A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WORKING SCHEDULE CASTE WOMEN AND OTHER WOMEN OF HARYANA ON THE BASIS OF LITERACY RATE

 

Mona Kumari ¹, Dr. Satish Kumar ²

 

¹ Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari Haryana, India

² Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari Haryana, India

 

1. INTRODUCTION

Literacy is the ability that enables one to read, write, and speak in order to communicate effectively and meaningfully. Literacy is a vital element required for the development of a country. Literacy is a key indicator and a critical determinant for the development of a nation. For example, Finland, which is a Nordic country, is the most literate nation in the world and is counted among the top-developed countries. Lack of Literacy keeps a person back at every stage of life. People with low literacy levels are not able to read, write, speak, or understand books, newspapers, prices mentioned in articles, signatures, any agreements or other documents, the time-table of trains or buses, fill out any form, read instructions anywhere or using the internet, which is very important in the present day. Every country must provide its citizens with equal opportunities to get an education so that the people of that country can become a resource rather than a liability. Data on Literacy and unemployment shows that most developed countries with high literacy levels have large working populations and vice versa, and so is also true in the case of India.

India is a developing country struggling through the impediments of development, viz., low level of literacy, poverty, high level of unemployment, inflation and many more. A low level of literacy never lets India proceed on the path of development by leaps and bounds and results in high unemployment. Literate people not only can understand and analyse things accurately but also contribute to the development of their countries by becoming a part of the working population and adding to the productivity and hence enhancing GDP.

 

2. Objective of the study

The objective of this research paper is to study if there is any correlation between the literacy rate and the working population of Scheduled Caste women in Haryana and compare the same with the overall Women population of Haryana.

 

3. Methodology

Secondary data has been gathered from various sources like statistical abstracts of Haryana, various research papers, the census of India, the internet etc. Comparisons have been made using charts and tables to study the relationship between literacy level and work participation of Scheduled Caste women in different sector; Pearson’s correlation is calculated using the following formula: -

 

In order to test the significance of the correlation coefficient the following null (Ho) and alternative (H1) hypotheses are considered.

 

 

Where r is the population correlation co-efficient between two variables.

The appropriate test statistic to test the above hypothesis is

 

The values of the test statistic are given in Table in result section.

 

 

 

4. Results and Discussion

To compare the literacy level of SC women in Haryana with the overall Women literacy level, the data on literacy level is tabulated and presented through bar diagrams below. The percentage of literate SC Women and overall Women is worked out with abstract figures.

Table 1

Table 1 District Wise Literacy Rate of Women Population in Haryana
Districts	SC Women population	Women literacy (SC)	SC Women literacy (in %)	Over all Women population	Overall Women literacy	Overall Women literacy (in %)
Ambala	1,39,372	54,139	38.84	5,29,647	3,56,737	67.35
Bhiwani	1,59,687	59,890	37.50	7,67,773	4,26,713	55.57
Faridabad	1,04,304	16,073	15.40	8,43,623	5,37,799	63.74
Fatehabad	1,35,246	44,247	32.71	4,46,651	2,30,107	51.51
Gurugram	93,605	23,918	25.55	6,97,742	4,72,450	67.71
Hisar	1,91,447	60,152	31.41	8,12,369	4,44,111	54.66
Jhajjar	79,592	32,311	40.59	4,43,738	2,76,611	62.33
Jind	1,31,411	45,633	34.72	6,21,146	3,30,709	53.24
Kaithal	1,16,027	38,712	33.36	5,03,301	2,60,747	51.80
Karnal	1,59,923	56,238	35.16	7,07,612	4,13,497	58.43
Kurukshetra	1,01,817	40,869	40.13	4,53,679	2,76,065	60.85
Mahendergarh	73,894	33,358	45.14	4,35,423	2,49,815	57.37
Nuh	35,508	11,893	33.49	5,18,101	1,46,462	28.26
Palwal	95,382	28,834	30.23	4,88,211	2,20,100	45.08
Panchkula	47,962	13,343	27.81	2,61,614	1,75,456	67.06
Panipat	96,518	28,994	30.03	5,58,580	3,22,463	57.72
Rewari	87,035	35,941	41.29	4,25,997	2,61,494	61.38
Rohtak	1,01,316	31,198	30.79	4,92,725	3,11,557	63.23
Sirsa	1,84,951	58,001	31.36	6,12,607	3,25,929	53.20
Sonipat	1,25,419	44,594	35.55	6,68,702	4,08,435	61.07
Yamunanagar	1,43,543	61,290	42.69	5,67,487	3,57,664	63.02
Total	24,03,959	8,19,628	34.09	1,18,56,728	68,04,921	57.39
Source Compiled from Directorate of Census Operations, Haryana.2011

 

Note: The main worker is one who has worked for 183 days or more in a year in one or more than one economic activity. A person who has worked for less than 183 days in a year is considered a marginal worker.

