Assessment of Water Quality Parameters and Its goods on the Health of residers of Anta division of Baran District, Rajasthan

 

Ramet Meena ¹

 

¹ Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Government College, Kota, Rajasthan, India

 

1. INTRODUCTION

Water covers over 71 of the earth's face and is a veritably important natural resource for people. National Research Council (US) Yet, only 2.5 of the earth’s water is fresh and therefore suitable for consumption. Not only that, but of that 2.5, further than two- thirds is locked down in glaciers and not particularly suitable to help meet the growing demands of society. Ward (2003) It's the abecedarian right of every existent to get pollution free water. Water pollution affects drinking water, gutters, lakes and abysses each over the world, which accordingly harms mortal health and the natural terrain. Weir et al. (2003) carrying drinking water has come a serious problem due to the lack of environmental protection. Water is one of the universal substances, which is used likewise by all the fiefdoms of life to sustain life. Brown et al. (2003). The ground water inventories have come largely defiled by the addition of undesirable substances that have rendered it unfit and poisonous for colorful purposes, especially for drinking. The drinking water sources are substantially hand pumps and tube wells. Gota et al. (2010) The estimation of uranium in water serves two purposes; it may lead to the hydro geochemical prospection of uranium and an assessment of the health threat. Gota et al. (2010). Groundwater plays significant part in metabolic, physiological and other man made conditioning in mortal body as well as in other living beings. Aggarwal et al. (2016), Srivastava (2007), Whipple (2015), Askari et al. (2018) As per guidelines of World Health Organization afe drinking water is vital necessity for development, mortal health and weal and substance of humanity. Southwest Punjab is facing problems like water- logging, swab water encroachment, groundwater pollution and saltiness, which are the consequences of ferocious irrigation and agrarian practices. Heydari (2021), Miri et al. (2015), Jalili & Farmanbar (2018), Doostan & Lashkari (2016) The detailed data compiled from field and laboratory investigations related to water quality patterns is presented and discussed in sequel. Whipple (2015), Hernandez et al. (2017), Nichol et al. (2008), Nichol et al. (2008), Vallis et al. (2005), Oranta et al. (2013) Finally it depicts way for providing baseline information in unfolding problems which are caused mainly by inferior groundwater quality for the implementation of effective management policies and strategies for the better living conditions of local people of this region. Marker et al. (2019), Younis (2015), Zhang et al. (2019), Baretić et al. (2017) There are a number of water treatments to help pollution similar as natural pollutants, chemical complements and beach pollutants. These simple ways bring plutocrat to maintain, but forestallment is much cheaper than drawing up water pollution that has formerly passed. Jumawan (2011), World Health Organization. (2012) Keeping the below data in mind, this study was carried out to assess the water quality of town lets of Anta division of Baran quarter, Rajasthan, India and its effect on the health of individualities pertaining to water borne conditions storehouse leakages, global warming, eutrophication. Hall et al. (2019), Bartness et al. (2014), James & Gambhir (2012)

 

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

Anta is a division in Baran quarter of Rajasthan State, India, anta division head diggings is anta city. According to Census 2011 information thesub-district law of anta block is 00671. Anta is the beautiful city in baran quarter of Rajasthan. Public thermal power pot power factory is also positioned in anta. The geology and hydrogeology of an area plays an important part in the circumstance and movement of groundwater in it. The groundwater implicit depends upon these aquifers present in the area. Figure 1 and Figure 2 depicts study chart of anta division of baran quarter with the locations.

Figure 1                                                                      

Figure 1  Study Map of Anta division of Baran District with the locations

 

Figure 2

Figure 2 Study Map of Anta division of Baran District with the locations

 

The physico-chemical parameters like Electrical Conductivity, Temperature, pH, Total Alkalinity, Phenolphthalein alkalinity, ORP, Total Hardness, Magnesium hardness, Calcium hardness, Chloride, Fluoride, Sulphate, Phosphate, Nitrate, Sulphate and Total Dissolved solids (TDS) were also reused and analyzed by using BARC Standard Protocol. Drinking water samples to be collected in pre-acid gutted polypropylene bottles with proper marker and register all the details of position (State, District, Division, Village, Source of a sample, GPS match, Date of slice, etc) for analysis in both pre-monsoon and post monsoon. Garmin GPS e-Trax was used to detect the sampling point.

