CONSTRAINTS, OUTCOME AND PROSPECTS OF INDIA’S AID POLICY IN AFGHANISTAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i1.2024.5500Keywords:
Afghanistan, Geopolitics, Aid, Projects, TalibanAbstract [English]
The present research article makes a comprehensive effort to investigate India's aid policy to Afghanistan from the year 2001 to 2021. It examines India's motives for aiding Afghanistan, focuses at the several areas where India has made contributions, and evaluates how its assistance has impacted the development of Afghanistan. The paper outlines the constraints and persistent challenges faced by India during its involvement in Afghanistan almost for two decades. It also examines India’s successes and failures as outcome of its aid strategy, generally known as soft power approach in Afghanistan and presents future prospects with regard to changing regional dynamics.
References
Swami, Praveen. "The Hindu." The Hindu, 18 May 2016, https://www.thehindu.com/books/praveen-swami/article5649107.ece.
Harpviken, Kristian Berg. "Rashid, A. Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism Is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia (1st ed.). London: Allen Lane, 2008." Journal of Peace Research, vol. 46, no. 2, 2009, p. 290, https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433090460020813. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433090460020813
"Bruce Riedel." Brookings, 20 Oct. 2023, https://www.brookings.edu/people/bruce-riedel/.
Katzman, Kenneth. "Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy." Congressional Research Service, Aug. 2021.
Pant, Harsh V. "India’s Afghan Dilemma." The Washington Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 2, 2011, pp. 121–138.
Roy-Chaudhury, Sreeram. "India-Afghanistan Relations: A Regional Perspective." Observer Research Foundation, Dec. 2016.
Roy-Chaudhury, Sreeram. "India-Afghanistan Relations: A Regional Perspective." Observer Research Foundation, Dec. 2016.
Katzman, Kenneth. "Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy." Congressional Research Service, Aug. 2021.
"Afghanistan." Crisis Group, 1 July 2024, https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/afghanistan.
Rubin, Barnett R. Afghanistan: How We Got Here. Oxford University Press, 2011.
Mohan, C. Raja. "Carnegie Endowment for International Peace." Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/people/c-raja-mohan?lang=en.
Pant, Harsh V. "India’s Afghan Dilemma." The Washington Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 2, 2011, pp. 121–138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2011.534964
"Human Rights in India." Amnesty International, 2018, https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-asia/india/.
"Sardar Sarovar Project: The War of Attrition." Economic and Political Weekly, 23 Sept. 2017, https://www.epw.in/journal/2010/05/special-articles/sardar-sarovar-project-war-attrition.html.
Yousuf, Muhammad. "India-Afghanistan Relations in Changing Regional Geopolitics." South Asia Research, vol. 43, no. 3, 2023, pp. 343–361, https://doi.org/10.1177/02627280231190790. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/02627280231190790
Riedel, Bruce. "Deadly Embrace." Brookings, 14 Apr. 2016, https://www.brookings.edu/books/deadly-embrace/.
Snider, Don. "Taliban 2.0 and U.S. National Security Policy in Afghanistan." Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, vol. 9, no. 3, 2022, pp. 402–423, https://doi.org/10.1177/23477970221129905. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23477970221129905
Mearsheimer, John J. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W. W. Norton & Company, 2001, https://wwnorton.com/books/9780393349276.
McBride, James. "China’s Massive Belt and Road Initiative." Council on Foreign Relations, 3 Feb. 2023, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative.
Rashid, Ahmed. Descent into Chaos: The U.S. and the Disaster in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. Viking Penguin, 2008.
Rubin, Barnett R. Afghanistan: How We Got Here. Oxford University Press, 2011.
Ali, Shah. "The Taliban’s Return: Implications for Regional Diplomacy." South Asian Studies Journal, Sept. 2021.
"Pakistan: Shoring up Afghanistan’s Peace Process." Crisis Group, 30 June 2021, https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/b169-pakistan-shoring-afghanistans-peace-process.
"Salma Dam – Message & Significance." Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Research Foundation, 30 June 2016, https://spmrf.org/salma-dam-message-significance/.
Alexander, A., and N. Singh. "India and Refugee Law: Gauging India’s Position on Afghan Refugees." Laws, vol. 11, no. 2, 2022, p. 31, https://doi.org/10.3390/laws11020031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/laws11020031
Naqawi, G. H., and D. V. Rajath. "Educational Opportunities and Challenges in Afghanistan." Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, vol. 12, no. 8, 2022, pp. 31–44, https://doi.org/10.5958/2249-7315.2022.00372.0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2249-7315.2022.00372.0
Bhat, R. A., and S. A. Dar. "Capacity Building Initiatives by India in Afghanistan: A Developmental Strategy." Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Developments in Science, Engineering, Management & Humanities (SEMH-19), Institute of Engineers, Mumbai, India, Jan. 2019.
Prabhu, S. "The Future of India’s Development Cooperation in Afghanistan." Observer Research Foundation, 8 Nov. 2021, https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-future-of-indias-development-cooperation-in-afghanistan/.
Hanif, M. "Indian Involvement in Afghanistan in the Context of the South Asian Security System." Journal of Strategic Security, vol. 3, no. 2, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.3.2.2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.3.2.2
"QUESTION NO. 183 India’s Relationship with Afghanistan." Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, https://www.mea.gov.in/lok-sabha.htm?dtl/37428/QUESTION+NO+183+Indias+Relationship+with+Afghanistan.
"Embassy of India, Hanoi, Vietnam: Bilateral Relations." Embassy of India, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2024, https://www.indembassyhanoi.gov.in/page/bilateral-relations/.