Chart 1

 

 

The total population, Literacy level and literacy level in percentage are shown in Table 1 for Scheduled Caste Women and overall Women for all districts of Haryana. It is clear from the table that more percentage of Scheduled Caste Women are literate in Mahendergarh, Yamunanagar Rewari, Jhajjar, and Kurukshetra districts of Haryana. In contrast, less percentage of Scheduled Caste Women are literate in Faridabad, Gurugram, Panchkula, Panipat and Palwal districts. The overall percentage of literacy of Women is higher in Gurugram, Ambala, Panchkula, Faridabad, and Rohtak, while it is low in Nuh, Palwal, Kaithal, Jind, and Hisar. It can be analysed from here that for those districts where as percentage of literacy level is low for Scheduled Caste Women, the overall percentage of literacy level is high and vice-versa.

A comparison is shown with the help of the above bar chart between the percentage literacy level of Scheduled Caste Women and overall Women in various districts of Haryana. The difference in percent literacy level is clear from the chart; in every district, the percentage of Women Scheduled Caste literacy is far less than the percentage overall Women literacy. In Faridabad district, the difference in percentage literacy level is maximum between Scheduled Caste Women and overall Women, whereas this difference is minimum in Mahendergarh district.

Table 2

Table 2 District Wise Working population of Women in Haryana
Districts	SC Women population	SC Women working population	SC Women working population (in %)	Overall Women population	Overall Women working population	Overall Women working population (in %)
	-1	-2	-3	-4	-5	-6
Ambala	1,39,372	14,440	10.36	5,29,647	52,019	9.82
Bhiwani	1,59,687	36,279	22.71	7,67,773	1,92,328	25.05
Faridabad	1,04,304	12,607	12.08	8,43,623	1,02,296	12.12
Fatehabad	1,35,246	34,217	25.29	4,46,651	1,05,585	23.63
Gurugram	93,605	12,200	13.03	6,97,742	1,12,260	16.08
Hisar	1,91,447	48,282	25.21	8,12,369	2,03,300	25.02
Jhajjar	79,592	12,185	15.30	4,43,738	76,514	17.24
Jind	1,31,411	31,328	23.83	6,21,146	1,55,145	24.97
Kaithal	1,16,027	23,779	20.49	5,03,301	81,203	16.13
Karnal	1,59,923	30,700	19.19	7,07,612	1,04,416	14.75
Kurukshetra	1,01,817	21,014	20.63	4,53,679	68,224	15.03
Mahendergarh	73,894	13,897	18.80	4,35,423	1,05,649	24.26
Nuh	35,508	4,234	11.92	5,18,101	65,322	12.60
Palwal	95,382	12,232	12.82	4,88,211	68,099	13.94
Panchkula	47,962	8,397	17.50	2,61,614	46,614	17.81
Panipat	96,518	16,922	17.53	5,58,580	83,651	14.97
Rewari	87,035	17,151	19.70	4,25,997	1,02,401	24.03
Rohtak	1,01,316	13,096	12.92	4,92,725	73,321	14.88
Sirsa	1,84,951	45,610	24.66	6,12,607	1,32,541	21.63
Sonipat	1,25,419	25,303	20.17	6,68,702	1,32,094	19.75
Yamunanagar	1,43,543	12,715	8.857	5,67,487	46,890	8.262
Total	24,03,959	4,46,588	18.57	1,18,56,728	21,09,872	17.79
Source Compiled from Directorate of Census Operations, Haryana. 2011

 

Chart 2

Total population, working population and working population in percentage is shown in the table no. 2 for Scheduled Caste Women and overall Women for all districts of Haryana. It is clear from the table that more percentage of Scheduled Caste Women are working in Fatehabad, Hisar, Sirsa, Jind and Bhiwani districts of Haryana whereas less percentage of Scheduled Caste Women are working in Yamunanagar, Ambala, Nuh, Faridabad, Palwal districts. If we see overall percentage working population of Women it is more in Bhiwani, Hisar, Jind, Mahendergarh, Rewari while it is low in Yamunanagar, Ambala, Faridabad, Nuh, Palwal. Surprisingly, percentage of working population for Scheduled Castes and overall for Women are high in Bhiwani, Jind and Hisar districts and low in Yamunanagar, Ambala, Faridabad, Nuh, Palwal districts of Haryana.