 

2.2. Estimation of Physico-chemical parameters in drinking water samples

The measurement of ORP, TDS, EC, pH, Temperature, saltiness, DO, was done using an in- situ using Eutech Instruments Technology made Easy cyber checkup series 600 leakproof movable cadence used movable electrode detectors. Measurement of Nitrate, Chloride, fluoride was done using a Eutech Instruments Technology made Easy cyber checkup series 600 leak proof movable cadence used movable electrode detectors. The measures of Total hardness and Ca hardness in drinking water samples by EDTA Complexometric titration system and determine Mg hardness by the simple difference between the values of Total hardness and Ca hardness. The measures of total alkalinity were set up by the H2SO4 titration system using methyl orange as an index, in the drinking water samples which was due to bicarbonate alkalinity only. The phosphate, sulphate attention were determined independently by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Instrument (Lab India UV/ VIS Spectrophotometer) Wadawale et al. (2017), Palani Selvam et al. (2003).

 

3. Results and Discussion

pH

pH is negative logarithmic of the hydrogen ion exertion in the result and also indicates relative measure of the acidity or alkalinity in groundwater samples. The water pH is very much important indicator of groundwater quality as it also depends on presence of silicates, phosphates, borates and fluorides and other salts in the dissociated form. Zeng et al. (1994). In drinking water samples which have pH between 6.98 and 8.5 are classified as suitable for the drinking purposes, whereas the water samples with pH 7.0 to 8.0 are suitable for all purposes.  The pH value of Anta tehsil of Baran District groundwater ranges from 7.4 (Village Khajurna) to 8.65 (Village Bundi) with an average value of 7.75 in pre monsoon and post mansoon which indicate slightly alkalinity in nature but relevant for drinking as well as industrial purposes. Hence, it indicated that groundwater is alkaline and also fit for human consumption. The pH values of groundwater samples are alkaline due to existence of carbonate and bicarbonate ions. Böll et al. (2002), Figure 3 depicts distribution of pH in drinking water of pre mansoon and post mansoon in the study area.

Figure 3

Figure 3 Distribution of Ph in Drinking Water of Pre Mansoon and Post Mansoon

 

3.1. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

TDS is top index of total mineral content in groundwater and its affiliated problems similar as redundant hardness. The content of TDS in groundwater of Anta tehsil of Baran quarter area varied from 2.80(Village Bamuliya) to 1923mg/ L (Village Khajurna) with the average value of 795.14 mg/ L in pre thunderstorm. The TDS values in post monsoon falls in the range of 2.80 (Village Bamuliya) to 2229mg/L (Village Khajurna) with average value of 739.14 mg/ L. The results showed the felicity of groundwater for drinking purpose as 24 samples in pre thunderstorm and 36 samples in post thunderstorm season which fall under desirable order. The TDS consists of inorganic mariners substantially magnesium, calcium, potassium, bicarbonates, sodium, chlorides sulphates and nanosecond quantities of organic matter which are dissolved in water. The dissolved solids in the drinking water crop from natural sources, sewage, civic runoff, artificial wastewater and other type of chemicals which are used in treatment process of water system. Figure 4 depicts distribution of TDS in drinking water of pre mansoon and post mansoon in the study area.

Figure 4

Figure 4 Distribution of TDS in Drinking Water of Pre Mansoon and Post Mansoon

 

3.2. Total Hardness (TH)

The top natural sources of hardness in water are the dissolved polyvalent metallic ions from sedimentary jewels, seepage and runoff from soils. World Health Organization. (2011) The hardness in the water samples of Anta tehsil of Baran quarter ranges from 100(Village Manpura) to 800mg/ l (Village Bhojakheri) with a mean value of 329.57 mg/l in pre thunderstorm and ranges from 100 (Village Bawrikheda) to 750mg/ l (Village Bhojakheri) in post mansoon with an average value of 308mg/ l which suggests that the groundwater of this area is  veritably hard. According to this bracket, in the studied area no water sample falls in the order of soft water. 7.35% are relatively hard, 7.02% are hard and 72.05% are veritably hard. According to BIS (2012), the respectable limit for total hardness is 200 mg/ l and admissible limit in the absence of alternate source is 600 mg/ l. Grounded upon these limits in the studied water samples, 83.08% of the water samples have hardness advanced than 200 mg/ l and 23.5% advanced than 600 mg/ l. Figure 5 shows Distribution of TH in Drinking water of pre monsoon and post monsoon in the study area.