Islam, M. S., and B. Trigunarsyah. "Construction Delays in Developing Countries: A Review." Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management, vol. 7, no. 1, 2017, pp. 1–12, https://doi.org/10.6106/jcepm.2017.3.30.001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6106/JCEPM.2017.3.30.001
Upadhyay, S. "Taliban’s Focus on Infrastructure Development." ManoharParrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, https://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/Talibans-Focus-on-Infrastructure-Development-SUpadhyay-190224.
Shah, S. H., and R. B. Gibson. "Large Dam Development in India: Sustainability Criteria for the Assessment of Critical River Basin Infrastructure." International Journal of River Basin Management, vol. 11, no. 1, 2013, pp. 33–53, https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2012.754445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2012.754445
Bose, S. "Bridging the Healthcare Gap in Afghanistan: A Primer on India’s Role." Observer Research Foundation, 24 May 2023, https://www.orfonline.org/research/bridging-the-healthcare-gap-in-afghanistan/.
Bak, M. "Corruption in Afghanistan and the Role of Development Assistance." U4 Helpdesk Answer, 2019, no. 7, https://www.u4.no/publications/corruption-in-afghanistan-and-the-role-of-development-assistance.
Karimi, A. M. "Moving Away from Foreign Aid: A Case Study of Afghanistan." MPRA, 2020, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/.
Singh, B., and M. Sharma. India’s Neighbourhood, Extended Neighbourhood and Near Abroad (Study Material, M.A. Political Science, Semester IV, Course No. POL - 402). Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, 2021.
Iqbal, B. A., M. N. Rahman, and S. Sami. "Impact of Belt and Road Initiative on Asian Economies." Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, vol. 11, no. 3, 2019, pp. 260–277, https://doi.org/10.1177/0974910119887059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0974910119887059
Zazai, A. K., and N. Rahmani. "India and Afghanistan: Dynamic Relations Since Decades." Sprin Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 3, no. 5, 2024, pp. 58–63, https://doi.org/10.55559/sjahss.v3i5.315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55559/sjahss.v3i5.315
Leksyutina, Y. V. "Chinese Policy in Central Asia in the Estimation of Chinese Experts." Russia in Global Affairs, vol. 22, no. 2, 2024, pp. 141–154, https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2024-22-2-141-154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2024-22-2-141-154
Siddique, Q. "Pakistan’s Future Policy Towards Afghanistan: A Look at Strategic Depth, Militant Movements and the Role of India and the US." DIIS Report, 2011.
Khaki, G. N., and T. A. Rather, editors. The Journal of Central Asian Studies. Vol. XXIV, Centre of Central Asian Studies, University of Kashmir, 2017.
Kotokey, A. "India’s Strategic Diplomacy: Navigating India’s Engagement with the Taliban Regime in Afghanistan." Vivekananda International Foundation, 19 Apr. 2024, https://www.vifindia.org/article/2024/april/19/indias-strategic-diplomacy-navigating-indias-engagement-with-the-taliban-regime-in-afghanistan.
Rahman, M. M. "The US State-Building in Afghanistan: An Offshore Balance?" Jadavpur Journal of International Relations, vol. 23, no. 1, 2018, pp. 81–104, https://doi.org/10.1177/0973598418804292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0973598418804292
Oliphant, C. "Russia’s Role and Interests in Central Asia." Saferworld, Oct. 2013, https://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/publications/xxx.
Zakharov, A. "India-Russia Relations in Troubled Times: Steady but Stagnating." Center for Asian Studies, Russia/Eurasia Center, 2024.
Ramanand, D. "Sino-Russian Cooperation and Competition in Central Asia." Journal of Defence Studies, vol. 16, no. 2, 2022, pp. 3–30. ManoharParrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.
Ali, J. A. "Modernity, Its Crisis and Islamic Revivalism." Religions, vol. 14, no. 1, 2022, p. 15, https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14010015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14010015
Berlin, D. L. India-Iran Relations: A Deepening Entente. Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21236/ADA627491
Mahato, B. K., and S. O. Ogunlana. "Conflict Dynamics in a Dam Construction Project: A Case Study." Built Environment Project and Asset Management, vol. 1, no. 2, 2011, pp. 176–194, https://doi.org/10.1108/20441241111180424. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/20441241111180424
Boyce, W., M. Koros, and J. Hodgson. "Community Based Rehabilitation: A Strategy for Peace-Building." BMC International Health and Human Rights, vol. 2, no. 1, 2002, p. 6, https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698x-2-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-2-6
Singh, S. P., and S. K. Singh. "India’s Soft Power in Afghanistan: A Case Study of Health Initiatives." International Journal of Human Rights and Constitutional Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhrcs.2023.10056993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHRCS.2023.10056993
Nye, J. S. "Soft Power and Public Diplomacy Revisited." The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, vol. 14, no. 1–2, 2019, pp. 7–20, https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-14101013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-14101013
Nakanjako, D., D. Kendall, N. K. Sewankambo, M. H. Razak, B. Oduor, T. Odero, P. Garcia, and C. Farquhar. "Building and Sustaining Effective Partnerships for Training the Next Generation of Global Health Leaders." Annals of Global Health, vol. 87, no. 1, 2021, p. 66, https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3214
Victor, D. "Foreign Aid for Capacity-Building to Address Climate Change: Insights and Applications." WIDER Working Paper No. 2013/084. United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER), 2013.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Malkiat Singh, Simranjeet Singh

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
With the licence CC-BY, authors retain the copyright, allowing anyone to download, reuse, re-print, modify, distribute, and/or copy their contribution. The work must be properly attributed to its author.
It is not necessary to ask for further permission from the author or journal board.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.