A comparison is shown with the help of the above bar chart between the percentage working population of Scheduled Caste Women and the overall working population of Women in various districts of Haryana. The difference in the percentage of the working population is clear from the chart; in every district, the percentage of the Women Scheduled Caste working population is far less than that of the overall Women working population. In Faridabad district, the difference in percentage literacy level is maximum between Scheduled Caste Women and overall Women, whereas this difference is minimum in Mahendergarh district.

 Table 3

Table 3 District Wise Classification of SC Women Working Population
District	Cultivator	Agricultural Labour	Household industry	Other worker	Main worker	Marginal Workers	Total workers	Non-Workers
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5) =1+2+3+4	(6)	(7) =5+6	(8)
Ambala	319	2,130	295	6,290	9,034	5,406	14,440	1,24,932
Bhiwani	2,390	6,096	295	5,237	14,018	22,261	36,279	1,23,408
Faridabad	223	694	413	6,669	7,999	4,608	12,607	91,697
Fatehabad	1,649	8,052	274	5,604	15,579	18,638	34,217	1,01,029
Gurgaon	201	985	333	6,048	7,567	4,633	12,200	81,405
Hisar	2,382	12,520	540	7,778	23,220	25,062	48,282	1,43,165
Jhajjar	420	1,622	111	3,252	5,405	6,780	12,185	67,407
Jind	1,028	7,051	238	4,938	13,255	18,073	31,328	1,00,083
Kaithal	367	4,558	373	4,143	9,441	14,338	23,779	92,248
Karnal	804	6,726	434	6,739	14,703	15,997	30,700	1,29,223
Kurukshetra	201	5,573	231	5,707	11,712	9,302	21,014	80,803
Mahendragarh	350	745	76	2,689	3,860	10,037	13,897	59,997
Nuh	159	309	70	1,201	1,739	2,495	4,234	31,274
Palwal	506	1,538	141	2,626	4,811	7,421	12,232	83,150
Panchkula	295	556	200	5,034	6,085	2,312	8,397	39,565
Panipat	319	2,351	456	6,568	9,694	7,228	16,922	79,596
Rewari	349	1,005	310	5,194	6,858	10,293	17,151	69,884
Rohtak	369	1,960	228	5,188	7,745	5,351	13,096	88,220
Sirsa	2,227	12,027	492	6,925	21,671	23,939	45,610	1,39,341
Sonipat	469	4,894	301	6,159	11,823	13,480	25,303	1,00,116
Yamunanagar	259	1,944	357	4,903	7,463	5,252	12,715	1,30,828
Total	15,286	83,336	6,168	1,08,892	2,13,682	2,32,906	4,46,588	19,57,371
Source Compiled from Directorate of Census Operations, Haryana. 2011

 

Note: The main worker is one who has worked for 183 days or more in a year in one or more than one economic activity. A person who has worked for less than 183 days in a year is considered a marginal worker.

The above table shows the distribution of scheduled caste Women working population among various categories. This distribution is presented here to understand the nature of the working population of scheduled caste Women, and the data of non-workers is also presented in the table. From this table, with the help of a bar chart, we can analyse that the maximum Women scheduled caste workers are agricultural workers in Hisar, Sirsa, Fatehabad, Jind and Karnal.   

Chart 3

This chart presents the district-wise classification of the Scheduled Caste Women working population divided into various categories like cultivator, agricultural labour, household workers and other workers. The chart clearly shows that in Hisar and Sirsa, most of the workers are engaged in agricultural work as labour. The share of Agricultural labour and other workers is maximum in all districts of Haryana.

 

Table 4

Table 4 District Wise Classification of Overall Women Working Population in Haryana
District	Cultivator	Agricultural Labour	Household Industry	Other Workers	Total=Main +Marginal
	-1	-2	-3	-4	-5
Ambala	3,457	7,701	2,810	38,051	52,019
Bhiwani	1,04,093	37,451	5,700	45,084	1,92,328
Faridabad	4,872	7,281	6,736	83,407	1,02,296
Fatehabad	40,192	34,903	2,325	28,165	1,05,585
Gurgaon	14,204	7,984	4,464	85,608	1,12,260
Hisar	95,335	54,330	4,310	49,325	2,03,300
Jhajjar	31,098	13,669	2,638	29,109	76,514
Jind	79,677	38,806	2,743	33,919	1,55,145
Kaithal	23,672	26,789	3,068	27,674	81,203
Karnal	15,785	38,166	4,155	46,310	1,04,416
Kurukshetra	5,442	26,002	2,119	34,661	68,224
Mahendragarh	60,638	16,977	2,509	25,525	1,05,649
Nuh	27,218	19,018	2,182	16,904	65,322
Palwal	21,655	21,794	2,258	22,392	68,099
Panchkula	7,397	2,852	2,806	33,559	46,614
Panipat	14,382	17,952	4,596	46,721	83,651
Rewari	36,492	12,619	4,396	48,894	1,02,401
Rohtak	22,819	9,963	2,973	37,566	73,321
Sirsa	40,826	49,227	4,030	38,458	1,32,541
Sonipat	39,233	34,814	6,482	51,565	1,32,094
Yamunanagar	3,192	8,594	2,447	32,657	46,890
Total	6,91,679	4,86,892	75,747	8,55,554	21,09,872
Source Compiled from Directorate of Census Operations, Haryana. 2011