Figure 5

Figure 5 Distribution of TH in Drinking water of pre monsoon and post monsoon

 

3.3. Chloride (Cl-)

Chloride is abundant anion in mortal body and it contributes significantly on with other cations in bibulous exertion of redundant cellular fluid. Under normal circumstances, chloride concentration in human body remains constant with average approximate value of 100 mg/L. BIS, 2012 has also recommended highest desirable limit, 200 mg/L and maximum permissible limit, 1000 mg/L for drinking water purpose. Ellinor et al. (2012) The depicted chloride ion content in study area which varied between 30mg/L (Village Manpura) to 645mg/l (Village Bawrikheda) in pre mansoon season with an average value is 237.21mg/l and ranged from 50mg/l (Village Palaytha )  to 635 mg/l (Village Bawrikheda) in post manoon season with an average value is 230.85mg/l. It is very important parameter as reference for the water, because of its conservative nature it is not lost from solution by sorption or precipitation. 46.3% of the water samples cross this limit. The permissible limit given by BIS (2012) is 1000mg/l in the absence of alternate source. High Attention of chloride gives a salty taste to water and potables. Taste thresholds for the chloride anion depend on the associated cation and are in the range of 200 – 300 mg/ l for sodium, potassium and calcium chloride. Attention in excess of 250 mg/ l is decreasingly likely to be detected by taste, but some consumers may come habituated to low situations of chloride convinced taste. Figure 6 shows distribution of Cl- in drinking water of pre monsoon and post monsoon in the study area.

Figure 6

 

Figure 6 Distribution of Cl- in Drinking Water of Pre Monsoon and post Monsoon

 

3.4. Fluoride (F-)                 

Fluoride in groundwater is substantially due to breakdown of the jewels, soils or riding and deposit of the atmospheric patches. Utmost of fluorides which are sparingly answerable and are present in the groundwater in nanosecond amount. The circumstance of F- in natural water is substantially affected by type of jewels, the climatic conditions, nature of the hydro geological strata and contact time between gemstone and circulating groundwater. The fluoride concentration in groundwater samples ranged from 0.25mg/l (Village Takha) to 1.3mg/l (Village Anta) with average value of 0.62mg/l in the pre mansoon and between 0.32 (Village Amalsara) to 1.4mg/l (village Anta) with average value of 0.750mg/l in post mansoon season. The reports which showed contribution of industrial effluents for the higher content of F - in the groundwater is also reported in many parts of India Chatterjee (2011), Singh et al. (2007). The consumption of the groundwater with higher F - values resulted in mottling of teeth, dental fluorosis which is also followed by the skeletal fluorosis. Figure 7 depicts distribution of F- in drinking water of pre monsoon and post monsoon in the study area.                

Figure 7

Figure 7 Distribution of F- in Drinking Water of Pre Monsoon and Post Monsoon Nitrate (NO3-)

 

Nitrate is a polyatomic ion and it's naturally being, inorganic ion present in our terrain. It can change the normal hemoglobin content (the chemical in blood which is responsible for the oxygen transport) to the methemoglobin and its situations are lower than 2.5 percent of body ‟ s total hemoglobin. Propato & Uber (2004) Nitrates also act to elevate methemoglobin which reduces capability of blood to transport oxygen to the cells. The oxygen starvation can also affect in bluish shade of lips, nose and cognizance in some cases which is known as blue- baby pattern in the babies. In serious cases, it can affect in respiratory and cardiac problems and in rare cases, death. According to BIS norms for drinking water, desirable limit for nitrate content in groundwater is 45 mg/ L. In the groundwater samples in study area, the values varied in range from 17mg/ l (Village Amalsara) to 325mg/ l (Village Dugari) with average value 96.78 mg/ l in the pre mansoon season and from 14mg/ L (Village Amalsara) to 315 mg/ L (Village Dugari) with average value of 87.14 mg/ l in post thunderstorm. Figure 8 depicts distribution of NO3- in drinking water of pre monsoon and post monsoon in the study area.

