstrip patch antennas are small and low volume.

3)     Versatility: Microstrip patch antennas are versatile and can be used in a variety of applications.

4)     Low profile: Microstrip patch antennas have a low profile design that makes them easy to incorporate into circuit boards.

 

5. WORKING PRINCIPLE

The uneven slits of the rectangular patch resulted in multilane operation and L.Sarkar et al. Based on that research, iterations are done. The first iteration is performed on a patch such as a patch antenna that has two different types of slits with small slots for wireless network application. Since the current at the end of the strip is zero, the current is maximum at the center of the strip; The voltage is maximum at the end of the patch, and the voltage is minimum at the center of the patch; The fringing E-fields between the edges of the rectangular patch and the ground plane add to the phase due to the voltage distribution and produce radiation.

 

6.  ANTENNA DESIGN

The dielectric constant of the substrate is closely related to the size and bandwidth of the microstrip antenna. The low electrical constant of the substrate leads to a large bandwidth, while the high electrostatic constant of the substrate causes low bandwidth Basic Design Features of Patch Antennas on FR-4 Substrates With a dielectric constant of 4.4 The input impedance can be matched . This regimen is easy and requires less radiation.

Figure 2

 

Figure 2 Model of Antenna

 

7. ANTENNA PARAMETERS

 

y=24

x=24

w="5.4" "+-0.1"

r=3*qw/3.14

qw3=2.3

qw2=2.3

qw1_3=1.82

qw="2.3" "2.3"

p=6

l="3.93" "+-0.02"

depth=0.8

T=0.254

Syy=9.1

Sy="9.2" "13.2"

Sx=9.2

Sw=2.1

Sl=1

Mw81="0.3" "80.93Ohm"

Mw70=0.4

Mw57="0.58" "57.23 Ohm"

Mw50="0.7" "0.7"

Mw45="0.8" "44.98 Ohm"

Mw40="1." "40.5"

Mw35=1.27

Mw32=1.44

MT=0.035

L1=2

 

8. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A complete software program for electromagnetic analysis and design in the high-frequency spectrum is called the CST Studio Suite for high-frequency simulations. ACIS streamlines the structure design process by providing a powerful graphical solid modeling front end based on the modeling kernel. After the model is built, a fully automated mesh technique is used before the simulation engine is started. You are able to assess your design, appropriately and effectively with the help of a powerful visualization engine and flexible post-processing Complete technology approach, which allows users to select the most appropriate simulator or web type for a given situation and seamlessly integrated into the user interface does, that's a key component of the CST Studio Suite There are many different simulation techniques of software (including time domain solvers, frequency domain solvers, integral equation solvers, multilevel solvers, asymptotic solvers, and eigenmode solvers) that are best suited for different applications, as no single simulation technique is effective for all types of problems.

The S-parameter is a way of expressing things in general waveforms rather than voltage and current. It describes the amount of waves reflected or transmitted from/through the device. With a device like antenna, there is not only one parameter but 4 others. The former is also known as the S11 reflection factor. In practice, the most common parameter for antennas is S11. S11 represents the amount of power reflected from the antenna, so known as the reflection coefficient (sometimes written as gamma: or return loss) If S11=0 dBm, all power is transmitted to the antenna. It is also reflected from this and since the parameter s is proportional to the electrical power (in truth, the square root of the electrical power).

Figure 3

Figure 3 S Parameter

 

 

 

 

Figure 4

Figure 4 Reference Impedance

 

Figure 5

Figure 5 S Parameter Balance

 

Figure 6

Figure 6 Power in W

 

Figure 7

Figure 7 Radiation and Total Efficiency

Figure 8

Figure 8 Far Field, oneband

 

Figure 9

Figure 9 Far Field, other band

 

9. CONCLUSION

The results presented in this work are promising for designing compact antennas, allowing size reduction without sacrificing antenna bandwidth, making antennas useful for many applications conclude that bandwidth, gain, return loss using fractal geometry, slot penetration techniques of various performance parameters Desired values can be achieved Some suggestions for future improvements are given such as improving geometry of fractal structure to get better results Further investigate different techniques, such as using parasitic patch reflective layer, air substrate instead of conventional substrate etc., to achieve microstrip antenna performance parameters can provide great benefits CST simulation results show that antennas It can detect wideband characteristics with a return loss of -38.068 dB at 23.99 GHz and -33.563 dB at 27.641 GHz.

 

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

None. 

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

None.

 

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