 

Note: The main worker is one who has worked for 183 days or more in a year in one or more than one economic activity. A person who has worked for less than 183 days in a year is considered a marginal worker.

The above table shows the overall Women working population distribution among various categories. This distribution is presented here to understand the nature of the working population of overall Women. From this table, with the help of a bar chart, we can analyse that in Bhiwani, Fatehabad, Hisar, Jind, and Mahendergarh maximum Women workers are cultivators. 

The chart below presents the district-wise classification of the overall Women working population divided into various categories like cultivator, agricultural labour, household workers and other workers. The chart clearly shows that in Palwal and Sirsa, most Women workers are household workers. The share of cultivators and other workers is maximum in almost all districts of Haryana.

 Chart 4

 

 

Table 5

Table 5 Correlation between Literacy Rate and Women Working Population
Districts	Literacy rate of overall Women	Working population of overall Women	Literacy rate of SC Women	Working population of SC Women
	-1	-2	-3	-4
Ambala	3,56,737	52,019	54,139	14,440
Bhiwani	4,26,713	1,92,328	59,890	36,279
Faridabad	5,37,799	1,02,296	16,073	12,607
Fatehabad	2,30,107	1,05,585	44,247	34,217
Gurgaon	4,72,450	1,12,260	23,918	12,200
Hisar	4,44,111	2,03,300	60,152	48,282
Jhajjar	2,76,611	76,514	32,311	12,185
Jind	3,30,709	1,55,145	45,633	31,328
Kaithal	2,60,747	81,203	38,712	23,779
Karnal	4,13,497	1,04,416	56,238	30,700
Kurukshetra	2,76,065	68,224	40,869	21,014
Mahendragarh	2,49,815	1,05,649	33,358	13,897
Nuh	1,46,462	65,322	11,893	4,234
Palwal	2,20,100	68,099	28,834	12,232
Panchkula	1,75,456	46,614	13,343	8,397
Panipat	3,22,463	83,651	28,994	16,922
Rewari	2,61,494	1,02,401	35,941	17,151
Rohtak	3,11,557	73,321	31,198	13,096
Sirsa	3,25,929	1,32,541	58,001	45,610
Sonipat	4,08,435	1,32,094	44,594	25,303
Yamunanagar	3,57,664	46,890	61,290	12,715
Total	68,04,921	21,09,872	8,19,628	4,46,588
Source: Compiled from Directorate of Census Operations, Haryana. 2011

 

Chart 6

 

Chart 7

 

 

Table 6

Table 6 Correlation Matrix for Literacy rate and working population of Women in Haryana
	Literacy Rate	Literacy Rate (SC)
Working population	.516	----
Working Population (SC)	----	.738

 

In order to know if there is any correlation between literacy rate and the working population in various districts of Haryana, a coefficient of correlation is obtained for both the sets of data, i.e. for the Scheduled caste Women population and the overall Women population.

The table represents the correlation coefficient value between two variables, i.e. Literacy rate and Working population of SC Women and overall Women in Haryana.

Table 7

Table 7 Test Statistic for Testing the Significance of Correlation Coefficient
Relation between	R	t-ratio
Literacy Rate and Working population	.516	9.371
Literacy Rate and Working Population (SC)	.738	4.108

 

The results of the test shows that there exists significant positive relationship between Literacy Rate and Working population of Scheduled caste Women and there is also a positive correlation between Literacy rate and working population of over all Women in all districts of Haryana.

 

5. Conclusion

From the above analysis, it is clear that there is a strong positive correlation between the literacy rate of SC women and their working population in all districts of Haryana. There is also a positive correlation between the literacy rate and the working population of overall Women in Haryana. It may be concluded from here that as women get literate, they get employment; however, education is not the only factor responsible for getting employment, but it may prove one of the significant factors that may bring some improvement in employment and economic conditions of women especially SC women in Haryana. Further, the government should take more solid steps and dedicated efforts to make SC women literate and educated to get employment and improve their status.

 

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

None. 

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

None.

 

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