Figure 8

Figure 8 Distribution of NO3- In Drinking Water of Pre Monsoon and Post Monsoon

 

3.5. Sulphate (SO4-2)

Sulphate is naturally being substance which contains sulphur and oxygen. It's also present in mineral mariners which are set up in the soil. Sulphate form mariners with variety of rudiments which include calcium, barium, magnesium, potassium and sodium. It may be percolated from soil and is set up substantially in water inventories. Marker et al. (2019), Arnold & Colford (2007) There are colorful sources for sulphate presence in water. The decaying factory and beast matter may release sulphate into the water system. The chemical products like ammonium sulphate diseases also contain sulphate in wide variety of forms. BIS (2012) have given desirable limit, 200 mg/ L and maximum admissible limit, 400 mg/ L of sulphate attention in the drinking water.  In study area, sulphate content varied between 15mg/l (Village Khajurna ) to 93mg/l (Village Bawrikheda ) with average value  40.07mg/L in the pre mansoon season and 10mg/L (Village Khajurna) to 89mg/l (Village Takha) with average value of 39.07mg/L during post monsoon season. Figure 9 depicts distribution of SO4-2 in drinking water of pre monsoon and post monsoon in the study area.

Figure 9

Figure 9 Distribution of SO4-2 in Drinking Water of Pre Monsoon and Post Monsoon

 

 

3.6. Total Alkalinity (TA)

Alkalinity is also a measure of water’s buffering capacity or its capability to repel changes in pH upon the addition of acids or bases. Alkalinity of natural waters is due primarily to the presence of weak acid mariners although strong bases may also contribute in extreme surroundings. Bicarbonates represent the major form of alkalinity in natural waters; its source being the partitioning of CO2 from the atmosphere and the riding of carbonate minerals in jewels and soil. Other mariners of weak acids, similar as borate, silicates, ammonia, phosphates, and organic bases from natural organic matter, may be present in small quantities. Alkalinity, by convention, is reported as mg/ L CaCO3 since utmost alkalinity is deduced from the riding of carbonate minerals. Alkalinity is told by original gemstone type and reflects the chemical parcels of dissolved ingredients. Total alkalinity for the studied area ranges from 200 (Village Amalsara) to 560mg/l (Village Dugari) with an average value of 387.57mg/l in pre mansoon and ranges from 220 (Village Amalsara) to 580mg/l (Village Amalsara) with an average value of 432.14mg/l in post mansoon. Figure 10 shows distribution of Total Alkalinity in drinking water of pre monsoon and post monsoon in the study area.

 Figure10

Figure 10 Distribution of Total Alkalinity in Drinking Water of Pre Monsoon and Post Monsoon

 

4. Conclusion

According to the below study also, maturity of town lets did not use any system for sanctification of drinking water and had poor knowledge about the need and vacuity of safe drinking water. The commonest form of disinfection in pastoral India is single point chlorination, using bleaching greasepaint. Still, this may not be effective because of the possibility of multiple spots of impurity. Indispensable point of use disinfection styles similar as solar water treatment or point of use chlorination and storehouse of water in narrow mouthed vessels need to be explored. Considering the impurity of all water samples at the ménage position, end stoner disinfection with chlorine is likely to be more effective in similar settings and it should be according to the WHO norms. It has been estimated that diarrheal morbidity can be reduced by a normal of 6 to 20 with sustainability of these styles over longer ages or cost- effectiveness in pastoral India is still questionable. In the present study, use of chlorine for water sanctification was n’t current. Times to time quantitative and qualitative measures are demanded to constantly cover the specific- chemical water quality parameters from the colorful groundwater sources to borrow applicable remediation strategies. Post mansoon normal of fluoride, nitrate, total alkalinity, phosphate is further than pre mansoon normal which reflects possibility of filtering of mariners during stormy season adding their correlation in ground water. It's recommended that proper water treatment bias shall be installed at the hand pumps in the town lets in the region to remove specific polluted including fluoride, phosphate and indeed uranium. The public mindfulness for health impacts and associated water adulterant is the need of the time low-cost water sanctification bias grounded on rear osmosis are suggested for water treatment before drinking.

 

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

None.

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are thankful to Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Kota, Rajasthan, India for providing platform for research. We are also thankful Department of Chemistry, Government College Kota, Rajasthan, for allowing us analysis of our groundwater samples.

 

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